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Nur 389 Exam 2

Terms in this set (159)

The nurse researcher is writing the operational definition of a study variable. What information should be included in this definition?
(3) How the variable will be measured in a study
The purpose of a research study is to examine the effects of social support on the psychological health of elderly residents of a nursing home. In this statement, psychological health is which part of the study?
(1) Dependent variable
The study hypothesis is, "Premature infants who receive skin-to-skin tactile stimulation gain weight at a more rapid rate than premature infants who do not receive skin-to-skin tactile stimulation." What is the independent variable?
(4) Skin-to-skin tactile stimulation
The nurse researcher is planning how to conduct a quantitative research study. Which portion of the research process is the nurse developing?
(2) Research design
Qualitative researchers are generally more interested in relevance of findings than in objectivity and generalizability. To what belief, generally held by qualitative researchers, is this most directly related?
(1) The belief that each subject is most knowledgeable about the topic under study
The nurse researcher wishes to generalize a study's findings to persons living in the southern United States. The study is being done on persons living in a small town in rural Alabama. Which option reflects the target population of this study?
(1) Persons living in the Southern United States
The text at the beginning of a research study report reads: "Is there a relationship between the number of medication errors made and the number of consecutive days the nurse has worked? This study will try to determine if the number of medication errors made is related to the number of consecutive days the nurse has worked. Medication errors are a serious threat to hospitalized patients." Which of these statements is the research problem?
(1) Is there a relationship between the number of medication errors made and the number of consecutive days the nurse has worked?
The nursing student has been assigned to read an article describing "mixed methods" research as it applies to nursing. What can the student expect the article to discuss?
(3) Using both survey completion and face-to-face interviewing in one study
A nurse researcher is conducting a study on the relationship between medication errors and the number of consecutive days worked by a nurse. One of the assumptions of this study is that medication errors are a serious threat to patients. Which type of assumption is this?
(1) A universal assumption
A student in a research-focused doctoral program would like to play an active role in controlling the research process. Which type of studies would be best for this student?
(3) Quasi-experimental studies
In the review of literature, the nurse researcher was unable to find a questionnaire to collect the unique data required for the proposed study. The researcher developed a questionnaire specifically for the study. Once the study began, the researcher discovered that the questionnaire was not supplying the data necessary to answer the study question. How could the researcher have best avoided this situation?
(3) Do a pilot study with the questionnaire
A nurse doing qualitative research has approached an individual about participation in the study. The person says, "I don't mind being in your study, but I do not want to be identified." Which response, by the nurse researcher, is indicated?
(1) "I will interview you, so I will know what you said."
A new researcher says, "There is no previous information about this topic to include in a review of literature." Which response to this statement is most valid?
(2) This may occur, but it is a very rare occurrence
The nurse researcher is writing the review of literature portion of the research report. What should this nurse include in this section?
(2) Studies that support and oppose the researcher's position
Which reference citation indicates a secondary source?
Jansen, C. E., Miaskowski, C., Dodd, J. S., & Dowling, G. (2005). Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment in women with breast cancer: A critique of the literature. Oncology Nursing Forum, 32(2), 329-342
The researcher has attempted to avoid secondary sources in the literature review. What is the rationale for this action?
(3) The author of the secondary source may have left out information from the original study
Which statement, made by a new nurse researcher, indicates that additional information about grey literature is required?
(1) "Grey literature has value but is not typically included in literature reviews."
The nurse researcher is discussing how to formulate a search strategy prior to starting a literature review. Which statement demonstrates this nurse understands the best way to conduct this activity?
(3) "It is important to use a variety of options and limiters in my search."
The nurse researcher wants to review evidence-based practice resources during the review of literature. Which database would be most helpful to this researcher?
(2) Medline with full text
The nurse researcher is conducting research about nursing interventions used in the treatment of a specific disease state. The researcher would like to include evidence for and against the effectiveness of treatments for the disease in the review of literature. Which database should the researcher access?
(2) Cochrane database of systematic reviews
The nurse researcher is collecting sources of information for a literature review. The nurse will refer to which guidelines when recording information about these sources?
(2) The journal the researcher hopes will publish the research
The nurse researcher has traveled across country to a library that holds historical documents significant to the study topic. What should the researcher do first?
(3) Consult with one of the librarians
The student researcher is having difficulty locating information on the chosen research topic. The research faculty asks, "Have you found any grey literature?" What response, made by the student, indicates understanding of this literature?
(1) "Yes, I did find some information in a conference proceeding from two years ago."
