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SOC240 Exam 3

Terms in this set (47)

What are the four principal functions that the family has traditionally performed?
socialization of children; inculcation of moral values; reproduction and regulation of sexual activity; provision of material, physical, and emotional security
What is socialization?
the process through which children learn the norms and values of a particular society or social group so that they can function within it
From research, results show that the traditional family is best at what?
insulating children from delinquency, as delinquency levels for children from such families are 15% lower on average than delinquency levels for youth from non-intact families
What is the difference between blended and traditional families which is accounted for by a variety of structural and experiential factors?
disadvantage related to family income; government aid; grade repetition; antisocial peers; teenage motherhood; scholastic performance; prior antisocial behavior
There is much evidence that adolescent religiosity has a positive effect on preventing delinquency, so religious participation includes what?
church attendance; bible study; private prayer; discussing one's belief in God with others; belief in this-world or other-worldly sanctions; attitudes and behaviors reflecting faith
Good children have learned to take seriously the desirability of goodness based on what?
living up to the golden rule, a respect for others, a commitment to the family, neighborhood, nation, that goodness is a concrete concept, and how to turn the rhetoric of goodness into action
19th century sociologist Emile Durkheim believed the integrative function of religion was what?
crucial for maintaining social order; this opinion was shared by most of our nation's founders
According to Bruce Chadwick and Brent Top, religious beliefs have long been understood to be the foundation for what?
moral behavior; "the more religious a person is, the less likely he or she will be to participate in delinquent or criminal behaviors."
Bryon Johnson and his colleagues examined the impact of religiosity on over 2300 at risk black American juveniles, and found that church attendance did what?
had an independent preventative effect on non-drug crime, drug use, and drug dealing among disadvantaged youth
Kevin Rounding and his associates conducted experiments finding that exposure to religious themes increased the subject's?
self-control
Jennifer Manlove and her colleagues assessed the link between religiosity and risky sexual behavior among more than 6000 youth, and found that?
family religiosity led to stronger parent-child relationships, higher parental monitoring and awareness of where the child is, and more routine family activities, such as eating dinner together; these elements of family cohesion reduce risky teen sexual behavior
Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner, support of families is cumulative, and the background of parents and peers is one of the best what?
predictors of a child's life outcomes; many of the things that matter most were decided before the child was even born (how much education the parents have, how hard they worked to build careers, who they married, maturity of parents)
In 1970 what was the percentage of children living with both mother and father?
85%
During the first decade of the 21st century, what was the amount of children expecting to live a portion of their childhood in families with one parent?
majority; in 2006, for the first time in American history, the majority of US households (50.2%) consisted of unmarried couples; in 2006, 40% of babies - born out of wedlock
From James Q Wilson, children raised by mothers, black or white, who have never married are more likely to be what?
be poor, acquire less schooling, be expelled or suspended from school, to experience emotional or behavioral problems, display antisocial behavior, to have trouble getting along with their peers, and to start their own single parent families
What are the positive trends?
both married and single parents are spending more time with their children; men are performing more housework than before
Why did nearly 1 million teenagers became pregnant each year?
most teen pregnancies end in abortions; approximately 275,000 teenagers give birth; the birth rate for teenagers ages 15 to 18 is 31 per 1000
Why are single parent families are not equally distributed across racial groups?
children being raised by a single parent (26% of white children, 42% of hispanic children, 66% of African American children)
Why is the poverty rate for single-parent families is approximately 5 times higher than that of two-parent families?
10% of children in two-parent families live in poverty; 46% of children in female headed families reside in households at or below the poverty level; 18% of African American children living with their married parents live in poverty; 60% of African American children in female-headed households live below the poverty level
Approximately 40% of negative life outcomes were?
directly and indirectly explained by their mother giving birth as a teenager
What is the teenage childbearing cost to taxpayers?
$40 billion each year to assist families that began with teenage birth; costs of family fragmentation costs US taxpayers at least $112 billion each year
Hirschi suggest, the teenage mother is not the problem, the problem is what?
the mother without the husband, her children are likely to be delinquent, and she is likely to have more of them; there should be two parents for every child and delinquency problems can be improved by better child rearing practices
What are the explanations for greater delinquency among single parents?
single parents can less effectively supervise; children in single parent families grow up to fast; too much autonomy too early; children are more susceptible to peer pressure; children in single-parent families have lower levels of parent attachment
What is often the legacy of teen fathers?
socioeconomic disadvantage; poorer health; poorer education
Marc Zimmerman and his colleagues studied the effects of family structure and parenting among 254 African America male adolescents from a large East coast city and found, regardless of family structure, the larger amounts time spent with fathers and the adolescents' higher perceptions of their fathers' emotional support, resulted in what?
