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fatty acid and amino acid catabolism

Terms in this set (50)

beta oxidation what does it do
beta carbon of FA oxidized to carbonyl group
what does beta-oxidation make
ATP, water
what is a beta carbon
carbon adjacent to the alpha carbon
three stages of fatty acid oxidation
1. B-oxidation
2. Citric acid cycle
3. electron transport chain
fatty avid oxidation

acyl synthetase
coenzyme a added to FA -> acyl coa

requires atp
acyl coa - inactive or activated form of FA
active form of FA
fatty acid oxidation occurs where
in cytosol
can acyl coa be transported across mitochondrial membrane?
no
what is the solution to acyl coa not being able to go across mitochondrial membrane
acyl coa is converted to acyl carnitine
converts acyl coa + cranitine to acyl carnitine
carnitine acyl transferase I
how does acyl carnitine travel through inner mitochondrial membrane vs outer mitochondrial membrane
outer: through pores
inner: through membrane through acyl carnitine translocase
once in mitochondrial matrix, acyl carnitine converted back into acyl coa by
carnitine acyl transferase II
acyl coa is oxidized which does what
removes 2 carbons from FA chain --> converted to acyl-coa and acetyl coa
each oxidation transfers electrons to
1 NAD+ and 1 FAD
what parts of body can be impacted if carnitine damaged
muscle, liver, brain, heart
what cells use FA even when glycogen supplies are adequate
liver cells, heart, skeletal muscle
beta oxidation occurs between what carbons
C2 and C3
what are the four steps of beta oxidation
1. dehydrogenation by FAD
- double CC bond FADH2 formed
2. hydration - requires water
3. oxidation by NAD+ - forms NADH
4. thiolysis (SH: thiol group )
acetyl coa is processed through citric acid cycle

how many NADH, FADH2, and GTP are produced form acetyl coa?
3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 GTP
NADH enters at complex _____
one
FADH2 enters at complex ______
two
1 FADH x _____ ATP
1.5
1 NADH x _____ ATP
2.5 ATP
1 acetyl coa makes ___ ATP
10
oer oxidation cycle how many ATP formed
14

1 acetyl coa x 10 ATP
1 NADH x 2.5 ATP
1 FADH2 x 1.5 ATP
how many carbons lost per FA oxidation cycle
2
even number of FA chains requires __________ oxidation cycles
[(n/2) -1]
human FA chains are _____ even-numbered FA chains
...
16C FA, how many NADH and FADH2 are produced by beta oxidation?
16/2) - 1 = 7

7 NADH, 7 FADH2
16 FA, how many ATP are produced from NADH and fADH2 entering ETC?
NADH : 7 x 2.5 = 17.5

FADH: 7 x 1.5 = 10.5
if you have a 16 C FA, how many acetyl coa are produced through FA B-oxidation
8 acetyl coa
how many NADH, FADH2, and GTP produced by acetyl coa going through Citric acid cycle/
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP
16 C FA how many NADH and FADH2 enter ETC
7 NADH, 7 FADH2

NADH : 7 x 2.5 = 17.5

FADH: 7 x 1.5 = 10.5
= 28 ATP
ketone bodies
acetyl coa builds up because there is not sufficient amount of oxaloacetate to bind with acetyl coa
where are ketone bodies formed
liver


after formed ketone bodies enter bloodstream
what ketone bodies can be used as fuel source
acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutryate, acetone
where can ketone bodies be fuel sources
brain, heart, kidneys, skeletal muscles
ketone bodies acidity
moderately acidic
normal ketone concentration in blood
< 0.6 mmol/L
if ketone concentration in blood exceeds > 3 mmol leads to
ketoacidosis
ketoacidosis
leads to dehydration, coma, death
ketonemia
higher than normal concentration of ketones in blood
keto diet may increase blood concentration of ketones which results in
ketonuria and acetone breath (fruity smell)
diets rich in fats, low in carbs, adequate proteins
keto diet
can amino acids in body be stored for later use
no
since amino acids cannot be stored for later use they must be converted to other molecules for use in energy production

if amino group removed -
nitrogen (ammonium) released which can synthesize AA, nucleotides, and biogenic amines

can also be converted to urea (which is exreted via urine)
if amino group is removed, carbon skeleton remains

true/false
true
carbon skeleton left over can be classified as either
glucogenic or ketogenic
glucogenic
amino acids converted to pyruvate or an intermediary of krebs cycle which can be used to produce glucose (can be used to produce energy)
ketogenic
amino acids are converted to acetyl coa which can be used to produce ketone bodies (can be used to produce energy)
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