The nurse researcher would like to access a review from the Cochrane Library that was published 18 months ago. How should the nurse proceed?
(1) Assess the review from the internet at no cost
The nurse researcher is studying a topic associated with psychology. Which database will be most helpful to this nurse?
(1) PsycInfo
What is a set of related statements that describes or explains phenomena in a systematic way?
(2) Theory
A nurse is caring for a client who has just been transferred from the intensive care unit after having open heart surgery. The nurse wants to use a nursing model, focusing on the person as a total being, as opposed to a medical model, which focuses on the client's disease process. Which nursing model theorist should the nurse reference?
(3) Roy
A nursing student is learning the difference between theoretical and conceptual frameworks. Which statement, if made by the student, indicates the need for further teaching?
(4) A theoretical framework is based on many existing theories
The researcher is planning the work associated with a new project. In which stage of the project should the researcher consider the theoretical or conceptual framework?
(1) In the early stages
The nurse researcher is conducting research on the effect of homelessness on how often a woman performs self breast examinations. Which theory would be of greatest interest to this nurse?
(1) Pender's Health Promotion Theory
The nurse researcher is considering the relationship between the two variables in a study. What predicts this relationship?
(4) A hypothesis
Which statement, made by a research student, indicates understanding of the use of theoretical or conceptual frameworks in nursing research?
"A theoretical or conceptual framework is always necessary when conducting either quantitative or qualitative research."
The nurse's research focuses on how a person defends himself or herself from daily stressors. Which theorist's work would likely be fundamental to this researcher's work?
(2) Neuman
A nurse's research is testing Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings. The researcher has chosen to study the growing diversity in the individual field pattern of older adults moving to assisted living centers. The study predicts that, if these patterns follow Rogers' theory and are indeed becoming more diverse, the subjects have a greater chance of adapting well to the move. What kind of reasoning is this nurse using?
(1) Deductive
The staff nurse notices that newly admitted patients appear calmer after the nurse has completed their admission interview and physical assessment and has discussed their plan of care. The nurse wonders if this is related to alleviation of fear of the unknown. What kind of thinking is this nurse pursuing?
(2) Inductive
Which issue is of concern to nursing?
(2) The level of theory that drives much research in nursing is generally from other disciplines
A nurse is reading a research study that is based on Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary Being model. The nurse notices that Rogers is not listed in the article references. How should the nurse interpret this finding?
(3) The researcher used secondary sources to learn about Rogers' theory
What is true regarding testing of theory in a nursing research study?
(3) An entire theory is rarely tested in a single research study
The statement "There is a relationship between nurses' ages and their level of assertiveness" is which type of hypothesis?
(3) Nondirectional hypothesis
The nurse researcher has identified the study problem and variables. The nurse is now writing a formal statement of the expected relationship between the variables in a specific population. What portion of the study is the researcher developing?
(2) Hypothesis
The nurse researcher must write a causal research hypothesis for which study?
(4) A study that investigates the development of nosocomial urinary tract infection in catheterized and noncatheterized patients
What type of hypothesis is the following: "Cancer patients who use guided imagery during chemotherapy administration will have less nausea and vomiting and less anxiety than chemotherapy patients who do not use guided imagery"?
(1) Complex and directional
What type of hypothesis is the following: "Postoperative pediatric patients who use TENS (transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation) will have a different level of pain than pediatric postoperative patients who do not use TENS"?
(3) Simple and nondirectional
The hypothesis "Elderly patients with social support have fewer somatic complaints and fewer episodes of depression than elderly who do not have social support" is what kind of hypothesis?
(4) Complex and directional
Which hypothesis is correctly stated?
(3) Patients who use guided imagery have less pain than patients who do not use guided imagery
For which reason do many researchers prefer to write a hypothesis as a directional hypothesis?
(2) It clarifies the study's framework and demonstrates that the researcher has thought critically about the phenomenon under study
Research hypotheses may be simple or complex. Which statement describes a study that is designed to test a complex hypothesis?
(2) More than two variables are tested in the hypothesis
The nurse researcher is evaluating study results and believes that data support one part of the two-part study hypothesis but do not support the other part. What should the researcher do at this point?
(3) Report the hypothesis as not supported
Which term(s) would the nurse use to indicate a prediction in a directional research hypothesis?
(2) Decrease
Why is the hypothesis "There will be a positive relationship between a patient's level of formal education and his or her score on a health questionnaire," incorrectly stated?
(2) It is written in future tense
The researcher has discovered that study data have tested three hypotheses that were not stated in the original research design. How would the research reader identify these hypotheses?
(3) They are reported as "post hoc" comparisons
When does the researcher set the level of significance for rejecting the statistical null hypothesis?
(2) Before data are collected