lower levels of delinquency and lower levels of marijuana use among the sons
What are the marriage benefits to adults?
better emotional and physical health; higher incomes; better sexual satisfaction; married women are safer
What are the marriage benefits to society?
helps ensure that human life is protected and cherished, because married women are less likely to abort their children than unmarried women; makes homes safer places to live because it curbs social problems that can lead to violence; communities are safer due to less crime; married people are more likely to be healthy, productive and engaged citizens, better for economy
Sung Lang and Carolyn Smith, from a study of 838 urban adolescents, found that parental supervision and delinquency are what?
reciprocally related - as parental supervision decreases increases; and as delinquency increases, parental supervision decreases, over time
In a study of the behavioral consequences of leaving children in self-care?
students who spent 11 or more hours in self-care weekly were twice as likely to use alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana as children of the same age when after school time was supervised by adults
What is the current trend?
the proportion of working married mothers with children younger than age 3 has dropped over the past two decades
what is L=D+A?
Love = Decision + Attention; quality time - cannot be quality time without quantity time
Synder and Patterson's two divergent disciplinary styles that characterize families with delinquent children. Problem: lack of proper balance of attention is what?
enmeshed - overly inclusive in problematic behavior, cajoling and verbal threats, but failure to back-up with nonviolent punishment; lax - too liberal in what they consider antisocial
What are the single parent strains>
must devote a good deal of time to support and maintenance activities (shared with 2 parents); lack of psychological or social support; less able to devote time to monitoring and punishment; more likely to be involved in negative, abusive contacts with children
What are the studies on psychopathic youth?
found negative forms of parenting - angry outbursts, coldness, rejection, limited understanding, erratic supervision
What are authoritative parents?
warm but firm, set standards of behavior for their child, highly value development of autonomy
What is authoritarian parents?
demand obedience and conformity, favor more punitive, absolute, and forceful discipline
What are indulgent parents?
responsive, accepting, passive in matters of discipline, place few demands on their child
What are indifferent parents?
unresponsive to their child, and tend towards neglect. child is typically ignored except when making demands on parents, which often results in hostile or explosive responses from the parent
Why might parental attachment and love, may reduce delinquency?
children don't want to lose that love
According to Lab and Sampson what is parental deviance?
"Parental deviance of both the mother and father strongly disrupts family processes of social control, which in turn, increases delinquency"; studies show that children with criminal parents are more likely to participate in delinquency
What is parental deviance?
boys whose fathers had been arrested were 500% more likely to be arrested themselves
What is maltreatment?
severe mistreatment of children, involving several types of abuse and neglect
What are the types of abuse?
physical abuse (physical harm, including death; sexual abuse (acts of commission of sexual acts against children used to provide for the gratification of perpetrator); emotional abuse (acts of commission that include confinement, verbal or emotional abuse, and other types of abuse, such as withholding sleep, food, or shelter); physical neglect (acts of omission that involve refusal to provide health care, abandonment, expulsion of child from home, inadequate supervision, failure to meet food and clothing needs, and conspicuous failure to protect a child from danger); educational neglect (acts of omission and commission that include permitting chronic truancy, failure to enroll a child in school and inattention to child's specific educational needs); emotional neglect (acts of omission that involve failing to meet the nurturing and affection needs of a child, chronic exposure to abuse, allowing drug use, failure to provide mental health care)
What is maltreatment data?
children younger than 4 years account for nearly 80% of all maltreatment-related injuries to children, and infants younger than 12 months account for 44% of deaths from this cause; based on self-reported data, the prevalence of sexual abuse is 127 per 1000 children (with a prevalence of 180 per 1000 among girls, with a prevalence of 76 per 1000 among boys); children who experience maltreatment are more likely to become unhealthy adults - they have increased risks for smoking, alcoholism, substance abuse, eating disorders, obesity, depression, suicide, and other problems; roughly 80% of the estimated 679,000 victims of maltreatment suffer neglect (18% suffer physical abuse, 9% are sexually abused, 5% are psychologically maltreated, remainder experience medical neglect or some other form of maltreatment)
What are the maltreatment risk factors?
disabilities or mental retardation in children, social isolation of family, parents' history of domestic violence, family violence, substance abuse in family, parental stress and mental house problems, young, single, nonbiological parents/caregivers
What are the maltreatment protective factors?
supportive family environment, nurturing parent skills, stable family relationships, household rules and monitoring of the child, parental employment, adequate housing, access to health care and social services, communities/churches that help parents
What are the Christian family principles?
love for God - closer to God closer to each other; social order and stability - Christ is the head; servant leadership - as christ loved church/husbands; help-meet concept; equally yoked; common values, common front, stability; love of christ - serving, sacrificing, submitting, forgiving; love and respect - Genesis to Ephesians; train a child in the way they should go (prov. 22:6)
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