Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Exam 3- Histology Questions

Terms in this set (371)

Esophageal mucous glands are located:
a. in the lamina propria
b. between the layers of the muscularis mucosae
c. in the submucosa
d. in all of the above
e. in none of the above
c. submucosa
Human epidermis contains:
a. antigen-presenting cells
b.capillary loops
c. both of the above
d. corpuscles of Meissner
e. all of the above
anitigen-presenting cells
Most of the plasma cells under mucous membranes secrete:
A. IgA
B. IL-1
C. IgG
D. interferon-y
E. IgE
A. IgA
Friction and pressure (wear and tear) cause the keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum to secrete:
A. MSH
B. TGF-Beta
C. IGF-I
D. Somatostatin
E. epidermal chalone
C. IGF-I
The secretion of gastric mucus is most strongly stimulated by
A. Gastrin
B. acetylcholine
C. histamine
D. prostaglandin E2
D. prostaglandin E2
Vitamin B12 can be absorbed only if gastric parietal cells secrete:
A. HCI
B. NaHCO3
C. pepsin
D. rennin
E. intrinsic factor
E. intrinsic factor
The M-cells of the ileum transfer:
A. neutral fats to the lacteal
B. fatty acids to the lacteal
C. Antigens to a macrophage
D. Fe 2+ to capillaries
E. Fe 3+ to capillaries
C. Antigens to a macrophage
The villi of the jejunum are 100____thick and 1000___ long
A. A
B. Nm
C. um
D. cm
C. um
The epithelium of a bronchiole contains:
A. ciliated cells
b. neuroendocrine cells
c. both of the above
d. club cells
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Goblet cells are found in the:
duodenum
jejunum
both of the above
colon
all of the above
all the above
Anti-diuretic hormone causes water to diffuse out of the filtrate in the:
A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. distal convoluted tubule
C. thin descending segment of the loop of Henle
D. medullary collecting duct
E. thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D. medullary collecting duct
Aldosterone causes the cortical collecting tubule to resorb
A: sodium
B: potassium
C: glucose
D: sodium and potassium
E: calcium
A. Sodium
Glucose and amino acids are resorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the cells of the
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
medullary collecting tubule
thin segment of the loop of Henle
thick ascending segment of the loop of Henle
proximal convoluted tubule
Renin is secreted by the:
mesangial cells
glomerular endothelial cells
podocytes
macula densa
Juxtaglomerular cells
Juxtaglomerular cells
Thee glomerular capillaries are separated from the podocytes by:
only a shared basal lamina
a reticular lamina between 2 basal laminae
a basal lamina between 2 reticular laminae
only a reticular lamina of type lll collager
only a reticular lamina of type I collagen
only a shared basal lamina
Alveolar surfactant is a secretion of:
type 1 pneumocytes
type Il pneumocytes
alveolar macrophages
club cells
goblet cells
type Il pneumocytes
Alveolar surfactant (like all surfactants) reduces the:
friction between gas and liquid phases
surface tension of water
ability of water to cover a solid surface
ability of water to flow over a surface
penetration of the liquid surface by gasses
surface tension of water
The tracheal rings are:
elastic cartilage
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
calcified cartilage
bone
hyaline cartilage
A pancreatic centroacinar cell is:
an acinar stem cell
an apoptic acinar cell
a necrotic stem cell
a duct cell
An antigen-presenting cell
a duct cell
- it secretes bicarbonate
Bile is secreted by the:
hepatocytes
lto cells
Kupffer cells
epithelium of the gall bladder
sinuses of Rokitansky
hepatocytes
The cholangiocytes at the ends of intrahepatic bile ducts are the:
principal antigen-presenting cells of the liver
Ultimate liver stem cells
source of the reticular fibers that maintain the structure of the liver
body's principal storehouse of vitamin A
body's sole source of glucagon
Ultimate liver stem cells
The Kupffer cells of the liver are located:
in the sinusoids
between the hepatocytes
in the epithelium of bile ductules
in the adventia of the hepatic arterioles
in the adventitia of the portal venules
in the sinusoids
Hepatocytes get most of their oxygen by way of a:
hepatic arteriole
centrilobular vein
portal vein
portal tract lymphatic
intrahepatic bile ductile
hepatic arteriole
Tpypsinogen is converted to trypsin by enterokinase secreted by the:
goblet cells of the duodenum
enterocytes of the duodenum
hepatocytes
acinar cells of the pancreas
intercalated ducts of the pancreas
enterocytes of the duodenum
The surface cells of the human stomach are replaced every:
24 hours
B. 3 days
7 days
2 weeks
2 months
3-4 days
The only salivary glands that contain no mucous acini are the:
parotid glands
submandibular glands
parotid and submandibular glands
Sublingual glands nuijui
parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands
parotid glands