Which design not only controls all threats to internal validity but also controls the effect of pretest/posttest scores?
(2) Solomon four-group design
Experimental research is conducted to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Rival explanations or competing hypotheses that might explain the study results indicate that a study has which situation?
(2) Threats to internal and external validity
A study is conducted to determine whether the implementation of a new scheduling pattern has a positive effect on the job satisfaction of staff nurses. Nurses are randomly assigned to the experimental group (new scheduling pattern) or comparison group ("usual" scheduling pattern). This is an example of which type of study?
(4) Experimental study
The following diagram is for which design? R X 01 (experimental group) R 01 (comparison group)
(2) Posttest-only control group design
Which type of study would be conducted in order to examine a cause-and-effect relationship between a new technique to relieve pain in infants during a procedure and the amount or degree of pain relief?
(3) Explanatory study
A study reviewed the medical records of nursing home residents as the source of data regarding previous use of a medication as related to current cognitive state. This is an example of which type of study?
(2) Retrospective
A nurse conducted a study to examine the relationship between incidence of medication errors and the years of experience among medication nurses. Which result of the analysis of study data indicates the strongest inverse relationship?
(4) R= -.89
Which type of study is conducted to develop, test, and evaluate research instruments?
(2) Methodological studies
Which research design is used by the Gallup Poll to obtain information about large numbers of people through sampling a small percentage of the total groups?
(4) Survey study design
Which threat to external validity is controlled for in a double-blind experimental study?
(2) Hawthorne effect
The researcher is studying an intervention designed to reduce job stress in emergency department nurses. Just before the study data collection was to start, an emergency department nurse was killed in the line of duty by a mentally deranged patient. What potential threat to the internal validity of the study does this occurrence pose?
(2) History
The nurse researcher's study design includes an experimental group and a control group. After the study begins, the researcher finds that 60 percent of the experimental group and 75 percent of the control group have dropped out of the study. Because of the internal threat of mortality, the researcher abandons the study. In future studies, what could the researcher do to help prevent this problem?
(4) Try to establish a relationship with the participants
The nursing research student is reviewing study designs prior to beginning a class assignment. Which statement, made by this study, reflects poor understanding of these designs?
(1) I think the one-shot case study design will be best for my study because it controls threats to internal validity
The nurse researcher will be conducting a study in a nursing home. What is the most likely category of this research?
(3) It is a field study
Select the topic that is most representative of qualitative phenomenological studies.
(3) The lived experience of women who have maintained a weight off of 100 pounds for five years
Which topic is most indicative of a qualitative study that will allow the nurse researcher to focus on collection and analysis of data of cultural groups?
(2) Labor and delivery practices of Arabian women
"Child-rearing practices of the Nacirema" is a topic that would be studied most typically by professionals from which discipline?
(2) Anthropology
Which topic suggests the qualitative research approach used most often by nurse researchers who wish to solve a problem?
(4) Effect of tooth brushing three times per day on rates of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated clients
Select the article title that most likely reports a participatory action research study.
(3) Nurse and Community Development and Assessment of a Health Program
Which proposed title for a nursing research article would most appropriately be studied through quantitative rather than qualitative methods?
(2) The Relationship of the Amount of Postoperative Pain Medication Administered and Level of Cardiac Rehabilitation Attained Before Discharge in Coronary Artery Bypass Clients
Which title suggests that the nursing research study focuses on the subjective nature of the human experience, which is characteristic of qualitative research methods?
(4) Mobility and Perception of Quality in Life in Nursing Home Residents
Why would a nurse researcher consider using a mixed-method design for a study?
(4) The questions asked by nurse researchers are often complex
The nurse researcher's work over the last several years has resulted in the generation of a theory that self-corrects as additional data are collected, interpreted, and analyzed. The researcher uses the process of constant comparison. Which form of research is this nurse researcher most likely conducting?
(2) Grounded theory
Which occurrence would trigger a nurse researcher to use the sequential explanatory strategy of mixed methods research?
(1) The quantitative data collected in a study are unexpected
A nurse researcher plans to collect quantitative data and qualitative data at the same time. This data collection is guided by a specific theoretical perspective. Which mixed method strategy is the researcher contemplating?
(3) Concurrent transformative
The nurse is reading a qualitative research report that asks, "Are post-myocardial infarction clients more interested in the length of their remaining life or in the quality of their remaining life?" What is the most important question for the nurse to ask about this study?
(4) Are data provided to answer the research question?
The nurse researcher who would like to review the first mixed method research would search literature from which discipline?
(2) Anthropology
True or false: Researchers should fit their research question to the research method they prefer to use.
False
Method should fit the questions

