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Intro to Aero

Terms in this set (176)

concept of wings flapping up and down by various mechanical mechanisms, powered by human arms/legs/body movements. Leonardo da Vinci sketched over 500 designs

first successful means of flight

Pilatre de Rozier and Marquis d'Arlandes

in 1783 ascended into air and drifted 5 miles across Paris

first balloon was designed and constructed by

Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier (brothers)

J.A.C. Charles - December 1, 1783

built and flew the first hydrogen filled balloon in Paris

First fatalities in manned flight

Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Pierre Romain

Blimps (Dirigibles)

1800's - combination of the internal combustion engine and streamline balloon

Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin

helped the final manor development of lighter-than-air machines - his blimps contained a rigid internal structure

1937 - Hindenburg

was destroyed by fire, thereafter helium was used instead of hydrogen

-Sir George Cayley

1799 - first design and first to sketch a modern airplane (on a silver disk)

Identified lift, drag, & thrust as well as develop cambered wings

Sir George Cayley

1849 - Sir George Cayley

built a tested a full sized airplane with a 10 year old boy (lifted several meters off the ground)

1799 - first modern airplane configuration...

has been devised

1843 - design published...

for a fixed wing airplane powered by a steam engine driving two propellers

William Samuel Henson

published a design for a fixed wing airplane powered by a steam engine driving two propellers

aerial steam carriage

fixed wing airplane powered by a steam engine driving two propellers - never flew

Messerschmitt Me 262

first jet powered plane

John Stringfellow

built several steam powered model monoplanes, which served as a strong influence for future designs.

1868 Aeronautical Exhibition

John Stringfellow's model monoplane was displaced and received worldwide publicity

Felix Du Temple

Flew the first successful model airplane

1874 - Felix Du Temple

achieved the worlds first powered takeoff by a piloted, full sized airplane

1884 - designed by Alexander F. Mozhaiski

second powered airplane in Russia left the ground, but no sustained flight was achieved

Otto Lilienthal

designed, built, and flew the first controlled glider

mounted an engine to his own light weight glider, the 'Hawk', to achieve powered flight. Before he could fly it, he died in a glider crash.

first aviation historian, located in Chicago

'Progress in Flying Machines'

Publication written by Octave Chanute, inspired the Wright Brothers

Samuel Pierpont Langley

successfully built model airplanes with steam power that flew up to 3/4 mile - tested wing shape

'Aerodrome' - 1903

designed by Samuel Pierpont Langley, two attempts were made to catapult the aircraft off of a house boat but both attempts resulted in the aircraft being in the river

Wilbur and Orville Wright

established the concept of wing warping for aircraft control, built and tested a biplane kite in 1899

1899 - Wright Brothers

Biplane kite built and tested successfully

established by Wright Brothers, change the angle of the wings to control the aircraft

1900 - Wright Brothers

Glider Number 1 was built and flown at Kitty Hawk

horizontal elevator

designed by Wright Brothers to prevent fatalities when testing glider planes

first wind tunnel

developed by the Wright Brothers when they suspected the aerodynamic data collected by Lilienthal and Langley was flawed

wind tunnel testing

Wright Brothers were able to test more than 200 different airfoil shapes

designed by Wright brothers to accurately measure lift and drag

Wright Brothers Number 3 Glider

added a vertical rudder, which enabled smooth, banked turn

1902 - Wright Brothers

completed over 1000 successful flights

1903 - Wright Brothers

designed and built a light-weight gasoline engine and designed the first effective aircraft propeller

Wright Flyer 1 - December 17, 1903

launch and flew for 120 ft before landing - first powered, sustained flight in history, flown by Orville Wright. (Wilbur made first attempt, but crashed due to pilot error)

first sustained flight in history

Wright Flyer 1 - December 17, 1903 - Orville Wright

1909 - Henri Farman

designed the biplane 'Henri Farman III' that included flap-like ailerons

1909 - Louie Bleriot

built a monoplane that crossed the English Channel

at beginning, all planes were used for reconnaissance.

first use of a light metal (aluminum) for the frame, often used in combination with wood

Charles Lindbergh - 1927

Flew the single engine monoplane 'Spirit of St. Louis' for 34 hours from New York to Paris

Bell X-1 - 1947

powered with a rocket engine, flown by Chuck Yeager, exceeded speed of sound for the first time

Jules Verne & Tintin

popular scifi authors, helped inspired early rocket designs

Konstanin Tsiolkovsky - 1903

published a book suggesting the fundamental equations and used rocketry for space travel

-Robert H. Goddard - 1926

launched first liquid propellant rocket using gasoline and liquid oxygen

surface to surface missile, first real missile

Soviet Union launched the worlds first artificial satellite in October 1957

first living being in a space, a dog launched on Sputnik 2

inspired by the "Sputnik Shock", launched by US in 1958 and created NASA

-first human in space - 1961

Yuri Gagarin (Russian)

-first american in space - 1961

Alan Shepard (suborbital [no orbit, only up/down])

first american in orbit - 1962

-first women in space - 1963

Valentina Tereshkova (russian)

first american women in space - 1983

first space tourist - 2001

Dennis Tito - paid $10mil

Project Mercury - 1958

United States first man-in-space program

goals were to orbit a manned spacecraft around earth / to investigate man's ability to function in space / to recover both man and spacecraft safely

America's first astronauts

Walter M. Schirra Jr. / Donald K. Slayton / John H. Glenn Jr. / M. Scott Carpenter / Alan B. Shepard Jr. / Virgil I. Grissom / L. Gordon Cooper Jr.

first american space walker

4 main objectives, necessary step between Project Mercury and the Apollo Program.

