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Exam 2 Lahti

Terms in this set (94)

Algae and many bacteria are primary producers, meaning they make their own food. Bacteria are able to produce food using different pathways, while algae can only produce food using

Mangroves live in tropical and subtropical shores where the coastlines are usually well protected from strong wave action. Mangroves have several adaptations except

Freezing temperatures

Salt-tolerant plants such as salt-marsh plants are called:

Which descriptions below are found in brown algae? Select all that apply.

Dominant primary producers on temperate and polar rocky coasts
Dominant fucoxanthin pigment leads to the algae having olive green to dark brown coloration
Include the kelp forests of the Pacific Ocean

What environmental conditions lead to seaweed alternating between asexual and sexual reproduction? Select all that apply

-Water temperature -fluctuations
-Moon phase
-Daylight length
-Nutrient availability

Angiosperms include all plants that flower, and most of these plants occur on land. However, there are some marine angiosperms including:

Mangroves, Cordgrass and other salt-marsh plants, Seagrasses

Which descriptions characterize seagrasses? Select all that apply.

-Plants for dense beds of grass that are important marine habitats for other species
-Found in shallow and warm tropical waters with sandy or muddy ocean floors
-They are not actually grasses
-Pollen is dispersed by water currents or the feces of predatory herbivores

Which descriptions characterize mangroves? Select all that apply

-Pencil-shaped seedlings are designed to fall and stab into the ocean floor, so they do not become swept away in the current.
-Seedlings germinate while still attached to the parent plant
-Mangroves include ~70 species of trees and shrubs that inhabit tropical and subtropical shorelines

Match the following seaweed structures with their descriptions. Letters A-E in the image below correspond with most descriptions below

A. Thallus: Body of the Seaweed
B. Stipes: Root system to anchor the seaweed
C. Holdfast: Stem system, to support the thallus
D. Blade: Leaves system, to capture light for photosynthesis
E. Gas filled bladders that help the plant stay up right
Chlorophyll and Carotenoids: What captures the UV light.

_________ fishes live in seawater but travel to freshwater to reproduce.

___________ fishes live in freshwater but travel to seawater to reproduce.

Anadromous and Catadromous fish use ______ ________ to return as adults to reproduce at the exact locations they were born.

Homing behavior

Fish rely on ________ _____ and possibly other clues to navigate distances of sometimes hundreds of miles.

chemical traits

______ reproduction is less common but requires More work.

Sexual reproduction is less common but requires ____ ____.

The advantage is that plants have _________ _______ _________ and adaptations.

Increased genetic diversity

This reproduction is costly because it requires Gametes from two parent plants as well as ____________ timing of gamete production.

This reproduction is costly because it requires _______ from two parent plants as well as Coordination timing of gamete production.

The claspers are structures involved in

The heart of all fishes has how many chambers?

Marine fishes are vertebrates, which date back to ___ _______ _____ ___

500 million years ago

the first fishes evolved from _____________.

Today, fishes are the largest group of vertebrates on Earth in terms of species and abundance. About 58% of the 32,000 known species of fishes are ______.

Marine fishes are the oldest and most ____________ of all living vertebrates.

A dead fish is brought to your marine research lab. You are able to quickly identify this never-seen-before animal as a filter-feeding shark, based on the presence of these features: (select all that apply)

-Ampullae of Lorenzini that detect electrical currents used to capturing prey
-Gill rakers
-Enlarged pectoral fins and triangle-shaped teeth

What features characterize rays? Select all that apply

-Specialized pectoral fins known as wings
-Demersal
-Dorsoventrally flattened body

Ratfishes are known as _________. They occur in deep waters.

Ratfishes are known as chimaeras. They occur in ____ ______.

The __________ on foreheads of males is used for mating.

The tentaculum on foreheads of males is used for _______.

A fish that has many predators and lacks defenses needed to fend itself from these predators might have which of these adaptations?

All the above, Countershading, Disruptive coloration, Cryptic coloration,

Most fish are known as bony and caudal fin swimmers, meaning they have ___________ bodies and swim in a Side-to-side motions of the body and tail.

Most fish are known as bony and caudal fin swimmers, meaning they have Streamlined bodies and swim in a ____-__-____ motions of the body and tail.

Other fish are median and paired-fin swimmers, meaning they rely on ____ to propel and steer the body in a straight direction.

Other fish are median and paired-fin swimmers, meaning they rely on fins to propel and steer the body __ _ ________ _________.

in a straight direction

Which characteristics associate with osmoconformers?