The research should always drive the choice of method
True or false: The researcher exerts tight controls over the research situation in qualitative research.
FALSE
The participants/story should unfold naturally
This is true however for quantitative or experimental
True or false: The steps to follow in quantitative research are firmly fixed and cannot be changed.
FALSE
the researcher should take the steps they see best fit to answer the question (while being ethical)
True or false: Many research questions are appropriate for mixed methods research.
TRUE
gives a comprehensive holistic POV
True or false: Qualitative researchers are very concerned with the generalizability of their study findings.
FALSE
qualitative studies are not generalize-able
True or false: The number of participants is generally larger in qualitative research than in quantitative research.
FALSE
opposite
True or false: Communicating study results is an important step in the research process.
TRUE
Research isn't complete until results are disseminated
Which statement is true when comparing qualitative research to quantitative research?
A. Qualitative research is easier to conduct than quantitative research.
B. The amount of data to be analyzed is usually greater in qualitative studies than in quantitative studies.
C. The amount of time needed to conduct a qualitative study is usually less than in a quantitative study.
D. Qualitative research focuses on an individual, whereas quantitative research focuses on a group.
D. Qualitative research focuses on an individual, whereas quantitative research focuses on a population or group.

All the other answers can vary for each method
Which data collection methods are the most appropriate for a qualitative study?
A. closed-ended questions and nonparticipant
observations
B. participant observations and semistruc-tured interviews
C. structured interviews and physiological
measures
D. closed-ended questions and structured interviews
E. All of these data-collection methods would probably be considered.
B. participant observations and semistruc-tured interviews

Could use any of these for mixed study
10. When both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used simultaneously in the same study, this procedure is called:
A. mixed methods
B. meta-analvsis
C. multitrait / multimethod
D. methodological plurality
A. mixed methods
Evaluate this question for the presence of the necessary elements of an acceptable research question: Is there a difference in men and women who exercise daily?
A. The population is missing.
B. The dependent variable is missing.
C. The independent variable is missing.
D. All elements are present.
B. The dependent variable is missing.
2. Evaluate this question for the presence of the necessary elements of an acceptable research question: Is there a correlation between body surface area in men who exercise regularly using weight training only, and those using weight training and aerobic exercise?
A. The population is missing.
B. The dependent variable is missing.
C. The independent variable is missing.
D. All elements are present.
D. All elements are present.
3. Evaluate this question for the presence of the necessary elements of an acceptable research question: Is there a relationship between anxiety and quality of life?
A. The population is missing.
B. The dependent variable is missing.
C. The independent variable is missing.
D. All elements are present.
A. The population is missing.
4. Evaluate this question for the presence of the necessary elements of an acceptable research question: Is there a difference in anxiety levels if the personal trainer is a female versus a personal trainer who is male?
A. The population is missing.
B. The dependent variable is missing.
C. The independent variable is missing.
D. All elements are present.
A. The population is missing.
5. Evaluate this question: Is there a correlation between personal trainers' experiences?
A. The population is missing.
B. The dependent variable is missing.
C. Either the independent or dependent variable is missing.
D. All elements are present.
Either the independent or dependent variable is missing.

Correlational studies do not show cause and defect
6. Evaluate this question for the type of variable study being portrayed: Is there a difference in the quality of life in patients who receive peritoneal dialysis and those who receive hemodialysis?
A. univariate study
B. bivariate study
C. multivariate study
D. No variables are specified.
B. bivariate study

2 variables:
1) quality of life
2) treatment for renal disease
7. Evaluate this question for the type of variable study being portrayed: What are the infection rates among patients on hemodialysis?
A. univariate study
B. bivariate study
C. multivariate study
D. No variables are specified.
A. univariate study

