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psy 320 exam 2

Terms in this set (108)

what is the strongest correlation number one can get?
any number closest to -1 or +1
positive correlation is when variants move in ______ direction
the same
Positive or negative correlation: the amount of rainfall is correlated to wildlife?
positive
negative correlation is when variants move in ___ direction
inverse
zero correlation is when variants have ____ correlation
no
exploratory correlation is when ____ lead people to believe things
superstitions
what is an example of zero correlation? explain
wonderlic personnel test; 12 minute test of general cognitive ability that consists of 50 questions
If there is a correlation, does that mean that it is meaningful
no
spurious correlations are when you ____ between two things
cannot draw connections
the presence of a correlation between 2 variables does not mean that
one variable causes another to occur
what is NOT accepted when making causal conclusions
correlational data
if A correlates with B, how many causal possibilities are there
three
what is the purpose of experimental research
to manipulate some aspects of environment to observe the effect of manipulation on behavior
experimental research is the only method that allows
researchers to determine causation
what is state dependent memory
what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
What is an independent variable?
what is being manipulated in an experiment, must have at least 2 conditions
what is the dependent variable
what is being measured
what are extraneous variables
variables that are not controlled and could effect dependent variable
when was cognitive psych founded and why
WWII; trying to correct pilot error
what book was created to show usability issues
use of everyday items
what was all cognitive research geared towards
usability
what is the purpose of cognitive neuroscience
trying to identify regions of the brain
what is localization
finding a location in the brain that supports a particular cognitive process/function
what is the healthy brain model
evaluating blood flow when active in certain behavior
what were the results of the healthy brain model
converging evidence
what is the purpose of sensing
conversation of physical energy into neural codes recognized by the brain
what is the purpose of perceiving
internal rep. of the object is formed and percept of external stimulus is developed
what influences how we interpret things
perception
what are the two primary outcomes of visual perception
drone technology and self-driving cars
in the inverse projection problem what dimension is retinal image
2-d
how do we experience the world
in 3d
what is the issue with interpreting 2d images and how do we resolve it
there are infinite possibilities for what the image could be so we interpret it as 3d
what are the three categories of visual ambiguities
shape/orientation, light source/reflectance/shadow, and size/distance
what is shape/orientation
how you figure out shape and how it is oriented to personal angle
what is light source/reflectance/shadow
perceptual constancies; "is it light or dark"
what is size/distance
depth cues
what visual ambiguity do kids struggle with
size/distance
what does the necker cube prove
perceptions can change while sensation remains constant
what are perceptual constancies
a retinal image can change dramatically but we still perceive the same thing
what are the categories of perceptual constancies
shape, size, and brightness/color
what is the moon illusion
the moon looks up to 50% larger when it is near the horizon
what are the two categories of depth cues
monocular and binocular
what are monocular depth cues
only need one eye to have something make sense to you
what are the three subsets of monocular cues
relative size, occlusion, and atmospheric perspective
what is relative size
when an image of one object is larger than something that is "farther" away based on perceived size
what is the key to relative size
distance
what is occlusion
when something is blocking one from seeing full view
what is atmospheric perspective
faraway objects often appear hazy or blurred
what are binocular cues
cues that require two eyes to perceive depth
what is convergence
the more your eyes rotate inward to focus, the closer the object is perceived to be
what drives perception
expectations
what is stereopsis
conceptualizing visual perception and info that we get from eyes is two separate video feeds
when do depth cues become available
six months old
what were the visual cliff experiments
they determined when depth cues are used
what is top down, bottom up processing
two separate processes constantly occurring simultaneously
what is bottom up processing
when you interpret based on what exactly you see
what is top down processing
when prior knowledge and beliefs are used to determine what we see
what are the worshock inkblot test and muller-layer illusion examples of
top down processing
is the worshock inkblot test accepted for diagnosis
no
what did the muller-lyer illusion prove
ppl living in noncarpented societies are not susceptible to top down processing
what is the frame of reference
orientation of an object is always defined relative to something else
what is a common assumption with light sources
things are top to botton
what is retinal fatigue
it causes elusary motion and after-image effect after looking at something for too long
what is gestalt psychology
whole is greater than the sum of its parts
what are the two laws of physical perception
proximity and similarity
things are grouped together based on
proximity or similarity
what is subliminal advertising
info presented so quickly, it was not consciously remembered; untrue
what is the purpose of attention
focus on cognitive processes on external stimuli so that info can be gathered
what is vital to attention
filtering through info to get to the important stuff
what are the three primary attributes of attention
selectivity, shiftability, and divisibility
what is ADHD
issues focusing on things for extended period because it is not interesting
what is the only thing proven to reduce ADHD levels the same as medication
incidental exercise
what are capacity theories
the amount of cog. resources available depends on physiological arousal
in the yerkes-dodson curve, when can you perform maximally
at optimum level of arousal
what is the cockroach maze example
simple vs complex maze, which causes more arousal
people perform between when arousal is ____ in simple tasks, but perform worse when arousal is ---- in complex tasks
high, high
what happened to heron's participants in his study into sensory deprivation
they thought it would be relaxing, but soon began to hallucinate and looked froward to it bc it relieved boredom
we select objects for further processing bc they
stand out to us
what are the two categories of visual paradigms
disjunctive and conjuctive
what are disjunctive searches
easy to find, quick and effortless, PARALLEL TO NATURE
what are conjunctive searches
difficult, conjunction of 2+ feats. to identify target, SERIAL
what is the difference between disjunctive and conjunctive searches
only in conjunctive searches does an addition of distraction cause it to take longer to identify the rarget
what are the three stages of memory
encoding, storage, and retrieval
what is encoding
control the acquisition of memories, biggest issue is name-remembering
what is storage
determines and controls how memories are maintainde
what is retrieval
recover from memory, control process
what are the three memory systems
sensory, primary, and secondary
what is the spun of apprehension
how much info can you take in at one time?
what led to sensory memory
spun of apprehension
what is sensory memory
after you experience a stimulus, a trace is stored for a brief period
what is echoic sensory memory
retains small snippers of alast sound heard
what is the suffix effect
saying something at the end of a list hurts memory for the last few items in the list (yellow book example)
without echoic memory, people have difficulty with
understanding human speech
iconic memory system stores
visual memory
what proved human capacity of sensory memory
George spellings partial report technique
what is the delay theory of primary memory
brown-paterson task and interference theory
what is the brown Peterson task
believes time causes decrease in memory performance
what is the interference theory
events that occur between encoding and retrieval affect memory performance
what is proactive interference
when older learning interferes w new learning
what is retroactive interference
when new learning interferes with old learning
what are the two categories of serial position effects
primacy and recency effects
what is primacy effect
mem perfection is better for items near the beginning of a memorized list
what is recency effect
mem perfection is better for items at end of memorized list
what are the three types of secondary memory
procedural, semantic, episodic
what is procedural memory
how to walk, talk, swim, etc
what memories are least likely to be lost
procedural
what is semantic memory
info based on things you know, but you don't remember how you learned it
what is episodic memory
can place intricate details of personal memories
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