Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Phylogenetics and systematics BIO181

Terms in this set (34)

Evolutionary biology
A branch of biology that deals with the descent by
modification of plants and animals from earlier generations.
Looks at how species descend from one another.
Arthropods
1,000,000 species
Plants
297,000 species
Vertebrates
66,178 species
Sedimentary rocks
richest source of fossils
Fossils
preserved remnants or impressions of extinct organisms
plate tectonics
Continents are not fixed
Pangaea
all landmasses were brought together about 250 mya.
Pangea began to break up
about 180 mya.
phylogeny of species
the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
Systematics
the study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context
Taxonomy
naming and classification of species based on a set of characters
used to assess similarities and differences
Phylogeny
evolutionary genealogy (how species are related to each other, evolutionary trees)
Binomial nomenclature
Linnean convention of assigning a two part Latinized Name to an organism
taxon
The named taxonomic (categorization) unit at any level
Phylogenies
diagrams of evolutionary relationships of species (phylogenetic trees) Taxonomy should reflect phylogeny REALLY IMPORTANT
Clade
a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its
descendants (share an ancestor)
Sister species
two species that are each other's closest relative (share the same ancestor) (next to each other in the phylogenetic tree) (Same thing as sister taxa)
Sister clades (sister taxa)-
SHARE THE MOST RECENT COMMON. ANCESTOR WITH ONE ANOTHER
Monophyletic
clade consisting of an ancestral species and all of its descendents
Paraphyletic
a taxonomic group that contains some, but not all,
descendants of the most recent common ancestor of that group
Polyphyletic
a taxonomic group that contains descendants of two or
more ancestral sources
Homology
a shared characteristic among species because of common
Ancestry (traits that are share due to common ancestry)
Homoplasy
similarity in characters found in different species that is due to
convergent evolution or reversal (evolved similarly but don't have a common ancestor)
Convergent evolution
independent evolutionary origins of similar
features
Reversal
an event that results in the reversion of a derived trait to the
ancestral form
What is used to construct phylogenies
pattern of homology
Ancestral Trait
trait present in common ancestor for entire group
Synapomorphy
a derived character shared by members of a
clade
Outgroup comparison
helps determine polarity of character of interest
2 kinds of Outgroup Comparison
1. Ingroup- group being studied
2. Outgroup- any group that is not included in the taxon under study
what should taxonomy reflect
phylogeny
5 kingdoms
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalla
3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Sets found in the same folder