HDFS 4860 Exam 3

tend to be focused on biological/genetic characteristics


a. nature
b. nurture
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tend to be focused on biological/genetic characteristics


a. nature
b. nurture
a.
tend to be focused on environments (especially parenting)

a. nature
b. nurture
b.
true or false: now, most (but not all) people acknowledge that both genes and environment shape development

a. true
b. false
a.
(most/very few) behaviors are 100% due to genes or 100% due to environments


a. most
b. very few
b.
true or false: gene-environment interplay shows how nature and nurture work together

a. true
b. false
a.
aims to tell us how much of the variation in a particular characteristic (in the population) is due to genes, and how much is due to environmental influences

a. behavior genetics
b. adoption studies
c. heritability ratio
d. molecular genetic studies
a.
assumes genes and environment are separate influences that do not affect each other

a. behavior genetics
b. adoption studies
c. heritability ratio
d. molecular genetic studies
a.
the percent of variation in any trait that is attributable to genetic factors

a. behavior genetics
b. adoption studies
c. heritability ratio
d. molecular genetic studies
c.
compare children in adoptive families with children living with biological parents

a. birthing genetics
b. adoption studies
c. heritability ratio
d. molecular genetic studies
b.
-two eggs fertilized by two sperm
-Fraternal Twins: can be same or different sex
-Share 50% of their genotype (same as other siblings)

a. monozygotic twins
b. dizygotic twins
b.
-one egg fertilized, and then splits into two -Must be same sex -Share 100% of genome a. monozygotic twins b. dizygotic twinsa.If identical twins are (equally/ more) similar to each other than fraternal twins: conclude that genes make a difference for this trait a. equally b. moreb.If identical twins and fraternal twins are (equally/ more) similar to each other: conclude that this trait does not have a genetic component a. equally b. morea.gene-environment interactions (G x E) Look for (statistical/non-numerical) interactions between a gene and some aspect of environment a. statistical b. nonnumericala.Molecular Genetic Studies Identify and measure particular "(incumbent/candidate) genes" (alleles) that might affect outcome of interest a. incombent b. candidateb.A gene x environment interaction indicates that the relationship between environment and some child outcomes (questions/depends) on your genes a. questions b. dependsb.gene-environment interactions (G x E) The degree to which someone is affected by their environment (usually parenting) depends on what genes they (do have, do not have) a. do have b. do not havea.molecular genetic studies _________ and Dopamine systems especially popular places to look (these are neurotransmitters in the brain) --> MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, DRD4, COMT, etc. a. oxytocin b. serotonin c. glucose d. starchb.Bad parenting (abuse, neglect, etc.) is bad for all kids, but it is (least/especially) bad if you have certain genes a. least b. especiallyb.- Certain genes put us at risk when confronted with adverse environments (especially parenting) - People with these genetic variants are (less/more) vulnerable a. less b. moreb.Differential Susceptibility (orchid hypothesis) Belsky genes make some people (more/less) susceptible to environmental (parenting influences) --> If you give them the right parenting, they are going to thrive and do better than others → even with a "bad gene" as a vulnerability or risk factor a. more b. lessa.-Genes affect relationship between parenting and outcomes "for better or worse" -->Children with certain genes will do the (worst/best) if parenting is bad --> These children will do the (worst/best) if parenting is good a. worst, worst b. best, best c. worst, best d. best, worstc.gene x genetic interaction (abdicated/inherited) traits are determined by a combination of multiple genes a. abdicated b. inheritedb.true or false: epigenetics states that genes cannot be switched "on and off" a. true b. falseb.true or false: new evidence that parenting can affect whether the genes are activated/expressed or not a. true b. falsea.Changes in genetic expression caused by mechanisms OTHER than DNA sequence (can be environment) a. biology b. synthesis c. divorce d. epigeneticsd.true or false: The act of parenting affects the internal biology of both parents & children -Examples --Close, physical contact with child can raise parents' levels of oxytocin --Consistent harsh or neglectful parenting can increase children's stress hormones (i.e., cortisol) a. true b. falsea.interventions and child health (low/high)-SES children are at risk for health problems a. low b. higha.interventions and child health -Many of these are caused by chronic inflammation --Linked to (lower/higher) rates of diabetes, heart disease, some cancers a. lower b. higherb.interventions and child health New evidence (conducted at UGA) that interventions to improve parenting skills can (increase/reduce) inflammation in low-income children a. increase b. reduceb.true or false: Becoming a parent does not change one's brain, and the way that our brain responds to certain stimuli a. true b. falseb.parenting and the brain (more/less) positive perception of children, more attuned face processing/recognition, more empathetic to emotional expressions, more rewarding social interactions --All linked to particular areas of the brain a. more b. lessa.parenting and the brain -The developing brain is very (natural/plastic) (can be changed) --Even children who have suffered trauma can benefit from consistent, supportive caregiving --Results in new networks of synapses a. natural b. plasticb.parenting and the brain Growth in (white/gray) matter in certain areas a. white b. grayb.parenting and the brain Sensitive, responsive, and stimulating interactions with children (starting in infancy) leads to (less/more) connections between synapses in the brain a. less b. moreb.Video: Serve & Return interactions in adults - Adults return the serve in a directed and meaningful way Forms the interaction of brain architecture, builds emotional and cognitive skills --> I.e., literacy and language skills → particular sound and corresponding objects -- Simply (interact/ignore) your children a. interact b. ignorea.true or false: Parenting affects ALL children, but might affect some children more than others --> Yet to be translated into interventions a. true b. falsea.true or false: teaching parents about biological aspects of parenting can be an effective way to get their attention a. true b. falsea.children's behavior (is/is not) predetermined by genes/biology a. is b. is notb.parenting (can/cannot) actually help to shape genes/biology a. can b. cannota.maltreatment and abuse used (interchangeably/disengaging) a. interchangeably b. disengaginga.According to the ​World Health Organization child abuse is ... true or false: "All forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitations, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development, or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust, or power" a. true b. falsea.child maltreatment or abuse is behavior that can cause (little/significant) harm to a child and/or when someone knowingly fails to prevent serious harm to a child a. little b. significantb.hurting, injuring, inflicting pain, smothering, drowning, poisoning a. physical abuse b. emotional abuse or psychological maltreatment c. sexual abuse d. neglecta.direct or indirect sexual exploitation, coercion, or corruption by involving children in inappropriate sexual activities a. physical abuse b. emotional abuse or psychological maltreatment c. sexual abuse d. neglectc.repeatedly rejecting, humiliating, and denying children's worth and rights as human beings a. physical abuse b. emotional abuse or psychological maltreatment c. sexual abuse d. neglectb.