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Psychology

Terms in this set (45)

Learning
permanent change in behavior due to experience
associative learning
linking two stimuli, or events, that occur together
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
operant conditioning
reward and punishment
observational learning
learning by observing others
learning through language
learning by being told how to do it
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
unconditioned stimulus
automatic and natural response
unconditioned response
the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
acquisition
the initial stage in classical conditioning/learning stage
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response
Generalization
the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination
a learned ability to distinguish between stimuli
Behaviorism
John B. Watson
law of effect
Thorndike's rule that behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated
shaping
behavior is guided closer towards desired goal
Breland and Breland
condition sometimes not possible
negative reinforcement
the removal of a stimulus to increase occurrence of behavior
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
partial reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time
fixed ratio
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
variable ratio
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
fixed interval
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
variable interval
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly
long-term memory
the relatively permanent storage of information
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Memorized nonsense syllables in early study on human memory
Chuncking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
declarative memory
Conscious memories for facts and events.
episodic memory
memory for one's personal past experiences
semantic memory
memory for knowledge about the world
implicit memory
Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
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