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States of Consciousness Vocabulary with Mnemonic Devices and Examples
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Terms in this set (44)
Consciousness
It is the process the brain goes through where external and internal experiences work together to create a model.
When you see a dog, it allows you to remember past memories with the dog breed.
Cognitive Neuroscience
It is a field of interdiscipline that utilizes cognitive psychology, linguistics, neurology, computer science, etc. from other fields that work with mental processes and their relations to the brain.
Nonconscious Processes
They are processes that take place in the brain that don't involve (use) preconscious memories, unconscious processes, or any other kinds of conscious processing.
It would be like breathing, blinking, walking, and chewing gum all at the same time.
Preconscious Memories
It is information that is not in the conscious now, but is easily recalled voluntarily by consciousness or by something that brings it up.
Unconsciousness
Freud says that this is an area of the brain that has threatening information that should not enter consciousness. Now, it is the group of mental processes that work outside of one's awareness, while also not working against consciousness.
It is how you follow a similar routine every day without too much thought.
Daydreaming
It is a variation of consciousness where an individual's attention moves away from their present situation to their expectations, fantasies, memories, desires, etc.
Circadian Rythms
It is a physiological pattern or cycle that naturally repeats around every 24 hours.
The sleep-wakefulness cycle is a good example of this.
REM Sleep
It is a sleep stage that takes place every 90 minutes and stands for Rapid Eye Movement. It is noted because the eyes are moving underneath closed eyelids and dreaming is heavily associated with it. During this time, the muscles of the body are paralyzed.
Rapid
Eye
Movement
Non-REM (NREM) Sleep
It is the stages of sleep without Rapid Eye Movement and is heavily associated with deep sleep.
No
Rapid
Eye
Movement
Sleep Paralysis
It usually takes place during REM sleep. It is a condition where one cannot move their voluntary muscles (paralyzed) other than their eyes.
REM Rebound
It is a condition where an individual spends more time in REM than they normally would because of being deprived of REM prior.
Sleep Debt
It is when someone does not get the necessary amount of sleep they need to properly function. It cannot be made up.
It would be if someone continuously gets 3 hours of sleep rather than 8.
Manifest Content
It is the actual content of a dream (it's storyline) and it does not include any interpretation.
Latent Content
It is what a dream symbolizes other than what it directly appears as. It usually relates to Freud's ideas in some way.
A dream about clocks may be a result of a fear of the menstrual cycle, or one's sexuality.
Activation-Synthesis Theory
It is the idea that dreams begin with random electric activation from the brain stem. The brain then tries to put these random things together to make dreams.
Dog + Ice Cream + Homework = You were crying during your homework and eating ice cream, when a dog came up and ate your ice cream.
Insomnia
It is the most commonly seen sleep disorder. It is characterized by not having good/enough sleep, not being able to fall asleep quick, waking early, easy arousal, etc.
Insomnia
So many people have this sleep disorder.
Sleep Apnea
It is a respiratory disorder where someone stops breathing multiple times through sleep.
Sleep apnea causes snoring.
Night Terrors
They usually occur in children during deep sleep. They appear to create terror (as if there was a nightmare), but recollection of the terror is rare.
It would be when a child wakes up screaming in the middle of the night.
Narcolepsy
This is a disorder involving REM. It is seen when someone falls into REM sleep during something that causes them strong emotions.
One may fall into REM sleep while laughing at a funny joke.
Cataplexy
It is when someone all of a sudden loses control of their muscles.
Hypnosis
It is a state of induced awareness that is seen with increased relaxation, suggestibility, and very focused attention.
Posthypnotic Amnesia
It is the ability for someone to be hypnotized to forget events happening during or before hypnosis.
Meditation
It is a conscious state induced by putting attention on repetitive behaviors, body positions, and lowering external stimulation. It can help with spirituality, self-knowledgment, and well-being.
It can be achieved through breathing, focus, yogic positions, etc.
Psychoactive Drugs
They are chemicals that affect behaviors and mental processes because of their effects and influences on the brain.
Psychoactive drugs are known for their effects on the (psyche) mind.
Hallucinogens
They are drugs that cause hallucinations and change perception of the environment and one's awareness.
LSD causes one to feel disassociated with their personality.
Opiates
They are very addictive drugs that allow for senses of pain relief and well-being.
Heroin causes less worry and attention to the body's needs.
Depressants
They are drugs that slow physical and mental activity through inhibition of transmission in the Central Nervous System of nerve impulses.
Xanax helps to calm patient's anxiety.
Stimulants
They are arousing drugs for the Central Nervous System and they speed up physical responses as well as mental responses.
Ectasy can allow one to dance for hours and suffer from dehydration.
Tolerance
It says that the lower effect a drug has on an individual over repeated consecutive use over decent periods of time.
Physical Dependence
When the body adjusts to the drug being there and grows dependent of it for daily use.
Addiction
A person with a condition that causes one to use a drug no matter its effects, usually after trying many times to stop.
Withdrawal
Uncomfortable and/or painful symptoms someone suffers as a effect of lower/lesser/stop of use of a drug.
Withdrawal of drugs can cause nausea, pain, sensitivity, trembling, etc.
Psychological Dependence
It is a feeling or desire for a drug, without physical dependence.
NREM 1
This stage of sleep includes irregular brain waves (beta and alpha waves) and slowed breathing. It is when an individual is transitioning into sleep. This stage may include hypnagogic sensations and hallucinations. This stage does not last very long and the individual in it is still awake.
Hypnagogic Sensation
It is the feeling of floating or falling that is immediately followed with a jerk or twitch. It usually occurs with (but doesn't have to) hallucinations in stage 1 of sleep. It is assumed to be a random burst of energy where the brain is pretty active and is mostly beta waves with a couple alpha waves.
NREM 2
In this stage, an individual is fully asleep and the activity in the brain slows greatly. Alpha and theta waves are seen more in this stage along with sleep spindles and k-complexes. The most amount of time (45%) sleeping is spent in this stage.
Sleep Spindles
They are bursts of rapid brain activity. They are depicted as crazy and close wavelengths. It is the beginning of memory consolidation that occurs during REM.
K-Complexes
They are high amplitude waves that haven't been studied a lot. It is thought that it is the start and preparation for relaxation.
NREM 3/4
This stage of sleep is characterized by relaxed (muscles), slow (breathing), and deep sleep. It is good for restoring the body and muscles. In this stage theta and delta waves are seen and sensation detection decreases. Time in this stage decreases throughout the night. Night terrors, bet wetting, and sleep walking occur in this stage.
Super-Chiasmatic Nucleus
It is the cell clusters in the hypothalamus that are in control of the circadian rhythm. It connects to the optic nerve and is what allows the body to stay in homeostasis. It uses light to decide when certain circadian cycles need to occur.
This cell is what tells the pineal gland to stop creating such large amounts of melatonin when it sees more light in the morning.
Ghrelin
It is a hormone that is released by an individual's empty stomach and goes to the hypothalamus to makes an individual hungry.
If your stomach is growling, you are releasing ghrelin.
Leptin
It is a hormone that suppresses hunger and tells an individual to stop eating. It is produced by fat cells when energy is being converted into fat. It is what tells the body it has eaten enough and does not need to eat anymore.
If you are full, leptin has lept into action to tell you to stop eating.
Cortisol
It is a stress hormone that causes the body to increase fat production and it allows for more dopamine to be released.
Substance Use Disorder
It is a kind of disorder that occurs because of the continuous craving for a substance even though there are significant and great risks for one's life.
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