-persistent lack of appropriate care of children, including love, stimulation, safety, nourishment, warmth, education, and medical attention -considered by many to be less harmful than abuse -research shows significant negative impact on children, so now considered a serious form of maltreatment a. physical abuse b. emotional abuse or psychological maltreatment c. sexual abuse d. neglectd.every _____ 6 reports of child maltreatment are received by state and local agencies in the U.S. a. second b. hour c. year d. minuted.victims of child abuse or neglect are treated in hospital emergency rooms in the U.S. each year a. 270,000 b. 1,000,000 c. 740,000 d. 500,000c.highest rates of victimization are children from birth to age ___ a. 1 b. 5 c. 8 d. 13a.in the United States about 1 in ___ infants are neglected or abused; nearly 1/3 of these are newborns a. 25 b. 15 c. 50 d. 23c.in _________, an estimated 1,740 children died from abuse or neglect a. 2020 b. 2004 c. 2008 d. 2015c.over three quarters of children who were killed as a result of abuse were younger than __ years old a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 d. 4d.child fatalities: infant (boys/girls) had the highest rate a. boys b. girlsa.child fatalities: female perpetrators (mostly mothers) (outnumbered/were lower than) men a. outnumbered b. were lower thana.child fatalities: of the perpetrators, ~___% were the biological parents a. 10 b. 80 b. 36 d. 67b.child fatalities: ___% were exclusively attributed to neglect a. 11.1 b. 4.5 c. 54.5 d. 32.6d.deviant or mentally/emotionally ill a. sociological model b. social psychological model c. ecological model d. psychiatric model e. exchange/social control model f. patriarchy model g. information processing modeld.systems perspective, family and community a. sociological model b. social psychological model c. ecological model d. psychiatric model e. exchange/social control model f. patriarchy model g. information processing modelc.social values and attitudes a. sociological model b. social psychological model c. ecological model d. psychiatric model e. exchange/social control model f. patriarchy model g. information processing modela.interaction patterns a. sociological model b. social psychological model c. ecological model d. psychiatric model e. exchange/social control model f. patriarchy model g. information processing modelb.traditional social dominance of males a. sociological model b. social psychological model c. ecological model d. psychiatric model e. exchange/social control model f. patriarchy model g. information processing modelf.costs and rewards of behavior a. sociological model b. social psychological model c. ecological model d. psychiatric model e. exchange/social control model f. patriarchy model g. information processing modele.failure to process information (neglect) a. sociological model b. social psychological model c. ecological model d. psychiatric model e. exchange/social control model f. patriarchy model g. information processing modelg.cycle of violence appears to be manifested in two basic ways: Individuals who had violent and abusive childhoods tend to become abusers of their own children ---Intergenerational transmission of maltreatment-Factors Associated with Family Violence → A ​cycle of violence​​ appears to be manifested in ​two basic ways​​: true or false: 1. Individuals who had violent and abusive childhoods tend to become abusers of their own children - Intergenerational Transmission of Maltreatment -- If grandparents and parents parent that way & no one interrupts the cycle to say that there is a better way to do this or that they are doing something wrong -- Patterns of behavior that are passed down to the next generations if there is no intervention or disruption to change the cycle a. true b. falsea.Factors Associated with Family Violence → A ​cycle of violence​​ appears to be manifested in ​two basic ways​​: 2. A three-phase sequence in the expression of violent behavior: - Increasing tension - (Loss/gain) of control that is manifested by violent behavior - Reconciliation period characterized by offender's regret and victims forgiveness a. loss b. gaina.physically abusive parents -Child-rearing patterns typically reflect a rigid, harsh, authoritarian approach --Overreliance on physical punishment -Highly stressful circumstances with little emotional support --Combined with poor coping mechanisms -Contextual Factors: --Child has a (easy/difficult) temperament --Partner violence (between parents/step-parents) --Own childhood trauma or attachment problems a. easy b. difficultb.neglectful parents - (rarely/often) have recently experienced a family crisis such as a serious illness, divorce, or desertion a. rarely b. oftenb.neglectful parents - Parents (rarely/often) live in poverty and experience high levels of stress due to economic circumstances a. rarely b. oftenb.- (many/few) suffer from anxiety and/or depression a. many b. fewa.-Parents who emotionally abuse children experience (high/low) levels of self-esteem and self-worth a. high b. lowb.emotionally abusive parents have (superior/poor) coping skills and may also suffer from their own emotional problems a. superior b. poorb.emotionally abusive parents lack child-rearing knowledge and/or have (realistic/unrealistic) expectations for their children --> Likely to demonstrate a lack of empathy for children a. realistic b. unrealisticb.sexually abusive parents: - Vast majority of perpetrators are (male/female) a. male b. female- a.sexually abusive parents: - Vast majority of victims are (male/female) a. male b. femaleb.true or false: The majority of adults who sexually molest children are other relatives and nonrelatives with whom the child is familiar a. true b. falsea.families that have sexually abusive parents have: -_____ boundary controls -_____ quality of the adult marriage relationship -less harmony and stability in the family system as a whole -a father who was physically/sexually abused a. rich, rich b. poor, poor c. poor, rich d. rich, poorb.effects of maltreatment on children -Child's sense of self can be severely affected --Alters hopes and expectations for the future -Violence in families associated with (lesser/greater) likelihood of later divorce (among children) and teen pregnancy -Maltreatment affects how these children will parent their own children (cycle of abuse) a. lesser b. greaterb.can lead to