METABOLIC DISEASES OF EQUINE

Term
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Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, and specific hormone tests.
Slow progressive nature of the disease
False negative results are common for all tests early in disease
Tests are much more reliable as the disease progresses
Seasonal variation in hormone output
Lack of a true gold standard
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Terms in this set (36)
Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, and specific hormone tests.
Slow progressive nature of the disease
False negative results are common for all tests early in disease
Tests are much more reliable as the disease progresses
Seasonal variation in hormone output
Lack of a true gold standard
Diagnosis of
Equine Cushing disease
EQUINE ANHIDROSIS
Also known as "dry coat disease", "non-sweaters", or "dry puffers".
skin and
Exocrine
Systems affected in anhidrosis
Anhidrosis
absence of an adequate amount of sweat which will
result in several clinical signs.
Anhidrosis
This condition is frequently performance limiting and may put a horse at
risk for hyperthermia or heat stroke.
sweat gland β₂ Receptors
In anhidrosis, overstimulation of
______ down regulates sweating at first temporarily and then permanently.
The cause of anhidrosis is not well defined but is believed to involve overstimulation of the horse's
sweat glands by stress hormones, typically occurring in the heat of summer.
Etiology of anhidrosis
Basal lamina and connective were thickened
Thin myoepithelial and fundic epithelial cells
Lumen of the duct is clogged with cellular debris
Reduction of vesicles in the secretory cells
Luminal microvilli often are absent
Pathogenesis of anhidrosis
Tachypnea and hyperthermia persist after activity
Sweating is reduced or absent during or after activity.
Anhidrosis can be preceded by brief episodes of excessive perspiration
Dry, flaky skin in chronic situations
Alopecia affects the face and neck in particular
Lethargy and a change in water intake in extreme cases.
Impaired absent sweating
Clinical Signs of anhidrosis
A series of injections of dilutions of terbutaline might be used by your veterinarian to diagnose
anhidrosis. This activates the horse's sweat glands, identifying individuals who have sweating issues
and determining the degree of the problem.
Diagnosis of anhidrosis
Horses exhibiting signs of heat stress should be immediately taken to a shaded environment and cool water and fans. Minimize the feeding of Carbohydrates. Provide free-choice cool, fresh water and salt supplementation. Keep foals that are treated with Macrolides out of direct sunlight during and for a week after treatment.Treatment of anhidrosisStall the horse in cool environment during the hotter periods of the day. Continue to treat foals with macrolides out of direct sunlight during and for a week after treatment. Avoid administration of B2 agonists and stool the horse in a cool environmentPrevention of anhidrosisEQUINE CUSHING'S SYNDROMEAlso known as Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction PPID.EQUINE CUSHING'S SYNDROME/Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction PPID.It is a chronic progressive disease of the intermediate pituitary gland of older horses.Equine Cushing diseasecaused by enlargement in the Pars intermedia (middle section) of the pituitary gland.caused by degenerative of neurons that affect the production of hormones such as ACTH. It can also due to adenomatous tumor develops in pituitary gland as this tumor slowly grows, and sends appropriate signals to the rest of the body to secrete excessive hormones primarily a stress hormone called cortisol.Etiology of Equine Cushing diseaseLoss of dopaminergic inhibition results in melanotroph hyperplasia, adenoma Formation, and increased synthesis and secretion of POMC derived peptides Particularly ACTH, α-MSH, and βendorphin. Nerve terminals of periventricular dopaminergic neurons from affected horses have increased 3- nitrotyrosine levels, a marker of oxidative stress, and lipofuscin. Pigment accumulation, another marker of cellular oxidation, has also been Found in the pars nervosa and hypothalamic tracts innervating the pars Intermedia.Pathogenesis of Equine Cushing diseaseIncreased coat length, and failure to shed coat in summer Weight loss Polydipsia and polyuria Lethargy Increase sweeting LaminitisClinical Signs of Equine Cushing diseaseMedical treatment includes dopamine agonists, serotonin antagonists and cortisol antagonists. Dopamine agonists (pergolide) replace lose inhibition of the pituitary gland. (Dopamine Inhibits the pars intermedia and hence helps to reduce its size and thus reduce over production of cortisol) and has been reported to be up to 80% successful in reducing the severity of signs seen in Cushingoid horses.Treatment of Equine Cushing diseaseMaintaining ideal body weight. Routine hoof care. Feed of low sugar diet (grain and hay included) Restricting