Only have the dependent variable (infection rate)
And pop (pt receiving hemodialysis)
8. Evaluate this question for the type of variable study being portrayed: Are there correlations between weight, blood pressure, and type of dialysate in patients immediately following a dialvsis session for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis versus those undergoing hemo-dialysis?
A. univariate study
B. bivariate study
C. multivariate study
D. No variables are specified.
C. multivariate study
9. Evaluate this question for the variable that is missing: Are patients who receive hemodialysis different from those who receive peritoneal dialysis?
A. The population is missing.
B. The independent variable is missing.
C. A univariate variable is missing.
D. The dependent variable is missing.
The dependent variable is missing.
10. Evaluate this question: Is there a correlation between fluctuations in blood pressure and the level of fatigue in patients who undergo hemodialysis?
A. univariate study
B. bivariate study
C. multivariate study
D. No variables are specified.
B. bivariate study
1. Which statement is true?
A. Due to concerns of plagiarism, a research
study should never be a replication of another
study.
B. Research is an ongoing process that builds
on previous knowledge.
C. Classic information rarely supports new
research projects.
D. An original research study does not need a
literature review.
B. Research is an ongoing process that builds
on previous knowledge.
2. What is the difference between primary and
secondary sources?
A. A primary source is a type of study that
was first identified by the finding tool
and the secondary sources are identified
next.
B. Primary sources are included in literature
reviews but secondary sources are not
important.
C. An article written by the researcher who
conducted a study is a primary source and a secondary source is an article that summarizes and comments on the study.
D. A summary of research done on your study
topic is a primary source and the original
study is a secondary source.
C. An article written by the researcher who
conducted a study is a primary source and a secondary source is an article that summarizes and comments on the study.
3. Which is not a part of building a search strategy?
A. discovering whether the topic has already
been researched
B. writing a research question and thesis
statement
C. determining a set of terms and phrases to
use for your search
D. considering whether your topic should
include date parameters
A. discovering whether the topic has already
been researched

^ this is a reason to do a lit review
4. Which is considered an inappropriate way to
ask a librarian for assistance?
A. Visit the library and ask to speak to a lib-
rarian.
B. Email a specific librarian or use the online
Ask a Librarian service.
C. Make an appointment in advance.
D. Call the librarian at home before your liter-
ature review is due.
D. Call the librarian at home before your liter-
ature review is due.
5. Most research articles that appear in the journal Nursing Research are examples of what?
A. primary sources
B. secondary sources
C. meta-analysis studies
D. systematic reviews
A. primary sources

- no specific place for secondary sources
- meta-analysis and systematic can appear in any research journal
6. Which database provides the most comprehensive research study results on a particular
healthcare intervention?
A. MEDLINE®
B. CINAHL® Database
C. CINAHL® Plus
D. Cochrane Database
D. Cochrane Database - systematic reiews in healthcare

MEDLINE - life sciences (bio medicine)

CINAHL - NLN and ANA nursing library
7. Which statement is true about databases?
A. Online databases are not available to the
general public.
B. All databases are online.
C. Databases, catalogs, and search engines are categories of finding tools.
D. Databases only include published articles
C. Databases, catalogs, and search engines are categories of finding tools.
8. Which is not a true statement about grey
literature?
A. Grey literature is also called gray literature.
B. Dissertations are not examples of grey
literature.
C. Grey literature is included in some data-
bases.
D. Grey literature is published in scholarly
journals.
D. Grey literature is published in scholarly
journals.

IT IS NOT
9. Which questions help critique a literature
review? Choose all that apply.
A. Based on defined methodology, are all sou-
res of the review critically analyzed and
synthesized?
B. Are both supporting and opposing theory
and research discussed?
C. Does the review flow logically from the
purposes(s) of the study?
D. Are sources cited fully and correctly?
E. All of the above help critique literature
review.
E. All of the above help critique literature
review.
10. Which search engine is most helpful for finding scholarly articles?
A. Bing
B. Scirus
C. Google Scholar
D. Web Crawler
C. Google Scholar
1. Broad representations of the relationships of
concepts and propositions of interest to
nursing are called
A. theoretical frameworks.
B. conceptual models.
C. conceptual frameworks.
D. practice models.
B. conceptual models.


theoretical framework
- broad, general explanation of relationship between concepts of of interest in a nursing study
-based on ONE exsisting theory

conceptual frameworks
- helps explain the relationship between concepts by linking concepts selected from theories from previous research results or researchers own experiences

