bio 32 study hw exam 3

Chemicals produced by endocrine cells reach their intended recipients by traveling through the bloodstream.
a. holocrines
b. paracrines
c. autocrines
d. hormones
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Chemicals produced by endocrine cells reach their intended recipients by traveling through the bloodstream.
a. holocrines
b. paracrines
c. autocrines
d. hormones
d) hormones
Hormones produced by endocrine cells reach their intended recipients by traveling through the blood stream.
True or False
True
Hormones which cannot pass through the cell membrane must attach to ____ on the cell surface to affect the cell.
a. glycoproteins
b. receptors
c. ion channels
d. enzymes
b. receptors
Cells affected by hormones are known as
a. receptor cells
b. induced cells
c. intended cells
d. target cells
d. target cells
The type of hormone, such as a steroid, which passes directly though the cell membrane to nuclear receptors to cause changes in gene expression within the cell are known as
a. hydraulic hormones
b. hydrophobic hormones
c. hydrophilic hormones
d. isotonic hormones
b. hydrophobic hormones
Hydrophobic hormones are derived from
a. triglycerides
b. cholesterol
c. calmodulin
d. adenosine triphosphate
b. cholesterol
In order for a hydrophobic hormone to travel through the bloodstream, it requires a hydrophilic carrier protein.
True or false
true
When hormones attach to nuclear receptors, the general result is
a. the synthesis of new proteins
b. the breakdown of phospholipids
c. cell death
d. the formation of triglycerides
a. the synthesis of new proteins
When a hydrophilic hormone attaches to a G-protein receptor, it causes the G-protein to separate into AMP and calmodulin.
True or false
False
When a hormone attaches to a receptor on the outside of the cell a second messenger mechanism is activated with results in an "enzyme cascade" which means
a. enzymes accumulate in a mass which is then surrounded by a membrane to form a lysosome
b. all enzymes attached to the outside of the cell membrane to form a lysosome
c. once one enzyme decomposes, it causes many enzymes to decompose
d. the second messenger causes the activation of many enzymes which activate even more enzymes
d. the second messenger causes the activation of many enzymes which activate even more enzymes
Hormones are secreted products of endocrine cells. true or falsetrueThe target cells for a hormones produce a receptor to which the hormone can bind. true or falsetrueA large amount of hormone is required to produce an effect. true or falsdefalseHumoral regulation involves the components of the blood affecting an endocrine gland. true or falsetrueHormones that target neural cells are called trophic hormones, true or falsefalseThe sensitivity of a target cell to one type of hormone depends on the number of receptors available in that cell type. true or falsetrueDuring upregulation of a hormone response a. the number of receptors decreases b. the number of receptors increases c. the amount of hormone increases d. none of theseb. the number of receptors increasesDuring downregulation of a hormone response a. the number of receptors decreases b. the number of receptors increases c. the amount of hormone decreases d. none of these.a. the number of receptors decreasesA example of a positive feedback loop would be a. the release of a hormone in response to a single stimulus b. the release of glucagon in response to low blood sugar c. the release of oxytocin in response to stretching of the uterus d. all of thesec. the release of oxytocin in response to stretching of the uterusA example of a negative feedback loop would be a. the release of a hormone in response to a single stimulus b. the release of glucagon in response to low blood sugar c. the release of oxytocin in response to stretching of the uterus d. all of theseb. the release of glucagon in response to low blood sugarCardiac Muscle cells (fibers) that don't contract but instead create and conduct the ap throughout the heart are a. contractile fibers b. atrial fibers c. ventricular fibers d. autorhythmic fibersd. autorhythmic fibersWhich of the following are NOT part of the conducting system in the heart? a. internal bundles b. atrioventricular (AV) valve c. sinoatrial (SA) node d. Purkinje fibersb. atrioventricular (AV) valveIf the stroke volume (mL of blood leaving the left ventricle during each contraction) is 70 mL and the SA node is functioning properly, how much blood is being ejected from the left ventricle each minute? a. 2.1 L/min b. 3.5 L/min c. 0.7 L/min d. 4.9 L/mind. 4.9 L/minF-type sodium channels in cardiac fiber membranes located in the sinoatrial node a. open when the membrane potential decreases b. allow sodium to diffuse out of the muscle fibers c. close when the membrane potential gets less negative d. two of the choices are correctd. two of the choices are correctChannels in cardiac muscle fiber membranes in the sinoatrial node that open when a threshold of -40 mV is reached are a. f-type sodium channels b. t-type calcium channels c. l-type calcium channels d. potassium channelsc. l-type calcium channelsWhich structures permit ap in the autorhythmic cardiac fibers to move fro one cell immediately to an adjacent cell? a. tight junctions b. gap junction c. intercalated disc d. desmosomesb. gap junctionWhich sequence of events is accurate in describing what occurs when an ap arrives along the membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle fiber? a. fast sodium channels