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PY101 Chapter 6- Learning

Terms in this set (45)

Learning
any relationship durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
Conditioning
consists of learning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment
Classical Conditioning
a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Pavlovian Conditioning
a process that was described by Ivan Pavlov. Also characterized as "Classical" conditioning
The Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
The Unconditioned Response
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
The Conditioned Stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
The Conditioned Reponse
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
Elicited
drawn forth
Trial (in classical conditioning)
consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli
Acquisition
Refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency
Extinction
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus
Renewal Effect
If a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where the acquisition took place
Stimulus Generalization
This occurs when an organism that has a learned response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Stimulus Discimination
This occurs when an organism that has learned response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli are similar to the original stimulus
Higher-order Conditioning
Where a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Operant Conditioning
A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
Reinforcement
This occurs hen an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
Skinner Box
A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled
Reinforcement Contingencies
The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
Cumulative Recorder
It creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box a a function of time
Emit
To send forth
Shaping
The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
Resistance to Extinction
This occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.
Discriminative Stimuli
Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or non reinforcement) of a response
Primary Reinforcers
Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
Secondary Reinforcers (Conditioned)
Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
Schedule of Reinforcement
A specific pattern or presentation of reinforcers over time
Continuous Reinforcement
This occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
Intermittent Reinforcement
This occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
In a Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule....
The reinforcer is given after a fixed number or non reinforced responses
In a Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule...
The reinforcer is given after a while a variable number of non reinforced responses
In a Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule...
The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.
In a Variable Interval (VI) Schedule...
The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average
Positive Reinforcement
This occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
Negative Reinforcment
This occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed bu the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus
Escape Learning
An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
Avoidance Learning
An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring
Punishment
This occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
Preparedness
This involved species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others
Latent Learning
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs
Observational Learning
This occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
Behavior Modification
A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
Behavioral Contract
A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies if a behavior modification program
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