Practice models
- not used to explain relationship of concepts and propositions of interest in nursing
2. A philosophical worldview or a set of beliefs
about nature and reality that shape decisions
and practices is called a
A. framework.
B. theory.
C. paradigm.
D. metaparadigm.
C. paradigm.
3. Statements that have been repeatedly tested
and have not been disproved are called
A. critical social theory.
B. propositions.
C. concepts.
D. empirical generalizations.
D. empirical generalizations.
4. Which of the following is not one of the common concepts that are included in nearly all of the nursing conceptual models?
A. person
B. environment
C. death
D. health
C. death
5. You are trying to help a patient stop consuming foods that are high in complex carbohydrates. Which model/theory would probably be most appropriate?
A. anxiety theory
B. adult learning theory
C. health belief model
D. healthcare system model
C. health belief model
6. Which theory was developed by a nurse?
A. social cognitive theory
B. uncertainty in illness theory
C. hierarchy of needs theory
D. job satisfaction theory
B. uncertainty in illness theory
- MISHEL RN
7. Grand theories
A. are complex and broad in scope.
B. look at a piece of reality and contain clearly
defined variables.
C. produce specific directions or guidelines
for practice.
D. formulate nursing protocols on specific units.
A. are complex and broad in scope.
An example of a middle-range theory is
a. orems self care deficit theory
b. parse's human becoming theory
c. Pender's Health Promotion Model
d. Roy's adaptation model
c. Pender's Health Promotion Model
9. Nursing research has used which reasoning
process?
A. inductive
B. deductive
C. both inductive and deductive
D. neither inductive nor deductive
C. both inductive and deductive

- both used in the development of theory
10. Which statement regarding theory is false?
A. It proves the relationship between variables.
B. It describes the relationship between
variables.
C. It explains the relationship between variables
D. It contains propositional statements.
A. It proves the relationship between variables.
1. The main purpose of a hypothesis in a research
study is to
A. predict the expected results or outcome of a
study.
B. define the theoretical framework for the
study.
C. identify the source of the problem under
study.
D. clarify the concepts used in the study.
A. predict the expected results or outcome of a study.
2. Which of the following is true about the
relationship between the hypotheses and the
theoretical framework of a study?
A. If the hypotheses are stated, the researcher
does not need to have a framework.
B. The framework is tested, not the hypothesis
C. The framework and hypotheses must be
congruent with each other.
D. Hypotheses are inductively identified
within the stated framework.
C. The framework and hypotheses must be congruent with each other.

Hypothesis
- is identified from the theoretical framework
- should reflect main ideas of theoretical framework
- empirically tested
3. What is the relationship between the research
question and the hypothesis of a study?
A. There is no relationship between the research
question and the hypothesis.
B. The hypothesis is the expected outcome of
the research question.
C. The research question is empirically tested
while the hypothesis is theoretically tested.
D. The research question and the hypothesis
are exactly the same.
B. The hypothesis is the expected outcome of the research question.
4. "Gel pillows will reduce bilateral head flattening in preterm infants." This hypothesis is
which of the following:
A. causal, directional, simple
B. causal, nondirectional, simple
C. associative, directional, complex
D. associative, nondirectional, complex
A. causal (gel pillows) , directional (reducing), simple
5. "There is a relationship between the use of formula and the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants." This hypothesis is
which of the following:
A. causal, directional
B. causal, nondirectional
C. associative, directional
D. associative, nondirectional
D. associative (relationship),
nondirectional (incidence)
6. Which of the following hypotheses is complex
and demonstrates an associative, directional
relationship between variables?
A. Older adults demonstrate a lower self-image
after retirement than before retirement.
B. The job turnover rate and job dissatisfaction levels of graduate nurses who have
worked less than 2 years is higher than
for those who have worked 2 or more
years.
C. New mothers who participate in support
groups report less postpartum depression
and higher self-confidence than new mothers
who do not attend support groups.
D. There is a higher incidence of marijuana
usage among first-year high school students than among high school seniors.
B. The job turnover rate (dependent variable #1) and job dissatisfaction levels (dependent variable #2) of graduate nurses who have worked less than 2 years is higher (direction) than for those who have worked 2 or more years.
- has 2 dep var. = complex
- associative = examining relationship between dep var. and indep var.
7. Which of the following hypotheses is simple
and demonstrates a causal, nondirectional
relationship between variables?
A. Cancer patients who receive music therapy
complain less frequently of pain and require
less pain medication than cancer patients
not receiving music therapy.
B. Normal saline flush with heparin is more
effective than normal saline flush alone in
maintaining patency of an intermittent
intravenous site.
C. Low-fat diet is related to lower total cholesterol and higher HDL (high-density
lipoprotein).
D. Delaying the first bath of newborns until
12 hours after birth affects the number of
breastfeeding attempts in the first 48 hours
of life when compared to not delaying the
first bath of newborns.
D. Delaying the first bath of newborns until 12 hours after birth affects the number of breastfeeding attempts in the first 48 hours
of life when compared to not delaying the first bath of newborns.
8. "Preoperative pain medication education is
more effective in reducing surgical patients'
perception of pain and anxiety postoperatively
than no preoperative pain medication education." What type of variable is "anxiety"?
A. independent
B. extraneous
C. dependent
D. confounding
C. dependent
9. Which of the following are requirements in the
structure of a hypothesis? (Select all that apply.)
A. written in present tense
B. written as a question
C. contains the population of interest
D. contains the independent and dependent
variables
E. contains the statistical test to be applied
A. written in present tense
C. contains the population of interest
D. contains the independent and dependent variables

