:) 22 ch 25

The preoptic area (of the hypothalamus) receives input from__________.


Heat-promoting center
Hypothalamus
Heat-losing center
proprioceptors in the skin

hint:
The preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA) serves as an essential brain region to coordinate sleep and body temperature

25.9 Regulation of Body Temperature
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The preoptic area (of the hypothalamus) receives input from__________.


Heat-promoting center
Hypothalamus
Heat-losing center
proprioceptors in the skin

hint:
The preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA) serves as an essential brain region to coordinate sleep and body temperature

25.9 Regulation of Body Temperature
Hypothalamus
Which mineral is necessary for generation and conduction of action potentials in neurons and muscle fibers?
potassium




Potassium is needed for generation and conduction of action potential signals in neurons and muscle fibers. Cobalt is required for erythropoiesis. Sulfur is a component of hormones and vitamins, and regulates several body activities. Manganese activates enzymes, is required for hemoglobin synthesis, urea formation, growth, reproduction, lactation, bone formation, inhibition of cell damage, and possibly production and release of insulin.
During the absorptive state, the majority of dietary lipids are stored in ________ tissue.
adipose


Only a small portion of dietary lipids are catabolized for energy during the absorptive state. Most dietary lipids are instead stored in adipose tissue (fat) as a nutrient store.
Adding a phosphate group to ADP and thereby producing ATP is called
substrate level
(Substrate Phosphorylation)

There are three mechanisms of phosphorylation: substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. An example of substrate-level phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to an ADP molecule to generate an ATP molecule. Oxidative phosphorylation is the removal of electrons from organic compounds to pass them through an electron transport chain to oxygen molecules. Photophosphorylation only occurs in chlorophyll-containing plant cells or bacteria that contain light-absorbing pigments.
The first reaction in glycolysis results in glucose
being phosphorylated


The first reaction in glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose. This step consumes a molecule of ATP. Ultimately, glycolysis consumes 2 ATP molecules but produces 4 ATP molecules for a net gain of 2 ATP.
Which of the following are examples of foods that contain complete proteins?
beef



Complete protein foods contain enough amounts of all essential amino acids. Examples of complete protein foods are beef, fish, poultry, eggs and milk. Leafy green vegetables, legumes and grains are considered incomplete protein.
This is the measurement used when describing the energy content of foods.
kilocalorie



A kilocalorie is often used to express the energy content of foods (1 kcal = 1,000 cal). A calorie (cal) is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gr of water by 1 degree Celsius. Calorigenic effect is when thyroid hormones increase BMR by stimulating cellular respiration. The basal state refers to the metabolic rate measured when the body is in a quiet, resting and fasting state.
Which of the following is synthesized from glucose 6-phosphate and used in reduction reactions to synthesize fatty acids and steroid hormones?

acetyl coenzyme A
pyruvic acid
ribose 5-phosphate
NADPH
NADPH



NADPH is synthesized from glucose 6-phosphate as part of the synthesis of nucleic acids (ribose 5-phosphate). NADPH is a hydrogen and electron donor used in reduction reactions to synthesize fatty acids and steroid hormones.
In the body, about how much of the energy released in catabolic reactions is available for cellular functions?
40%


About 40% of the energy released during catabolic reactions is used for cellular functions, and the rest is converted to heat, which helps maintain normal body temperature.
Which hormone inhibits lipolysis?
insulin



Several hormones can affect lipolysis. For instance, insulin inhibits lipolysis, while cortisol, thyroid hormones, insulin like growth factors, epinephrine and norepinephrine enhance lipolysis.
If both protein and calories are deficient in the diet, then the disorder ____________ can occur.marasmus Malnutrition is an imbalance of total caloric intake or certain nutrients. There are two types of malnutrition; marasmus, and kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is a disorder that is caused by deficient protein intake. Kwashiorkor disorder is characterized by edema, low blood pressure, low pulse rate, enlarged liver, and sometimes mental retardation. Marasmus results from inadequate protein and caloric intake. Characteristics of marasmus include low weight, dry skin, thin hair, and muscle wasting.Which of the following are NOT considered antioxidants?vitamin K vitamin A + C + E and Beta carotene Antioxidants are vitamins that can inactivate oxygen free radicals. Vitamins C, E and beta-carotene are antioxidant vitamins. Vitamins D and K are fat-soluble vitamins.Which of the following do NOT require phosphorus? normal muscle and nerve activity blood clotting synthesis of DNA and RNA formation of bones and teeth synthesis of enzymesblood clotting Phosphorous is a mineral important for bone and teeth formation. About 80% of the phosphorus is found in bone and teeth as phosphate salts. It also has a role in muscle contraction and nerve activity. It is also the component of many enzymes, DNA and RNA, and it's important in energy transfer in the form of ATP.According to many nutrient experts, how much of our calories should come from proteins?12-15% According to the experts, the recommended distribution of calories is about 12-15% from proteins, 50-60% from carbohydrates, less than 15% from simple sugars, less than 30% from fats, and no more than 10% from saturated fats.Which of the following are NOT fat-soluble vitamins? vitamin E vitamin K vitamin D vitamin C vitamin A vitamin D1vitamin C Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K, and can be stored in cells, particularly hepatocytes. Water soluble vitamins, including several vitamins B and vitamin C are dissolved in body fluids, and excess quantities are excreted in the urine rather than stored in the cells.Which of the following best describes the relationship between catabolism and anabolism?Catabolic reactions provide the energy for anabolic reactions. Catabolic reactions are exergonic, meaning they produce more energy than they consume. Anabolic reactions are endergonic, meaning they consume more energy than they produce. The energy produced by catabolic reactions is consumed by anabolic reactions.What reactions does ATP link together? canabolic synthesis endergonic anabolicanabolic ATP couples catabolic (decomposition) reactions with anabolic (synthesis) reactions.Which of the following are found in ATP?adenine (a nitrogenous base), ribose, and three phosphates (serially bonded phosphate groups)