- parotid glands contain: striated ducts and serous acini
The principal component of the periodontal ligament is:
collagen I
collagen II
collagen IV
high-sulfur keratin
low sulfur keratin
Collagen I
The crown of a tooth is:
a thin covering of enamel over dentine
a thin covering of enamel over cementum
a thin covering of cementum over dentine
enamel alone
dentine alone
a thin covering of enamel over dentine
The principal reason that human milk keeps 4 times as long as infant formula is that:
human milk contains lysozyme
human milk contains lactobacilli
human milk lacks the D-sugars bacteria depend on
infant formula contains much more glucose
infant formula contains more iron
human milk contains lysozyme
The recovery of electrolytes (i.e., ions) from sweat depends on:
the sodium-potassium ATPase of the clear cells
chloride channel of the clear cells
potassium channel of the clear cells
sodium-potassium ATPase of the coiled duct
Chloride channel of the coiled duct
Chloride channel of the coiled duct (dark cell)
Heat stroke is a syndrome in which
Body temperature is elevated and sweating ceases
body temperature is elevated and sweating continues
body temperature is normal or low and sweating continues
body temperature is normal or low and sweating ceases
Body temperature is elevated and sweating ceases
The bacteria that produce adult human body odor live primarily on:
apocrine sweat
eccrine sweat
sebum
dead keratinocytes
shed inner root sheath cells
apocrine sweat
The fungicidal properties of sebum are due to the____ therein: immunoglobulins
sulfomucins
sialomucins
even-carbon fatty acids
odd-carbon fatty acids
odd-carbon fatty acids
The stability of nail keratin depends on:
peptide bonds
disulfide bridges
Both peptide bonds and disulfide bridges
beta-glycoside linkages
peptide bonds, disulfide bridges, and beta-glycoside linkages
Both peptide bonds and disulfide bridges
The plurality of the collagen bundles in the dermis are parallel to:
dermatoglyphic ridges
Lomonosov ridges
Meissner's ridges
Levi-Montalcini's lines
Langer's lines
Langer's lines
The waterproofing of human skin depends on tight junctions in the:
stratum basal
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
papillary dermis
reticular dermis
stratum granulosum
Splenic macrophages phagocytose erythrocytes that contain:

cholesterol
ribosomes
mutant hemoglobirn
insufficient hemoglobin
Parasites
Parasites
The blood supply of a lymph node:
comes from an arteriole
comes from a portal vein
comes from a collecting venule
Comes from an afferent lymphatic
is nonexistent
comes from an arteriole
The submucosa of the stomach contains:
A. arteries
B. mucous glands
C. both of the above
D. serous glands
E. all of the above
A. arteries
Anti-diuretic hormone causes the transfer of ___ from intracellular vesicles to the cell membrane of medullary collecting tubule cells.
A aquaporin 2
B glucose channel
C. inwardly rectifying chloride channels
D. amino acid symporters
E. insulin receptors
A aquaporin 2
The thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle uses sodium ions to symport:
A. K+
8. CI-
C. K+ and CI-
D. Ca2+
E. Ca2+, K+ and Cl-
C. K+ and CI- (drives sodium/potassium + 2 chloride symporter with sodium ATPase)
Glucose is resorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the:
A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. distal convoluted tubule
C. medullary collecting tubule
D. thick ascending segment of the loop of Henle
E. all kidney tubules except the thin segments of the loop of Henle
A. proximal convoluted tubule
A brush border of numerous long, fragile microvilli characterizes the:
A. proximal convulated tubule
b. distal convoluted tubule
C. cortical collecting tubule
D. thin segment of the loop of Henle
E. thick ascending segment of the loop of Henle
A. proximal convoluted tubule
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by _ _ cells.
A. juxtaglomerular
B. mesangia
lC. lacis
D. macula densa
E. endothelial
E. endothelial
The glomerular basal lamina is _ nm thick.
A. 300
B. 30
C. 3
D. 0.3
E. 0.03
A. 300
The wall of a bronchiole contains:
A. cartilage plates
B. smooth muscle
C. both cartilage plates and smooth muscle
D. submucosal glands
E. both submucosal glands and smooth muscle
B. smooth muscle
The trachea has a ---------epithelium.
A. simple squamous
B. stratified squamous
C. simple columnar
D. pseudostratified columnar
E. stratified columnar
D. pseudostratified columnar
Human epithelia usually contain:
antigen presenting cells- LANGERHANS CELLS
An adherent junction that runs parallel to the basement membrane to join a long strip of each of two adjacent cells is called a:
Zonula adherens/ Belt desmosome

- reinforces tight junction
-Anchored by actin microfilaments
The function of desmosomes is to:
To prevent adjacent cells from being pulled apart

- Desmosomes aka macula adherents
- Anchored by cytokeratin intermediate filaments
An epithelium containing a mixture of tall and short cells, all of which make contact with the basement membrane, is classified as:
Psuedostratified