- should be written as statements
10. If a nurse researcher wanted to examine if there
is decrease in the number of medication errors
in a pediatric clinic when nurses use prefilled
syringes for vaccines, which would be the best
hypothesis statement?
A. The use of prefilled syringes will have an
effect on medication errors for pediatric
clinic patients when compared to the use of
nurse-prepared syringes.
B. Will the use of prefilled syringes have an
effect on medication errors for pediatric
clinic patients when compared to the use of
nurse-prepared syringes?
C. The use of prefilled syringes will result in
decreased medication errors for pediatric
clinic patients when compared to the use of
nurse-prepared syringes.
D. Will the use of prefilled syringes result in
decreased medication errors for pediatric
clinic patients when compared to the use of
nurse-prepared syringes?
C. The use of prefilled syringes will result in decreased medication errors for pediatric clinic patients when compared to the use of nurse-prepared syringes.
1. What threat to internal or external validity
does this statement suggest: "It's a good thing
that I'm in this new diet study. I couldn't believe
it when the researcher told me that I was 10 lbs.
overweight."
A. History
B. Testing
C. Selection bias
D. Hawthorne effect
C. Selection bias
2. What threat to internal or external validity
does this statement suggest: "I'm glad I
remembered those questions from the first
test."
A. History
B. Testing
C. Selection bias
D. Hawthorne effect
B. Testing
3. What threat to internal or external validity
does this statement suggest: "That researcher
scares me. I guess I'd better act like he wants
me to act."
A. History
B. Testing
C. Selection bias
D. Hawthorne effect
D. Hawthorne effect
- participant answers differently because they are aware that they are being observed
4. What threat to internal or external validity
does this statement suggest: "I really like the
researcher's bracelet. This study should be
fun!"
A. History
B. Testing
C. Selection bias
D. Rosenthal effect
D. Rosenthal effect
- influenced by the researches gender, age, appearance.. etc
5. What threat to internal or external validity
does this statement suggest: "I watched this
show about lung cancer. It made me realize that
I really should try to stop smoking while I'm
in this smoking cessation study."
A. History
B. Testing
C. Selection bias
D. Rosenthal effect
A. History
6. Which item distinguishes true experimental
research from quasi-experimental research?
A. size of sample
B. use of a nonprobability sample
C. random assignment of subjects to groups
D. introduction of an experimental treatment
C. random assignment of subjects to groups

quasi-experimental research
- no comparison group
or
- no randomly assigned groups
7. Which design would be most appropriate to
use in trying to determine if clients' low back
pain changes after they were taught an exer-
cise to help correct back alignment?
A. one-group pretest-posttest design
B. posttest-only control group design
C. one-shot case study
D. pretest-posttest control group design
A. one-group pretest-posttest design
8. Which design controls for the sensitization of
subjects to a pretest?
A. pretest-posttest control group design
B. Solomon four-group design
C. one-shot case study
D. time-series design
B. Solomon four-group design
- controls reactive effects of pretest
9. A researcher is studying the use of a new
realistic model of the heart to teach people
what happens during a heart attack. Two
weeks later, she will test their recall of the
information taught. Which situation that
might occur during the study would concern
the researcher most about the validity of her
study?
A. A television celebrity had a heart attack
and later announced on television that it is
important for people to understand how
their heart functions.
B. Two of the study participants drop out of
the study.
C. The researcher has just learned that the new
realistic heart model has increased in price.
D. The CDC released a report that the number
of heart attacks has increased slightly in
the last 5 years.
D. The CDC released a report that the number of heart attacks has increased slightly in the last 5 years.
10. A researcher wants to use a true experimental
design in her study. However, which circumstance
would require the use of a quasi-experimental
design rather than a true experimental design?
A. The researcher is going to administer a pre.
test to study participants.
B. It will not be possible for the researcher
to use random sampling to obtain study
participants.
C. The health care agency will not allow the
researcher to assign study participants to
groups randomly.
D. The study will use a longitudinal design
C. The health care agency will not allow the researcher to assign study participants to groups randomly.