-Rely on urea in blood to maintain blood salt levels,
must avoid dehydration,
-Cartilaginous fish,
-Concentration of salt in the blood is kept equal to concentration of salt in the seawater

Dolphins and other whales are adapted for deep diving by

Collapsing their lungs

Echolocation is present in:

Sea lions can be readily distinguished from the seals because in contrast to seals they have:

Seals, sea lions, and the walrus are classified as belonging to the order:

The smallest marine mammal is a:

The tubenoses comprise a large group of seabirds:

With tube-like noses

Legs modified into flippers, toothless, ectothermic

Global distribution, ravenous appetites, oviparous, mate selection, long migration

predators of fish, squids, shellfish breed on land, inhabit most cool water, flippers for swimming

playful and intelligent, spends most of their life in water

round tapered bodies, herbivorous, slow reproduction

flukes' barnacles often attached, endotherms

You work for a sea turtle conservation group and are incubating eggs recently found in a damaged nest site. The eggs are being incubated at warmer temperatures. What will this result in?

You observe a crocodile eating a human in the open ocean. This clearly must be:

saltwater crocodile

use flippers to swim instead of fly

heavy curved beaks

related to cormorants

common and widespread

lack webbed feet

In a salt marsh, a fish eats decaying material from around the base of Spartina grass plants. A snail scrapes algae from the stalks of the Spartina grass. These species can coexist in the same area because they have:

The same habitat, but different niches

all puffer fish that live within the Indian ocean

all of the organisms within the Indian ocean

all of the resources (abiotic and biotic) an organism uses for survival, growth, and reproduction

The living resources available such as food, mates, and predators that living organisms require for survival

The non-living resources available such as oxygen, space, salinity, and light that living organisms require for survival

The dissolved oxygen levels present in a specific region at 30m depth

The maximum number (density) of phytoplankton that exist within a specific region of the ocean

Carrying capacity

Male sardines swimming past female sardines in an effort to reproduce with the females

Intraspecific comp

A crab and a lobster both feeding on a decaying fish

Interspecific comp

The remora is a pelagic marine fish that is commonly found attached to larger marine organisms such as sharks, whales, and turtles. Smaller species of remora attach to smaller marine organisms such as tune and swordfish. In attaching to these other host organisms, the remora is helping to keep the host clean from parasites, algal growth, or other unwanted guests that may be living on the host. In return, the remora is provided with a hearty meal and free transportation as the host swims. Remoras will detach from the host and live freely, and the host may be for months without a remora. What two terms describe the interaction of remoras and their hosts? Select two answers:
Marine communities are often defined by the organism's lifestyle.

Mutualism and Facultative symbiosis

The pelagic community includes those organisms that live in the water column and are further divided based upon ___ ____ ____ ____.

how well they swim.

The _______ community includes those organisms that live in the water column and are further divided based upon how well they swim.

The ________ organisms drift and include phytoplankton or zooplankton.

The ______ organisms can swim against currents and include most pelagic vertebrates.

intertidal zone

open water zone

Aside from organism's lifestyle, marine communities can also be defined by what ____ the organisms live within.

The first is ________ , which includes the intertidal region marked by the habitat that occurs within the boundaries of low and high tide activity.

The third is the _______ which includes the continental shelf and depth columns.

The most shallow depth column is __________ , which has the most sunlight and overlaps with the neritic zone.

The middle depth column is the ___________ which is also known as the twilight zone because very little sunlight occur here.

The deepest depth column is the ____ ___.

Marine organisms __ inhabit this depth column.

A food web shows all trophic interactions among organisms in an ecosystem. The food web is based upon the collection of ____ ______ within the ecosystem.

Which measurement would you use to determine the amount of matter (represented as carbon) manufactured by primary producers?

Gross primary production

Which measurement would you use to determine the total amount of primary producers (phytoplankton) in the ocean? This value varies based on location, season, etc.

Essential nutrients move through the ecosystem in cycles that occur at a global scale. Which cycle acts as a limiting factor for primary production, and relies on specialized bacteria to chemically convert this nutrient to a form that organisms can use. Excess production of this nutrients due to human activities on land is causing an unnatural, and damaging, levels of productivity in marine communities.

Byssal threads are used by mussels to cope with

In a soft-bottomed intertidal community, oxygen would be most plentiful for meiofauna in which type of bottom?

Meiofauna live:

between grains of sediment

Predation by sea stars on rocky shores ultimately results in:

The sessile epifauna consists of:

attached animals

Which of the following would not be considered epifauna?

Organisms living in sand

What ways do organisms avoid desiccation in the intertidal zone? Select all that apply

-Tolerate desiccation
-Secreting mucus
-"Clamming" up
-Hiding in water pockets

Marine organisms compete for space in all of these ways except:

All of the above

You are exploring an intertidal community that occurs on a soft substrate. As you lift your feet, the silt creates suction and you notice dark sediment uplifts as you pull your feet from the ground. Along with this, the smell of this dark, muddy substrate is very foul. What can you deduce about this situation?

There are many anaerobic organisms in this substrate that feed on detritus

Which are similarities of the food webs found in rocky and sandy intertidal zones? Select all that apply.

-Presence of detritus
-Presence of producers
-Presence of carnivores

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