Launched on Titan Missile

1) subject astronauts to long duration flights

2) develop effective methods for rendezvous and docking with other orbital vehicles and to maneuver the docked vehicles in space

3) perfect methods of reentry and landing spacecraft at pre-selected land-landing point

4) gain additional information concerning effects of weightlessness on crew members and to record physiological reactions from crew members during long duration flights

Landing americans on the moon before russia, and returning them safely to earth.

project goals
1) establishing the technology to meet other national interest in space

2) achieving preeminence in space for the United States

3) carrying out a program of scientific exploration on the moon

4) Developing man's capability to work in lunar environments

-Apollo 1 Tragedy - 1967

Lost Astronauts Virgil Grissom, Edward White, and Roger Chaffee.

Pre-flight test failure when a fire swept through the command module

-Apollo 11 Astronauts

Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins

-Most forgotten Astronaut

Michael Collins

first man on moon

second man on moon

man in command module on Apollo 11

Michael Collins

first international partnership in space

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

designed to test the compatibility of rendezvous and docking systems

brought together the United States and the Soviet Union

first test vehicle

Enterprise, never flew to space

first space shuttle

Columbia

took John Young and Robert Crippen into space for a 54 hour test mission

disintegrated on reentry in 2005

artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit - sometimes referred to as an artificial satellite to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the moon

Low Earth Orbit
below 2000 km

Medium Earth Orbit
between 2000 km and 35,786 km

High Earth Orbit
higher than 35,786 km

geostationary earth orbit

appx. 36,000 kg - a point where the rotation of the satellite takes 24hrs

biggest purpose of satellites (59% of satellites)

first satellite

Sputnik 1 - Soviet Union

Arthur C. Clarke

the concept of geostationary satellite communications is credited to ------, whom wrote an article stating signals can be transmitted to and from earth by a relay station

earth observation

remote sensing, science of the derivation of information about the Earth's system

global positioning system (Navstar)

Global Navigation Satellite System

Orbiter around Saturn and its moon, plummeted into Saturn to end the mission

satellites are commonly used to

help meteorology, predicting forecasts

how many satellites fo be launched in this decade?

begins at sea level, extends to an altitude of appx. 17 km.

weather happens here

contains 80% of atmosphere's mass and 99% of it is water vapor

top portion of troposphere where temperature remains relatively constant

begins at 17km and extends to 50km

gets warmer with increasing altitude

for aircraft, the space environment begins at

for aircraft, at 22 km,

can no longer compress air from the environment for cabin pressurization due to low atmospheric density and threat of ozone poisoning

the stratosphere contains...

a layer of ozone, screens out ultraviolet radiation

beings at 50 km and extends to 85 km

temperature decreases with altitude

at 60 km not enough atmosphere is present making sky appear black, can see curvature of earth

no mans land

the mesosphere absorbs

primary cosmic radiation, deadly solar ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and vaporizes meteorites

extends from 85 km to wide range of reported upper limits (300-1000 km)

temperature rises in altitude where UV radiation from sun is absorbed

auroras occur here

ISS is in a stable orbit

thermosphere - between 320 and 380 km

beginning of space occurs at

molecules are gravitationally bound to Earth, but density is too low for them to behave like a gas by colliding with each other

temperature is relatively constant

various types of altitude

absolute
geometric
geopotential
pressure
temperature
density

while orbiting earth, spacecraft and astronauts experience centripetal acceleration which counteracts gravitational pull

outermost layer of sun, corona, ejects electrons and protons and run along the large magnetic fields creating the ...

outermost layer of the sun

localized and intense magnetic fields cause violent releases of energy

galatic cosmic rays

mainly protons, heavy ions, and alpha particles with extremely high energies which originate from distant stars and even more distant galaxies

Van Allen radiation belt

Earth's electromagnetic field lines

1000 km - 60,000 km

magnetosphere structure

earth's magnetic field originating from the North Pole curving around in a symmetric arc

south Atlantic anomaly

relatively weak portion of the magnetic field over south atlantic

radiation particles interfere with satellites, aircraft, and spacecraft communications

cumulative dose effect

SI Unit for absorbed dose of radiation is the Gray (Gy) 1 joule absorbed in 1 kg of matter

single event effects (see)

radiation events caused by a single energetic particle plowing through a chip creating localized ionization