grass intake (especially in the spring and fall when the sugar in grass is at the highest level).Prevention of Equine Cushing diseaseazoturia, tying-up syndrome, equine paralytic myoglobinuria, myositis, and Monday morning diseaseOther names for Exertional rhabdomyolysisis exercise that exceeds the horse's state of trainingEtiology of Exertional rhabdomyolysisHistory of an increase in work intensity without a foundation of consistent training is usually the basis for suspecting a training imbalance as a cause of ER. Sign of muscle stiffness and gait changes may be mild. It occurs most commonly in horses exercising in hot, humid weather and triggered by diets with a high non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content, inadequate selenium and vitamin E. Imbalances in electrolytes have been implicates in causing ER.Pathogenesis of Exertional rhabdomyolysisReluctance to move, Stiff gait, Muscles may feel hard and swollen, especially over the Hindquarters, Increased heart and respiratory rate, Distress or even colic signs, Dehydration, Dark red urine (in severe cases), Recumbency (in very severe cases), Poor performance (mild or Recurrent cases), Excessive sweating, Rapid heartbeat, Rapid breathing, Uncontrollable muscle Contractions, Discolored urine.Clinical Signs of Exertional rhabdomyolysisIn A blood sample may be taken to assess levels of muscle enzymes (creatinine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) In some recurrent or chronic cases, a muscle biopsy may be recommended in order to rule out other underlying causes such as Polysaccharide storage myopathies (PSSM).Diagnosis of Exertional rhabdomyolysisShould be directed towards reducing pain and anxiety in these horses to Keep them as quiet as possible. Flunixin meglumine, phenylbutazone, acepromazine, and Butorphanol Switch to high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, based on the theory that this will decrease muscle glycogen stores.Treatment for Exertional rhabdomyolysis-a very gradual increase in the amount of daily exercise horses -Correcting hydration status is crucial, especially to prevent kidney damage in cases with Myoglobinuria. -Dantrolene, a muscle relaxant which inhibits intracellular calcium release, and -Phenytoin, an anti-convulsant, have been used for both treatment and prevention. No clinical Trials have demonstrated efficacy, however, and dosing may be expensive and time consuming. One author suggested use only in horses known to be affected with abnormal intracellular Calcium regulation.Prevention Exertional rhabdomyolysisSynchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF)more commonly known as "thumps,"Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF)/Thumpsa condition characterized by hiccup-like contractions of the horse's diaphragm.-hypocalcemia -after endurance exercise -prolonged Administration of high calcium Supplements.Risk factors of Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF)/Thumpsendurance exercise, hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, digestive disturbances, and repeated administration of calcium-containing fluids to performance horses. Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter may be a singular occurrence or a chronic recurring problem.Inciting causes of (SDF)/Thumpsarises when fluid and electrolyte imbalances disrupt the membrane potential of the phrenic nerve. The phrenic nerve begins to discharge in concert with atrial depolarization with subsequent contraction of the diaphragmPathogenesis of (SDF)/Thumps-difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, heart palpitations, and chest pain. Symptoms usually worsen during the day and with stress. -often occurs in combination with contraction of other muscles used to breath (respiratory muscles).Clinical Signs of (SDF)/Thumpspathognomonic clinical signs, with laboratory confirmation being Made by electrolyte analysis, Including assessment of total and Ionized calcium and magnesium Levels. Many horses with thumps have no other identifiable abnormalities, and rest, food, and water may be all the treatment required.Diagnosis of (SDF)/ThumpsTreatment consists of parenteral administration of calcium and occasionally chloride solutions. The response to treatment is usually rapid, thus supporting the diagnosis. The prognosis is considered favorable, although a rest period of 7-10 days is often indicated Supplementation of electrolytes either in the feed or in the water may prevent this condition in endurance horses.Treatment of SDF)/ThumpsPreventing thumps is a matter of balancing dietary rations, ensuring the horse is fit enough for the level of work it is doing and maintaining adequate hydration. Horses that have previously developed thumps are more likely to do so again. Their electrolyte balance, hydration status and dietary calcium intake needs to more closely monitored than horses that have not previously experienced this problem.Prevention of SDF)/Thumps