- serve as reserve cells that can replace tall cells that die
- trachea and eustachian/auditory tube: ciliated psuedostratified columnar
The principal structural material of a basal lamina is:
Collagen IV

Basal lamina: Lamina Lucida and Lamina Densa. Organized by laminin
The basal lamina of the epidermis is produced by:
keratinocytes in the stratum basale
If the ducts of a gland have MANY branches, the gland is said to be:
Compound
The cells of the surface layer of a transition epithelium are ___ the cells of the basal layer.
LARGER THAN

Transitional epithelium:
- stretched: squamous/lflat
- relaxed: cuboidal
apical cells > basal cells
- found in urinary tract
A basement membrane is almost always composed of just
An basal lamina (lucida & densa) and a reticular layer

- Reticular layer: made by fibroblast & contain Collagen I & III
Pain endings are found in the:
- NOT above the stratum spinosum
- BELOW stratum spinosum
Vitamin D is made in the:
Stratum Basale
The adhesiveness of desmosomes depends on:
Ca2++
The filamenrs of desmosomes are:
Cytokeratin

- Desmosomes aka Macula Adherentes
If the ducts of a gland have NO branches, the gland is said to be:
Simple
The keratinocytes of the stratum basale are attached to their basal lamina by:
Hemidesmosomes
A long narrow adherent junction that runs parallel to the basement membrane to join a long strip of
each of two adjacent cells is called a:
Belt desmosome aka zonula adherentes

- reinforces tight junction
-Anchored by actin microfilaments
Friction and pressure ("wear and tear") cause the keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum to secrete:
IGF-1

-increases cell divsion/maturation
- increases cathelicdin (antibiotic) production
The skin is waterproofed by tight junctions in the:
Stratum Granulosum
The waterproofing of the skin depends on _____ in the stratum granulosum.
Tight junctions
The cells of the stratum granulosome become the ______ of the stratum corneum.
Squames

- the skin that is shed
Langer's lines are lines parallel to a plurality of the ______ in an area of skin.
Collagen bundes
Transdermal heat loss is MINIMIZED in COLD weather by
Opening of arteriovenous shunts in the dermis
Transdermal heat loss is MAXIMIZED in a HOT environment by:
Closure of arteriovenous shunts in the dermis
Multiplication in the stratum basale is stimulated by IGF-1 secreted in the
Stratum Granulosum
The epidermis usually wears away
One squame at a time
The epidermis is:
Stratified squamous epithelium
The squames of the upper strata of the epidermis owe their structural integrity to a cell envelope of:
Cytokeratin
The antigen-presenting cells of the epidermis are called
Langerhans cell (stratified squamous epithelium)
Stratified squamous epithelia usually contain:
Langerhans cells
Light skinned people have:
- Inactive melanocytes
- Less melanin
- Deficient MSH stimulation of melanocytes
Encapsulated nerve endings in the stratum spinosum of the skin are called:
NONEXISTENT
- found BELOW stratum spinosum
- free nerve endings are found in the stratum spinosum and below
The blood supply of the epidermis is found in the:
Dermis
Antigen-presenting cells are found in the:
Stratum spinosum
Dermis
In which layer of the skin do lamellar bodies of phosholipid appear?
Stratum Granulosum

- IGF1
- Lamellar bodies
- Tight junctions
- Keratohyarin
The Corpuscles of Meissner are encapsulated nerve endings for
- Meisser = touch (used with braille)
- Merkel = discriminating touch
- Pacini = pressure
Corpuscles of Pacini are usually found in the:
Reticular dermis
Sebaceous glands are:
Holocrine glands
A gland who's secretion is its OWN cells is:
Holocrine
A healthy epithelium is always separated from CT by:
Basement membrane
Stratum Germinativum" is also termed:
Stratum Basale
The cells of the hair follicle that do not become part of the hair and are not shed are the:
outer root sheath
The cells of the outer root sheath of a hair follicle:
Remain in place while the hair grows
the nail matrix consists of specialized ____ cells
Epidermal
The stability of nail keratin depends on:
Peptide bonds
Disulfide bonds
Except for cysteine residues (disulfide bridges), the amino acid chains of nail keratin are held together
by:
Peptide bonds
Sebaceous glands develop from the epithelium of:
A hair follicle
The keratin of finger and toe nails contain more _____ than epidermal keratin.
Cysteine
Hair keratin is notably high in:
Cysteine
The cells of the bulb of the outer root sheath of a hair follicle can become:
Sebacceous cells
The fungicidal properties of sebum are due to the ________therein.
Odd-carbon fatty acids - forms formic acid w/ last carbon
Vellus hairs are:
Small and colorless
Hair grows during the ______ phase of the hair cycle
Anagen
An arrector pili muscle is a ______ muscle
Smooth
The bacteria that produce adult human body odor live primarily on:
Apocrine sweat
The secretory coil of an APOCRINE sweat gland has a __________ epithelium.
Simple columnar
The secretory coil of an ECCRINE sweat gland has a _________epitherlium
Pseudostratified cuboidal
Myoepithelial cells are found around the:
-Secretory coils of apocrine sweat glands
-Secretory coils of eccrine sweat glands
The recovery of electrolytes (i.e., ions) from sweat depends on the:
DARK CELLS w/ CHLORIDE channel of the coiled duct
also secrets dermicidin
Sweat contains less salt than blood b/c:
salt is resorbed by the coiled duct
The syndrome in which sweating continues while the body's skin and core temperatures are elevated is called:
Hyperpyrexia
Heat stroke is a syndrome in which:
body temperature is elevated and sweating ceases
The only substance actively transported by the clear cells of the eccrine sweat gland is:
Na+
The dark cells of an eccrine sweat gland secrete:
Mucis (moisturizer), dermicidin (antibiotic)
The principal component of apocrine sweat is:
glycoproteins
The coiled duct of an eccrine sweat gland:
resorbs salts from the sweat
A gland that releases secretory granules into a lumen connected to a duct is said to be:
Exocrine
"Acclimitization" of the coiled duct of an eccrine swat gland requires:
7-8 days of profuse sweating