injuries/fatalities, but also associated with decreased ability to regulate anger a. physical abuse b. sexual abuse c. neglect d. emotional abusea.can lead to malnourishment/ medical problems, but also deficits in language, cognitive development, and social functioning a. physical abuse b. sexual abuse c. neglect d. emotional abusec.can lead to PTSD, poor sleep/concentration, anxiety, emotional agitation, and substance abuse a. physical abuse b. sexual abuse c. neglect d. emotional abuseb.can lead to depression and greater likelihood of suicidal thoughts a. physical abuse b. sexual abuse c. neglect d. emotional abused.research on fatherhood has (increased/decreased) dramatically over the last 20-30 years a. increased b. decreaseda.treatment and intervention for abusive parents - Foster care is (most/least) commonly used intervention technique a. most b. leasta.treatment and intervention for abusive parents - Counseling, psychotherapy, and support groups after abuse are (effective/ineffective) in reducing negative consequences a. effective b. ineffectivea.treatment and intervention for abusive parents - true or false: Early intervention is most effective (the sooner the better) a. true b. falsea.- Programs that include parent education component appear to be the most helpful -- Parents who receive parent education in the absence of abuse are (more/less) likely to become abusers a. more b. lessb.A (decreasing/increasing) number of children are growing up in families without a father a. decreasing b. increasingb.In two parent households, fathers are (more/less) involved with their children than were fathers of past generations a. more b. lessa.provide income and financial resources a. housewife b. homemaker c. househusband d. breadwinnerd.historically fathers Fathers traditionally asked to serve 2 particular family roles: - breadwinner and disciplinarian --> these roles existed for socio-historical reasons (mostly due to relatively (low/high) levels of maternal employment) a. low b. higha.administer punishment to children a. servile b. indulgent c. disciplinarian d. modestc.historically fathers - true or false: not traditionally expected to provide equal care and/or emotional support to their children a. true b. falsea.do children become attached to fathers? a. yes, most children do spend enough time with fathers to form attachments b. no, most children do not spend enough time with fathers to form attachmentsa.history of fatherhood research -Beginning in the _____, increased research on fatherhood a. 1940s b. 1960s c. 1970s d. 1950sc.history of fatherhood research -Corresponding (shift/dormancy) in expectations for what "good" fathering should like like a. shift b. dormancya.history of fatherhood research -Many fathers expected to become true "co-parents", and fathers' contributions to childcare take on (greater/less) value --This trend is largely continued until today --Although many parents still choose to enact "traditional" parenting roles a. greater b. lessa.fathers and attachment true or false: Most children do spend enough time with fathers to form attachments b. true b. falsea.fathers and attachment true or false: fathers often preferred, but mothers can be (and often are) important attachment figures b. true b. falseb.paternal sensitivity -In early childhood, many studies examining fathers (like mothers) have assessed warmth/responsiveness/sensitivity -Results are mixed... but in general ______ tend to be a little less sensitive than _______ -Very little biological evidence to indicate that fathers aren't equipped to provide sensitive care to children --Implications: Differences between mothers and fathers are largely socially constructed a. fathers, mothers b. mothers, fathersa.Fathers tend to (gain/loose) weight when their wives are pregnant a. gain b loosea.Father Involvement dimensions: Fathering research has been largely concerned with the amount of TIME that fathers spend with their children. - time spent directly with child * the most important dimension a. accessibility b. responsibility c. interaction/engagementc.true or false: fathers can not experience postpartum depression a. true b. falseb.Oxytocin (increases/decreases) after birth of a child a. increases b. decreasesa.-Testosterone (increases/decreases) after birth of child -->Allows the father to want to be home with the child a. increases b. decreasesb.Father Involvement dimensions: Fathering research has been largely concerned with the amount of TIME that fathers spend with their children. - time spent available to child even though not directly interacting with them a. accessibility b. responsibility c. interaction/engagementa.Father Involvement dimensions: Fathering research has been largely concerned with the amount of TIME that fathers spend with their children. - time spent planning/arranging child-related tasks a. accessibility b. responsibility c. interaction/engagementb.greater father involvement... predicts (better/worst) child outcomes: - cognitive development, learning - social and peer relationships - academic achievement, occupational success a. better b. worsta.fathers tend to spend a little bit more time with ___ than ___ -->especially true as children get older a. girls, boys b. boys, girlsb.Unique Characteristics of Fathering spend greater % of time with children in play activities - Play (child-centered) activities valued by fathers in many cultures - _____ often preferred as caregivers, children often prefer _______ as playmates a. mothers, fathers b. fathers, mothersa.Unique Characteristics of Fathering true or false: physicaly stimulating (i.e., rough and tumble play) play --> this type of play might serve a specific function for children a. true b. falsea.fathers -might help children manage the (internal/external) world --manage social and peer relationships -help children to regulate high-intensity emotions a. internal b. externalb.___ are more likely to push children toward independence --> Start doing this at an earlier age than ___ a. fathers, fathers b. mothers, mothers c. mothers, fathers d. fathers, mothersd.Fathers are (more/less) likely to push their children's limits physically and emotionally a. more b. lessa.most fathers still spend (less/more) time with children than mothers do a. less b. morea.fathers tend to spend more time with ___ children than ___ children a. older, younger b. younger, oldera.-fathers' sensitivity in challenging play context particularly important for secure relationship -->Mothers foster attachment, fathers foster exploration a. Cowan and Cowan b. Pacquette c. Gottman and Gottman d. Grossman and Grossmand.-fathers and children form an "activation relationship" -->Mothers responsible for calming children down -->Fathers responsible for getting child excited a. Cowan and Cowan b. Pacquette c. Gottman and Gottman d. Grossman and Grossmanb.Theorizing the father-child relationship - One common perspective: Mother's role is very (flexible/scripted) (in most societies) --> Mothers have a pretty consistent, well-defined view of motherhood a. flexible b. scriptedb.Theorizing the father-child relationship - In contrast, father's role is more (flexible/scripted) and discretionary - Many DIFFERENT ways to be an involved father a. flexible b. scripteda.Some indication (Doherty and others) that fathers are (less/more) affected by the family system than mothers a. less b. moreb.