open, fast potassium channels open, fast calcium channels open, slow potassium channels open b. sodium diffuses into the fiber, potassium diffuses out of the fiber, calcium diffuses into the fiber, potassium diffuses out of the fiber c. the membrane depolarizes, depolarizes to 0 mV, stabilizes for a period of time at 0 mV, and then completely repolarizes to -90 mV d. all of these choicesd. all of these choicesThe P-wave in an electrocardiogram occurs during a. artial repolarization b. artial depolarization c. ventricular repolarization c. ventricular depolarizationb. artial depolarizationAtrial repolarization occurs during ventricular depolarization and, consequently, would be viewed on an electrocardiogram (if it was visible) during a. the t-wave b. the QRS complex c. both the both P wave and the T wave d. the P-waveb. the QRS complexDamage or dysfunction of the sinoatrial node does not result in cardiac failure because additional portions of the autorhythmic fibers can creat ap. If a heart rate was measured at 30 beats/min, it may indicate that these fibers are creating spontaneous ap in the heart. a. bundle of his b. purkinje fibers c. both bundle of his and purkinje fibers d. atrioventricular nodec. both bundle of his and purkinje fibersSemilunar valves function to prevent blood from flowing back into the a. ventricles during ventricular diastole b. ventricles during ventricular systole c. atria during atrial diastole d. atria during atrial systolea. ventricles during ventricular diastoleAtrial systole is necessary to a. close the AV valves b. allow blood to passively fill the chambers c. fill the aortas with blood d. fill the ventricles with bloodd. fill the ventricles with bloodWhen all heart valves are closed during isovolumetric ventricular contraction, the amount of blood (volume) is constant but bp increases. t or ftrueTowards the end of ventricular systole when ventricular bp exceeds aortic bp. a. av valves close b. semilunar valves open c. av valves open d. semilunar valves closeb. semilunar valves openSemilunar valves close during ventricular diastole to prevent blood from flowing from the arteries into the ventricles. a. true b. falsea. trueIf a typical adult male has a heart rate of 70 beats per min, how much blood would flow through the heart each minute? a. 70 ml b. 700 ml c. 4900 ml d. 5250 mlc. 4900 mlVentricular muscle is relaxed a. during ventricular diastole b. approximately half of the cardiac cycle c. during atrial systole d. all of the aboved. all of the aboveThe right side of the heart is concerned with a. 2 choices are correct b. pulmonary circulation c. pumping oxygenated blood d. systemic circulationb. semilunar valves openThe first sound heard in a stethoscope during the cardiac cycle is the a. contraction of the ventricles b. closing of the semilunar valves c. closing of the AV valves d. contraction of the atriac. closing of the AV valvesBlood leaves the heart during a. ventricular relaxation b. massive ventricular filling c. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation d. ventricular ejectiond. ventricular ejectionCardiac output can be determined by multiplying the heart rate x stroke volume t or ftthe typical cardiac output for a healthy adult is around 5 L per min t or ftextreme exercise can increase the cardiac output up to 100-fold t or ffA normal resting stroke volume is around 70 ml t or ftThe Frank starling law of the heart suggests that the greater the afterload, the greater the sarcomere stretch, the greater the stroke volume t or ffContraction of the cardiac muscle sarcomeres during ventricular systole provides the force needed to eject blood from the heart. t or ftstroke volume is increased by a. increased preload b. decreased afterload c. increased contractility d. alld. allWhich of the following is NOT a positive inotropic agent? a. thyroxine b. norepinephrine c. calcium channel blockers d. digoxinc. calcium channel blockersWhich of the following is NOT a negative inotropic agent? a. calcium channel blockers b. anesthetics c. epinephrine d. nonec. epinephrineHypertension a. increases aortic pressure b. decreases aortic pressure c. decreases ventricular pressure d. nonea. increases aortic pressureLow blood oxygen stimulates the production of erythropoietin. t or ftThe target cells for erythropoietin are undifferentiated blood stem cells. t or ftThe production cells for erythropoietin are bone marrow cells. t or ffLow oxygen levels are restored to homeostasis by increasing the number of erythocytes/ rbc. t or ftA feedback loop will end when a hormone binds to a target cell. t or ffA feedback loop will end with the response returns the body to homeostasis. t or ftWhich of the following is the stimulus for erythropoietin? a. high blood ox for the kidneys b. low ox in the blood c. high ox in the blood d. low blood ox in the kidneysd. low blood ox in the kidneysWhich of the following is the response for erythropoietin? a. EPO binding to immature rbc b. the release of rbc c. an increase in the ox carrying the capacity of the blood d. allc. an increase in the ox carrying the capacity of the bloodIn order for erythropoietin to induce an action, it must first travel to a. the kidneys b. the bone marrow c. the brain d. allb. the bone marrowFeedback loops are effective because they are turned off only after a. the action has started b. the response has started c. the response has returned the system to homeostasis d. none of thesec. the response has returned the system to homeostasis