True experimental = can be random

Quasi = cannot be random
True or False

Phenomenology is concerned with creating a theory that is grounded in research
data.
False

grounded theory is concerned with creating a theory that is grounded in research data.

phenomenological studies - human experience described by the humans involved (not researcher)
True or False

2. The researcher who identifies and sets
aside personal beliefs about the subject of
the study is engaging in reflexivity or self-
reflection.
False

Bracketing - The researcher identifies and sets aside personal beliefs about the subject of the study

reflexivity( self reflection) is required for effective bracketing
True or False

3. Ethnographic studies involve the collection and analysis of data about cultural
groups.
True
True or False
4. When a researcher is interested in an area
in which little research has been done or in
which existing theories are not sufficient,
grounded theory studies are a good choice.
True
True or False

5. When data collection and data analysis
occur simultaneously, the researcher is
using the constant comparison method of
data analysis.
True
- this is done in grounded theory
True or False

6. The number of subjects is generally larger
in qualitative research than in quantitative
research.
False
True or False

7. Because healthcare is complex, mixed
methods research is increasingly popular
as a way to explore complex problems that
influence health and health outcomes.
True
8. Which statement is true when describing
sequential exploratory mixed methods?
A. This method involves choosing participants who can fill in gaps in the data.
B. This method involves collecting qualitative
data after analyzing quantitative data to
explain quantitative findings.
C. This method involves collecting qualitative
and qualitative data simultaneously.
D. This method involves an initial period of
qualitative data collection and analysis followed by a quantative data collection and
analysis.
B. This method involves collecting qualitative data after analyzing quantitative data to explain quantitative findings.

OR (check notes and panoptos cuz textbook is fvcked up)

D. This method involves an initial period of qualitative data collection and analysis followed by a quantitative data collection and analysis.
9. If a researcher were planning a qualitative
study, which data-collection methods would
most likely be considered? Select all that apply.
A. closed-ended questions and nonparticipant
observations
B. participant observations and semistructured interviews
C. structured interviews and physiological
measures
D. closed-ended questions and structured
interviews
E. All of these data collections methods would
probably be considered.
B. participant observations and semistructured interviews
10. Consider the study title, "The Lived Experience of Long-Term Complications from a Football Related Concussion." Which design is most likely for this title?
A. grounded theory
B. action research
C. phenomenology
D. case study
C. phenomenology
True or False
1. The best means of obtaining an unbiased sample of subjects in a community is to select a
random sample of names from the telephone
directory
False

Its simple random sample
True or False
2. Nonprobability sampling means there is no
probability that the subjects selected will constitute a biased sample.
False

non-probability = non random methods = more biased
True or False
3. Researchers generally study samples rather
than populations.
True
True or False
A sampling frame is a listing of all elements of
a population
True
Indicate the type or sampling method used

5. The patients in the hypertension clinics of two local hospitals are studied:
A. Convenience
B. Custer
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling
A. Convenience

- accidental or incidental due to accessibility and availability
Indicate the type or sampling method used

6. A total of 20 nursing service administrators are
randomly selected from a random sample of
10 hospitals in the state:
A. Convenience
B. Custer
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling
B. Custer
- large groups or clusters for sampling units
Indicate the type or sampling method used

To obtain mothers of children with cystic fibrosis. a researcher contacted one such mother who lived in her neighborhood and asked her if she Knew any other mothers of children with cystic fibrosis:
A. Convenience
B. Custer
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling
F. Snowball sampling

- uses assistance of study subjects to help obtain other subjects
Indicate the type or sampling method used

Every 5th nurse is randomly selected from the mailing list of the ANA:
A. Convenience
B. Custer
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling
C. Systematic random sampling

(every #th element of pop)
Indicate the type or sampling method used

To determine the frequency of the recording of
nursing diagnoses by nurses, a sample of 100
charts is randomly selected from all of the
patients charts during the previous year:

A. Convenience
B. Custer
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling
E. Simple random sampling
- probabillity sampling
- each element of pop has an equal chance of being chosen
The first 30 men and first 30 women who are
admitted to the hospital tor abdominal surgery during the time of the research study are asked to participate

A. Convenience
B. Custer
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling
D. Quota sampling

Quota sampling is similar to stratified random sampling, in that the first step involves dividing the population into homogeneous strata and selecting sample elements from each of these strata.
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