-family consists of many triads (relationships involving three people) -mother-father-child relationship a. Erikson's psychosocial stages b. triadic family functioning c. Freuds psychosexual stages d. divorce hypothesisb.Fathers (less/more) affected than mothers by quality of marital and coparenting relationships a. less b. moreb.Fathers (less/more) adaptive fathering when children have difficult temperaments a. less b. morea.triadic family functioning true or false: family systems theory suggests the need to move beyond dyadic (i.e., parent-child) relationships - Another form of parenting that uniquely affects children is the mother-father-child relationship a. true b. falsea.true or false: family cannot consist of many triads (relationships involving three people) a. true b. falseb.(compensatory hypothesis/spillover hypothesis) suggests that poor marital relationship may also have negative consequences for parent-child relationships a. compensatory hypothesis b. spillover hypothesisb.(compensatory hypothesis/spillover hypothesis) suggests that in some families, parents in conflictual marriages may form closer relationships with children a. compensatory hypothesis b. spillover hypothesisa.Marital Interaction and Parent-Child Relationships - Evidence suggests that children in families where there is high marital conflict shows deficits in many domains --> Strong support for "(compensatory hypothesis/spillover hypothesis)" a. compensatory hypothesis b. spillover hypothesisb.When marital quality is poor, children have (greater/less) physiological arousal, greater behavior problems, lower academic performance, etc a. greater b. lessa.true or false: Demonstrating conflict is especially problematic when it occurs in the presence of children --> but still very harmful when children do NOT witness conflict (i.e. anxiety, sleep disturbances, etc). a. true b. falsea.true or false: Some evidence suggesting that successful and healthy resolution of conflict can be helpful -->Models problem-solving behaviors and emotion regulation to children a. true b. falsea.the quality of parents' relationship regarding the parenting of their child --> Considered mostly distinct from the quality of the marital relationship a. declassification b. single parenting c. coparenting d. independentc.- early supportive coparenting predicts later marital interaction, but not vice-versa -____ supportive and ____ undermining leads to fewer behavior problems in children a. less, more b. more, more c. less, less d. more, lessd.- _____ refers to coparenting as the "executive subsystem" --> top of hierarchy of dyadic relationships a. Piaget b. McHale c. Gottman d. Ericksonb.maternal gatekeeping Mothers play a (big/small) role in determining how involved fathers are in children's lives a. big b. smalla.(undermining coparenting/supportive coparenting) work together, cooperate, and agree about child-rearing issues a. undermining coparenting b. supportive coparentingb.(undermining coparenting/supportive coparenting) compete with one another, contradict the other parent a. undermining coparenting b. supportive coparentinga.owen and cox, 1997 -Marital conflict in infancy related to greater likelihood of insecure attachment to mother and father -Stronger association for _____ than _____ a. fathers, mothers b. mothers, fathersa.maternal gatekeeping true or false: Mothers may encourage, discourage, or simultaneously encourage and discourage fathers' involvement with their children a. true b. falsea.maternal gatekeeping Remember the notion of paternal role bring (more/less) "scripted" a. more b. lessb.Why do some mothers gatekeep? - Many mothers feel the need to validate maternal identity - Many have ____ confidence in father's parenting - Desire to encourage father involvement but strong beliefs about parenting a. low b. higha.maternal gatekeeping Gatekeeping can take the form of _______ OR facilitating fathering behavior - i.e., "closing" or "opening" the gate a. inhibiting b. allowing c. assisting d. encouraginga.Fathers particularly likely to be influenced by (quantity/quality) of marriage (Cummings et al.) a. quantity b. qualityb.(fathers/mothers) might be more affected by triadic family functioning than (fathers/mothers) a. fathers, mothers b. mothers, fathersa.(fathering/mothering) dependent upon beliefs and behaviors of (fathers/mothers) a. fathering, mothers b. mothering, fathers c. fathering, fathers d. mothering, mothersa.Family Intervention Effects on Fathers true or false: Evidence from interventions also suggest the importance of considering their partners a. true b. falsea.Marriage Moments Program - participants: couples experiencing transition to parenthood - 3 groups created --> control: no program --> comparison: program focused on infant development/health - treatment: infant development/health program+ program to (weaken/strengthen) marital relationships a. weaken b. strengthenb.Marriage Moments Program results - fathers in treatment group (infant program + marriage program) were more involved in child care than control group - fathers receiving only infant program were no more involved than control group - marriage program (rather than child-focused program) (increased/decreased) father involvement a. increased b. decreaseda.Supporting father involvement program (Cowan et al., 2009) - participants: (high/low)-income couples with children less than 7 years of age - treatment: 16 week educational program focused on enhancing father engagemnt --> control group (one informational session) --> father group (father only attends sessions) --> couples group (mother and father attend sessions) a. high b. lowb.Supporting father involvement program (Cowan et al., 2009) results -fathers in father-only and couple groups were (less/more) engaged than fathers in control group - effects stronger among fathers that participated with their partners (couple group) than those in father-alone group --> more emotional and behavior enagagement --> longer-lasting effects - presence of mother makes a difference even when identical material presented a. less b. moreb.frosch, mangelsdorf, and mchale, 2001 -Positive marital engagement at ___ years related to more secure father-child relationship -No association for mothers a. 5 b. 3 c. 4 d. 2b.Foster Care and Adoption- terms --> Can be (formal/informal) or arranged through the courts or a social service agency a. formal b. informalb.Foster Care and Adoption- terms --> The goal is usually ​(reunification/separation)​​ with the birth family, but can change to adoption a. reunification b. separationa.Foster Care and Adoption- terms - Foster parents are people who officially take a child into their family for a period of time, (with/without) becoming the child's legal parents. adoption a. with b. withoutwithoutAdoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of a child from their birth or legal parents. It (temporarily/permanently) transfers all rights and responsibilities. a. temporarily b. permanentlyb.Foster Care and