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Chapter 18: Nutrition and Metabolism

Terms in this set (30)

List two examples of carbohydrates.
Sugars
Starches
A large molecule made up of many simple sugar molecules is a(n) .
polysaccharide or polysaccharides
Match each term with its description.
carotene - yellowish plant pigment
basal - metabolic rate under resting conditions
obesity - condition in which the body has excess fat
nutrient - substance that nourishes the body's cells
pellagra - vitamin deficiency causing inflammation of the skin
The class of organic compounds called includes fats, oils, and cholesterol.
lipids
What is the most common dietary lipid?
triglycerides
Which type of nutrient provides the most energy per gram?
lipids
Triglycerides containing fatty acids with no double bonds within their carbon chains are examples of fats.
saturated
Lipoproteins consist of a "shell" containing ______ and a core containing _____.
protein; triglycerides
Per gram, fats provide ______ as much energy as carbohydrates and proteins.
twice
What is the most common dietary lipid?
triglycerides
High-quality proteins that have adequate amounts of all of the essential amino acids are called ______ proteins.
Complete
Define the term calorie.
a unit of energy in food
Energy balance exists when caloric intake from foods ______ caloric expenditure from the basal metabolic rate and muscular activities.
equals
What does body mass index (BMI) measure?
weight relative to height
The physiological drive to seek food, regulated by the hypothalamus, is called .
appetite
When does the state of energy balance occur?
when caloric intake equals caloric expenditure
What are two functions of the B vitamins (as a group)?
essential for cellular metabolism
role in cellular respiration
Which vitamin functions as part of the coenzyme required for oxidation of carbohydrates (required for pyruvic acid to enter the citric acid cycle) and is the coenzyme required for ribose synthesis?
thiamine (vitamin B1)
The vitamin that functions as a part of enzymes and coenzymes, including FAD, that are required for oxidation of glucose and fatty acids and for cellular growth is called .
riboflavin, B2, or B 2
The vitamin that functions as part of the coenzyme required for oxidation of carbohydrates (required for pyruvic acid to enter the citric acid cycle) and is the coenzyme required for ribose synthesis is called .
thiamine, B1, or B 1
The condition called beriberi is due to prolonged deficiency of which vitamin?
thiamine
Which two of the following conditions are likely to develop in people with alcoholism?
beriberi
pellagra
Pantothenic acid is essential to cellular energy release because it functions as part of a complex molecule called which reacts with intermediate products of carbohydrate and fat metabolism to produce acetyl coenzyme A for entry into the citric acid cycle.
coenzyme
a
The vitamin called ______ requires intrinsic factor (produced by cells of the stomach) to be absorbed from the small intestine.
thiamine, B1, or B 1
A deficiency of niacin causes the condition called , characterized by dermatitis, inflammation of the digestive tract, and mental disorders.
pellagra
Which is a function of minerals?
maintenance of pH in bodily fluids
The most abundant major minerals are ______.
calcium and phosphorus
The mineral ______ is more abundant inside of cells, while ______ is more abundant outside of cells.
potassium
sodium
List two functions of calcium.
essential for nerve impulse conduction
essential for muscle contraction
As one ages, what happens to the energy requirements for healthy and active adults?
energy (calorie) requirements decrease
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