-can cause a change in a data point in a memory device

surface electrostatic charging

in space, you are not grounded so you accumulate charges continuously, need to watch what materials you use and try to use conductive surfaces whenever possible

solid objects whose mass vary considerably (10^-15 to 10^13 kg), most likely comet or asteroid origin

mass range from 10^-15 to 10^-1 kg. primary concern is the probability of collision with spacecraft

meteoroids that landed on earths surface

collection of defunct objects in orbit around earth, such as spent rockets stages, old satellites, paint flakes, and fragments from disintegration and collisions

pluto was demoted to a

88 days to circle sun

temperatures reaches 800*F

possesses a think exosphere made up of atoms blasting off the surface

253 Earth days makes up one day

atmosphere mainly made up of CO2 & N2 with clouds of sulfuric acid

retrograde rotation (spins backwards)

orbits around the sun in 225 days

no moons, no rings

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other ingredients

only breathable atmosphere

potential to contain life

one moon, no rings

orbits around earth in 27 days

only see one side of it, spins at same rate of earth

exosphere

no moons, no rings

one rotation in a little over 24 hours

rotates around sun in 687 days

thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide and nitrogen

two moons and no rings

Phobos and Deimos

Opportunity and Curiosity

small belt of asteroids from a failed planet

failed star

one day on jupiter is 10 hours

one year is 12 earth years

atmosphere mostly made up hydrogen and helium

50 known moons, 17 awaiting confirmation, 67 total moons

faint ring system discovered by Voyager 2

no solid surface, gas giant planet. it is predicted to have a earth size inner solid core

one day is about 10.7 hours

one year is 29 earth years

gas giant planet no solid surface

atmosphere is mainly hydrogen and helium

53 moons and 9 awaiting confirmation

made up of 7 rings with several gap divisions between them

one day takes 17 hours

one orbit around the sun takes 84 years

ice giant - 80%+ of planets mass is made of hot dense fluid above a small rocky core

atmosphere of hydrogen, helium, and methane

27 moons and faint rings

one day takes 16 hours

complete orbit takes 165 days

sister ice giant to Uranus

atmosphere made up of hydrogen, helium, and methane

13 confirmed moons with 1 awaiting confirmation, and 6 rings

beyond neptune, left over pieces of solar system

in kuiper belt - has not cleared neighborhood around orbit - orbits the sun

first five recognized dwarf planets

Ceres
Pluto
Eris
Makemake
Haumea

cosmic snowballs of frozen gases, rock, and dust

Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus

Paul has been at the (deep)

Deep Space Network

a shift in wavelength

as the wavelength moves towards you it is compressed and as the wave length moves away it is stretched out

how much the light has been stretched, quantifies how fast something is moving away

1/3600 of a degree

1/360 = 1 degree -> 1/60 degree = 1 arcminute -> 1/60 arcminute = 1 arcsecond

splitting up in smaller sections to see stars extremely far away

-Paul has visited the (Hawaii)

Mauna Kea Telescope

-Paul has visited the (Arecibo)

National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center

-Paul has visited the (VLA)

Very Large Array

-Paul has been to (?) (ALMA)

Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array

-Paul has been to (?) (La Silla)

La Silla Paranal Observatory

particles that dont interact with anything, neutral, just pass through

high energy particles

gets admitted by things like super novas, can observe these areas through the particles

space telescopes see in

infrared
visible
x-ray
gamma

-roll, pitch and yaw

Roll (x) - rotation around nose
Pitch (y) - left/right
Yaw (z) - up/down

flap on airplane wing

finite wingspan, the air pressure differential causes air to flow around the wing tips in a vortex

caused by downwash

mach number (M)

the ratio of an object's speed to the speed of sound

flow is subsonic

flow is supersonic, creates shockwave

at subsonic speeds, gas molecules collide with leading surface and set up a disturbance in the flow

pressure coefficient

dimensionless quantity that represents static pressure at a point

critical Mach number

the point in which the velocity of airflow can become sonic

drag divergent Mach number

after reaching critical mach speed, a speed is obtained in which the drag coefficient increases substainialy

sweeping wings makes it easier for an aircraft to reach higher speeds, but

the amount of lift available is decreases

when the airflow can no longer go around the airfoil's nose (leading edge)

reciprocating engine

many propeller driven aircraft that fly at speeds less than 300 mph

-turbofan engines

are the most common type of airplane engine

more efficient propeller blade that generates thrust, but also has compression and higher speeds, so have the ability to operate at higher altitudes

commercial airlines

space mission analysis and design

specific impulse (I_sp)

thrust per unit weight flow

-Pauls been at the (Kennedy)

Kennedy Space Center

-Rocket Equation

V_b=gI_spln(M_i/M_f)

V_b = velocity at burnout
g = gravity
I_sp = specific impulse
M_i = initial mass
M_f = mass at burnout (final mass)

initiate mission from blasting off of earths surface and accelerating to orbital or escape velocity

mission in space

after the space vehicle has been inserted into orbit

planetary entry, (Entry Descent Landing (EDL))

landing on any planetary body

-what four orbits exists

circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola

-hazards of human spaceflight

radiation
temperature
vacuum/atmosphere
breathing
isolation and confinement
distance from earth
gravity (lack thereof)
hostile/closed environments

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