Adoption - "Aging out" is essentially the process that occurs when youth must leave the foster care system because they were never adopted and are too (young/old) to stay in care. a. young b. oldb.Foster Care and Adoption Age varies by state; either ___ or ____ a. 16, 22 b. 15, 19 c. 18, 21 d. 12, 15c.Statistics in the United States foster care On any given day, there are close to _____ children in foster care a. 560,000 b. 250,000 c. 324,000 d. 438,000d.Statistics in the United States foster care In _____, over 687,000 children spent time in foster care a. 2012 b. 2022 c. 2018 d. 2016d.The average age of a child entering foster care is age __ a. 5 b. 6 c. 2 d. 7d.Statistics in the United States foster care Most live in family settings, but a small minority, about ___%, live in institutions or group homes a. 6 b. 10 c. 4 d. 12d.Statistics in the United States foster care Also in 2016, (less/more) than 65,000 were waiting to be adopted due to termination of parental rights (TPR); typically a two year process a. less b. moreb.Statistics in the United States foster care (less/more) than 20,000 young people aged out of foster care without permanent families in 2016 a. less b. moreb.American Academy of Pediatrics Reccomendations true or false: new interest in educating parents around issues of media use, especially in infancy/childhood a. true b. falsea.American Academy of Pediatrics Reccomendations true or false: Recommendations draw from scientific evidence while also recognizing that electronic media play an important role in families --> Will likely continue to evolve as technologies change a. true b. falsea.American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations One key point from Pappas - - (many/few) high-quality longitudinal studies a. many b. fewb.American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations Generally avoid screen exposure before age ___ --> Particularly in the first 18 months - now recommend more effective use around 18 mo aka co-use a. 4 b. 7 c. 2 d. 6c.American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations In general screens are a (strong/ poor) substitute for social interactions --> Evidence shows that in almost all cases infants/toddlers learn better from in-person instruction --> Video chats are one exception but no benefit (and some potential harm) if children are left alone a. strong b. poorb.Early Childhood Recommendations (Beyond Infancy) - For children ages 2 to 5 years, limit screen use to ~__ hour per day of high-quality programs. - Parents should co-view media with children to help them understand what they are seeing and apply it to the world around them a. 2 b. 1 c. 8 d. 6b.Early Childhood Recommendations (Beyond Infancy) - In general, this time (should, should not) take the place of human interaction or real-world face time - One problem with screens: children at this age struggle to understand what is real and what is not a. should b. should notb.Example: Dora the Explorer - Preschoolers who watched an episode of Dora were asked whether they thought the show was real or "just pretend" - Results: --> Over 75% of preschoolers said Spanish words weren't real or they were not sure if it was real - Takeaway message: Parents (can, cannot) expect media to do the teaching for them a. can b. cannotb.Media Co-Use (Connell et al. Reading) true or false: One shift in understanding media has been toward understanding media co-use a. true b. falsea.electronic media can be an opportunity for parents to engage with their young children a. media co-use b. media individualizationa.Electronic Media Co-Use - Parent can offer questions and interpretations that allow for follow-up questions and/or rich elaborations - Opportunity for close physical contact and "snuggle time" for parents and children - Many of these same benefits also extend to more "(progressive/traditional)" toys and books a. progressive b. traditionalb.true or false: When playing w/ electronic toys both parents and children used fewer words or vocalizations...Compared to those who played with traditional toys a. true b. falsea.In general, engagement with "real" books seems to be (more/less) beneficial for children than reading e-books a. more b. lessa.Ebook Pros: - Certain features can (reinforce/decrease) connection between image and word - Helps children integrate information -->Particularly among children with language delays a. reinforce b. decreasea.Ebook Cons: - Distracting features may cause "cognitive (under load/overload)" --> Particularly among children a. under load b. overloadb.Recommendations - School Age / Adolescent Children - develop a "family media use plan" -- involves communication, limit setting, and establishing negotiable/non-negotiable rules - designate "media free" times together -- i.e. family meal times - ongoing communication regarding online citizenship and sately -- discussing cyber-bullying -- (avoiding/allowing) online solicitations -- protecting privacy and safety a. avoiding b. allowinga.true or false: Electronic media is now an important component of both academic work and social life for adolescents a. true b. falsea.true or false: Screen Time in Adolescence can provide real opportunities for social connection and meaning, as well as cognitive/academic growth• When used responsibly and creatively a. true b. falsea.true or false: There are consequences of excessive screen time in middle childhood adolescence a. true b. falsea.Clear evidence linking screen time to brain development is still quite (excessive/limited) a. excessive b. limitedb.Preliminary evidence that too much screen time may result in: - Poorer frontal lobe maturation - (Reduced/excessive) empathy and ability to read facial / non-verbal cues a. reduced b. excessivea.Screen swipe/touch brings new sights and sounds - Results in increased dopamine in the brain - (Low/high)-intensity form of addiction a. low b. higha.(Gray/white) matter atrophy -- planning, organizing, impulse control a. gray b. whitea.Loss of integrity to (white/gray) matter -- loss of communication between brain hemispheres and a. white b. graya.(Gained/reduced) cortical thickness -- impairment of cognitive tasks a. gained b. reducedb.Children's Electronic Media: The Role of Content The content of programming matters a great deal - Not all children's programming is created equal - The content of programming matters a (little/great) deal -- Not all children's programming is created equal -Many shows are non-educational --> i.e., many cartoons on children's networks - Some shows contain harmful content --> i.e., violent or aggressive imagery - Some shows may actually be helpful for some aspects of children's development a. little b. greatb.Sesame Street - Kids who watched educational programming at ages __-__ performed better on standardized tests several years later -->Math, reading, vocabulary a. 5-7 b. 2-3 c. 10-12 d. 14-17b.Sesame Street true or false: Children who lived in areas that had access to "Sesame Street" 14% less likely to fall behind in school than children who did not have access a. true b. falsea.Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood - Preschoolers divided into groups -- A group that watched "Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood" with their parents and talked about it frequently -- A control group that watched episodes of a nature documentary --> Watched one episode per day for 2 weeks - Results: Children who watched Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood showed (higher/lower) levels of empathy, emotion regulation, and self-efficacy a. higher b. lowera.Mr. Rogers - Fred Rogers considered an early advocate for children's (physical/emotion) socialization --> "People have said don't cry to other people for years, and all it has ever meant is "I'm too uncomfortable when you show your feelings -- don't cry. I'd rather them say, "go ahead and cry -- I'm here with you" a. physical b. emotionb.what does the common model of african american parents look like? a. elitism b. snob c. egalitarian d. divorcec.for African American parents, ____________ parent relationships are less likely, and __________________ households are more common a. marital, marital b. single parent, single parent c. single parent, marital d. marital, single parentd.African American nonresidential fathers are more/less involved with children than other nonresidential fathers a. more b. lessa.what is the fastest growing ethnic group? a. African American b. Latino c. Asian American d. Americanb.what ethnic group is most likely to live in large families? a. African American b. Latino c. Asian American d. Americanb.religion often plays a large role in the family life of what ethnicity? a. African American b. Latino c. Asian American d. Americanwhat ethnicity has the most extensive kinship based support network? a. African American b. Latino c. Asian American d. Americanwhat is a specific challenge latino families face? a. managing divorce b. managing stress c. managing income d. managing bilingualismd.emotionally warm support combined with demanding exceptional respect for parents and others (including extended family) a. hierarchical parenting b. unranked parenting c. ungraded parenting d. stratified parentinga.The Changing American Family Traditional families consisting of 1 father and 1 mother in theirfirst marriage with children are less/more prevalent in the US a. less b. morea.The Changing American Family Less than ___% of families consist of this constellation a. 50 b. 25 c. 30 d. 45b.The Changing American Family Other family structures and constellations have unique/broad outcomes and require unique/broad support/services a. unique b. broada.Helpful ways to manage the child's transition - Establish new rules and boundaries - resist temptation to involve children in adult business - maintain open/closed lines of communication a. open b. closeda.Postdivorce Coparenting - Coparenting after divorce - Biological parents in separate homes - Stepparents following remarriage - After remarriage, adults must often negotiate (single/multiple) coparenting relationships a. single b. multipleSingle-Parent Households more likely to be headed by _____ than _____ a. mother, fathers b. fathers, mothersa.Single-Parent Households (less/more) likely to experience financial hardship a. less b. moreb.In Single-Parent Households Both women and men experience "role strain" - Especially difficult for (mothers/fathers), who are expected to maintain caregiving excellence while also being sole provider - (mothers/fathers) often have to learn new parenting-related tasks a. mothers, fathers b. fathers, mothersa.Factors associated with greater likelihood of teen pregnancy - (Earlier/later) pubertal maturation - Having an older sibling that is sexually active - Peer influences to engage in sexual activity - Poor (i.e., resentful) relationship with one or more parent a. earlier b. latera.Parent-child relations among adolescent parents Several studies point to risks associated with teen parenting: - Lack of knowledge concerning children's developmental needs - Lack of knowledge concerning children's developmental needs - Less sensitivity toward (infants/adults) - Lack of interest in playing with children - Less time spent interacting with children - Greater tendency to use physical punishment a. infants b. adultsaParent-child relations among adolescent parents But other studies have found: - Adolescent parents typically demonstrate a range of nurturing, caregiving behaviors toward children - In some studies, parenting skills of teen mothers are (similar/different) to those of older mothers - Adolescent mothers with social support experience much better outcomes a. similar b. differenta.The Consequences For A Child Of An Adolescent Parent true or false: The likelihood of becoming teen parents themselves a. true b. falsea.The Consequences For A Child Of An Adolescent Parent true or false: BUT, social support is not particularly important for parent and child! a. true b. falseb.The Consequences For A Child Of An Adolescent Parent true or false: The likelihood of experiencing disrupted marriages in adulthood a. true b. falsea.The Consequences For A Child Of An Adolescent Parent (Greater/lesser) likelihood of being abused, neglected or abandoned a. greater b. lessera.The Consequences For A Child Of An Adolescent Parent true or false: A tendency to repeat grades in school a. true b. falsea.The Consequences For A Child Of An Adolescent Parent Tendency toward behavioral problems, especially among (girls/boys) a. girls b. boysb.Programs that are most successful in preventing teen pregnancy tend to be focused on (behavioral/sexual) education a. behavioral b. sexualb.- Many school systems and communities now have programs designed to support parenting efforts of teen parents -->Programs tend to be more effective if they include ____ / _____ AND females a. females, mothers b. males, fathersb.Many of the more successful programs are aimed at keeping teen parents in school --> Participation in school-based programs ______ dropout rate and subsequent teen births, and _______ educational attainment a. decreases, decreases b. increases, increases c. increases, decreases d. decreases, increasesd.(A lot/Very little) evidence that parenting behaviors of lesbian and gay parents differ from heterosexual parents a. A lot b. Very littleb.LGBTQ Parents - Latest estimates suggest that as many as __ million children in the U.S. are being raised by a gay or lesbian parent(s) --> Some are a product of a prior heterosexual relationship --> Some are adopted by parents a. 8 b. 5 c. 7 d. 10d.true/false: Very little data thusfar, but children of transgender parents appear to generally form good parent-child relationships and show healthy psychological well-being a. true b. falsea.Families being raised by same-sex couples represent a rapidly (growing/shrinking) segment of the population a. growing b. shrinkinga.Latest estimates suggest that as many as ___ million children in the U.S. are being raised by a gay or lesbian parent(s) - Some are a product of a prior heterosexual relationship - Some are adopted by parents a. 3 b. 5 c. 8 d. 10d.true or false: Dozens of countries now legalize gay marriage a. true b. falsea.In many parts of the world, there are still (many/little) legal and social challenges to adoption by lesbian/gay parents a. many b. littlea.(A lot/Very little) but children of transgender parents appear to generally form good parent-child relationships and show healthy psychological well-being a. A lot b. Very littleb.- Lesbian and gay parents tend to engage in more/less gender- equal behavior -->Promote androgyny and treat boys/girls similarly a. more b. lessa.Gay fathers tend to be a little bit more/less nurturant and expressive (especially in early childhood) a. more b. lessa.Unique Challenges to Family Dynamics in Same-Sex Couples - May experience a (lack/gain) of legitimacy if they are not recognized as a family unit by their community a. lack b. gaina.Outcomes for Children: American Psychological Association Lesbian and gay parents (are/are not) as likely as heterosexual parents to provide supportive and healthy environments for their children a. are b. are nota.Unique Challenges to Family Dynamics in Same-Sex Couples (More/less) frequent confrontation with stigmas associated with homosexuality a. more b. lessa.Unique Challenges to Family Dynamics in Same-Sex Couples true or false: These families can experience strained relationships with ex-spouses and other relationships --> If previously involved in a hetero relationship a. true b. falsea.Unique Challenges to Family Dynamics in Same-Sex Couples The division of labor and parental roles take on (unique/specific) assignments and situations a. unique b. specifica.Diverse Family Structure: Military Families - Difficulty of multiple transitions into and out of family life - PTSD and other mental health issues contribute to adjustment difficulties in parenting a. during deployment b. before deployment c. return from deploymentc.Outcomes for Children: American Psychological Association Research has shown that the adjustment, development, and psychological well-being of children is (related/unrelated) to parental sexual orientation a. related b. unrelatedb.Outcomes for Children: American Psychological Association Children in same-sex families (are/are not) just as likely to flourish and exhibit positive development a. are b. are nota.What are some useful suggestions for helping military parents? - Make available technology (skype/zoom, video calls, etc.) - Provide access to mental health services - Promote (positive/negative) "distance" coparenting relationships a. positive b. negativea.Diverse Family Structure: Military Families - "Coparenting at a distance" - Ambiguous Loss" - - Strong support networks and social cohesiveness contribute to emotional resilience a. during deployment b. before deployment c. return from deploymenta.(cumulative/ambiguous) loss - a sense of temporary loss caused by physical and/or psychological separation from loved one a. cumulative b. ambiguousb.Diverse Family Structure: Military Families - Stress/uncertainty of future deployment and demands of high-stakes job - Often requires many moves & family transitions a. during deployment b. before deployment c. return from deploymentb.A Few Caveats - The purpose of today's content is to recognize historic variability in family structure/functioning across groups --> Based on data from parents over (many/few) years - These characteristics will not describe all or even most families in a particular group - This information should NOT be used to stereotype or stigmatize any particular group - Awareness of cultural uniqueness allows us to better understand (and better help) families with diverse backgrounds a. many b. fewa.Cultural Competence in Working with Parents and Children - Most parenting programs were designed predominantly based on values of European American parents -->Working with parents and children requires cultural (incompetence/competence) a. incompetence b. competenceb.Despite many similarities, parents (and children) from different cultural backgrounds can face (different/similar) sets of challenges and strengths a. different b. similara.true or false: The best programs, trainings, and educational materials are culturally sensitive, and tailored to suit the needs of their audience a. true b. falsea.African American Parents and Children Historical model of parent-child relations: - Encourage more (egalitarian/elitism) family/gender roles a. egalitarian b. elitisma.African American Parents and Children Historical model of parent-child relations: - Encourage (early/late) autonomy, responsibility and independence of children at a young age a. early b. latea.African American Parents and Children Historical model of parent-child relations: - (More/less) likely to endorse corporal punishment as a disciplinary strategy a. more b. lessa.African American Parents and Children Historical model of parent-child relations: - (Weak/strong) emphasis on educational success/attainment a. weak b. strongb.African American Parents and Children - Greater likelihood of single- headed households -African American nonresidential fathers (less/more) involved with children than other nonresidential fathers --> Contradicts untrue stereotypes of absent African American fathers a. less b. moreb.Asian American Parents and Children Historic model of parent-child relations: - Many parents invest heavily in children and educational achievements - More likely to prioritize adherence to family rules and rituals - less tolerance for physical and verbal agression --> discipline tends to be (verbal/physical) rather than (verbal/physical) in nature - Higher expectations for older children to serve as role models for younger children a. verbal b. physicala.Latino/Latina Parents and Children Historic model of parent-child relations: - (More/less) likely than other ethnic groups to live in large families (four or more persons) --> (More/less) extensive kinship-based support network a. more b. lessa.Latino/Latina Parents and Children Historic model of parent-child relations: - Religion plays a significant role in daily family life for many parents - 'Three Rs': 1. personal relationships 2. _________ 3. respect a. responsibility b. race c. rigor d. reinforcementa.Latino/Latina Parents and Children Historic model of parent-child relations: (Hierarchical/Hiltop) parenting - emotionally warm support combined with demanding exceptional respect for parents and others (including extended family) a. hierarchial b. hiltopa.Multiracial, Interethnic, and Immigrant Children and Families - Many families/children now navigate multiple cultural influences - Process of "(deacculturation/acculturation)" is important, while also drawing from values/attitudes of heritage culture - Can provide additional stress to parent and developing child - But ultimately can be helpful in learning social and emotional skills a. deacculturation b. acculturationb.Talking with Children about Race/Ethnicity (Increasingly/decreasingly) parents of all ethnicities value socializing racial justice and equity in their children a. increasingly b. decreasinglya.a. unique b. specifica.- Parents in different cultural contexts will be faced with a unique set of challenges - Research and theory on the role of parents in nurturing, guiding, and supporting children from ALL backgrounds will become (increasingly/decreasingly) important - This knowledge is essential for developing best practices for working with children and families a. increasingly b. decreasinglya.Challenges Associated with Racial Injustice true or false: - Race-related stress and racial trauma have implications across development (for children and adults) -- Associated with psychosocial and emotional problems -- Also associated with physiological and health problems - These stressors can take many forms -- Overt discrimination experiences -- Stereotyping -- Institutional factors a. true b. falsea.Talking with Children about Race/Ethnicity true or false: Emerging research can tell us something about the right (and wrong) ways to promote these values in children a. true b. falsea.Critical Tasks for Racial and Ethnic Minority Parents - Lots of research (supports/rebuttals) the value in socializing positive racial/ethnic identity --> Your race/ethnicity is central to your identity ---> You take pride in your race/ethnicity a. supports b. rebuttalsa.Critical Tasks for Racial and Ethnic Minority Parents - Benefits to positive racial identity from childhood to adulthood --> particularly (weak/strong) for African American children and adults a. weak b. strongb.Critical Tasks for Racial and Ethnic Minority Parents - Other parenting practices that (deny/promote) coping with race- related stress --> Teaching about cultural traditions --> Preparations for dealing with possibly unjust institutions a. deny b. promoteb.Talking About Race with White Children When you avoid conversations: - Children are more likely to incorrectly judge other groups - Children may not know how to respond to racially-charged experiences When you address conversations: - Children are more respectful of other groups. - children can recognize and respond more appropriately to racially-charged situationsRacial Ethnic Socialization (RES) - is a process through which children learn about race and ethnicity - They learn how to communicate with others about race and ethnicity - Learn skills to (hurt/help) them successfully deal with all of the topics that may arise around race and ethnicity a. hurt b. helpb.Advice For All Parents: Talk About Race/Ethnicity - Intentionally integrate teaching about race into your overall parenting agenda --> Deliberately discuss (rather than overlook) hard topics --> Including conversations about racism and negative stereotypes - It is never too early to engage in direct and indirect communication about race and ethnicity --> Academic and socio-emotional benefits for children - In general, "colorblind" approaches to parenting are (more/less) successful --> discuss racial/ethnic differences explicitly --> use these as opportunities to engage in deeper conversations a. more b. lessb.Talking About Race with Ethnic/Racial Minority Children When you avoid conversations: - children have less connection in their heritage When you address conversations: - children will have a better understanding and appreciation for their own race, ethnicity and overall identity - Self-esteem is (higher/lower) a. higher b. lowera.Exposure to Diverse Cultures - Benefits to exposing children (late/early) to diversity in meaningful ways --> Interact with media/books with diverse characters --> Talk about important historical figures a. late b. earlyb.Exposure to Diverse Cultures - Give children access to a variety of cultural experiences --> Find ways to expose children to the strengths, rich traditions, and positive contributions of diverse groups - expose children to diversity in the people and places they interact with -- friend groups -- schools -- neighborhoods/towns/cities - Teach about traditions of cultures and ethnic groups that (are/ are not) their own a. are b are notb.Things to do when discussing hard topics - Use developmentally appropriate language and media exposure --> Recognize what children can / cannot handle - Listen and validate children's feelings --> Even when those feelings are negative - Explicitly model (worst/best) practices for children -->Including examining your own beliefs and calling out injustice and inequality if you see it a. worst b. bestb.Parenting During Natural Disasters - Natural disasters constitute a (minor/major) crisis event for children worldwide a. minor b. majorb.Parenting During Times of War / Conflict - Some of the earliest research in our field studied children during wartime - Research on children during war continues today - In times of conflict children are often forced to separate from parents --> Most research suggests that separation can be even (less/more) harmful than exposure to violence a. less b. moreb.General Advice for Parenting During Crisis - Ask children what questions they have --> In times of stress children may be less likely to mention worries/concerns to parents --> Actively giving children opportunities to talk can promote resilience - Allow yourself to make mistakes --> Self-compassion becomes (critical/little) important in uncertain times and environments - Maintain normalcy but be willing to relax your standards if necessary a. critical b. littlea.Parenting During Natural Disasters - Children may often revert to behaviors that they had previously given up --> clinging, problems with potty training, irrational fears, etc. a. true b. falsea.Parenting During Natural Disasters - Parents should be careful to maintain (negative/positive) reassurance and not lash out or rely on harsh discipline a. negative b. positiveb.Some Key Challenges Early in the Pandemic Maintaining health and safety - Encouraging mask-wearing - Practicing social distancing Disruptions in routines - For both children and parents Disrupted relationships - parental social networks might be (avaliable/unavailiable) - children spending time away from friends/peers a. availiable b. unavailiableb.Other Challenges - Managing stress and anxiety - Changes in children's schooling/education - Lost face-to-face instruction time - Constant disruptions in mode of education delivery - (strengths/struggles) with virtual learning a. strengths b. strugglesb.Work-Family Interface - (Increase/decrease) in unemployment rates in certain industries have consequences for financial resources and mental health - changes in availability of childcare --> school closures and limiting exposure to providers - Working from home --> Challenging for many parents and not possible for others - Managing virtual learning for school-aged children - Challenges exacerbated among low SES families a. increase b. decreasea.Helpful Strategies that Promote Resilience - Keep kids in the loop --> Communicate openly and honestly about virus dangers --> Do so in a way that is developmentally appropriate --> Recognize and acknowledge fears without promoting fear - Check in regularly --> Especially younger children - Give up on perfection --> Self-compassion is especially (not important/important) during times of crisis a. not important b. importantb.Helpful Strategies that Promote Resilience - Maintain routines and structure --> Making plans can be one way to reduce anxiety - Maintain self-care --> Regular exercise particularly important for parents and children - Staying in touch with social networks virtually --> (worst/better) or more challenging for some kids a. worst b. betterb.