- causes the cells of the coiled duct to increase their energy reserves so that they can function throughout the period of sweating
Corpuscles of Meissner are _________ receptors.

A: slow-adapting pain
B: fast-adapting pain
C: slow-adapting touch
D: fast-adapting touch
E: slow-adapting cold
D: fast-adapting touch
In function, a Langerhans cell is most like a:

A: pigment cell
B: nerve cell
C: glial cell
D: fat cell
E: macrophage
E: macrophage (antigen presenting cell)
Keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum stimulate growth in the stratum basale by secreting:

A: MSH
B: TSH
C: IGF-I
D: TNF-alpha
E: TGF-beta
C: IGF-I
Almost all of the cell division in the epidermis takes place in the:
A: stratum corneum
B: stratum lucidum
C: stratum granulosum
D: stratum spinosum
E: stratum basale
E: stratum basale
Langer's lines are imaginary lines:
A: connecting the corpuscles of the kyungrak system
B: parallel to the plurality of dermal collagen bundles
C: tracing the boundary between the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis
D: tracing the boundary between the dermis and the hypodermis
E: along the boundaries of different domains of the kyungrak system
B: parallel to the plurality of dermal collagen bundles
In a pseudostratified epithelium ___ of the cells make contact with the basement membrane.
A: all
B: most
C: half
D: very few
E: none
A: all
Epithelial cells almost always contain intermediate filaments of:
A: desmin
B: vimentin
C: cytokeratin
D: all of the above
E: none of the above
C: cytokeratin
The filaments supporting microvilli are composed of:
A. actin
B: cytokeratin
C: tubulin
D: desmin
E: vimentin
A. actin
Human epithelia usually contain:
A: fibroblasts
B: antigen-presenting cells
C: capillaries
D: white fat cells
E: encapsulated nerve endings
B: antigen-presenting cells
The minimum temperature for the hatching ( excystment ) of Naegleria fowleri is:
A: 50o F
B: 60o F
C: 70o F
D: 80o F
E: 90o F
D. 80 F
Surface tension does not collapse the alveoli when one exhales because:
A: squamous alveolar cells are stiffened by keratin
B: squamous alveolar cells are stiffened by microtubules
C: alveolar walls are stiffened by fibrocartilage
D: type 2 alveolar cells secrete as surfactant that reduces surface tension
E: the glycocalyx of squamous alveolar cells reduces surface tension
D: type 2 alveolar cells secrete as surfactant that reduces surface tension
The wall of a bronchiole contains:
A: only smooth muscle
B: only hyaline cartilage
C: hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle
D: only fibrocartilage
E: fibrocartilage and smooth muscle
A: only smooth muscle
The minimum distance between air and blood in pulmonary alveoli is:

A: 20 nm
B: 200 nm
C: 2 micrometers
D: 20 micrometers
E: 0.2 mm
B: 200 nm
Acclimatization of the coiled duct of an eccrine sweat gland requires __ of profuse sweating.
A: four hours
B: a day
C: a week
D: a month
E: six months
C: a week
Hyperthermia is a syndrome in which:
A: body temperature is elevated and sweating ceases
B: body temperature is elevated and sweating continues
C: body temperature is normal or low and sweating continues
D: body temperature is normal or low and sweating ceases
E: body temperature is severely depressed and sweating continues
B: body temperature is elevated and sweating continues
Apocrine glands are found:
A: on the palms and soles
B: in the scalp
C: in the axilla
D: in the scalp and axilla
E: all over the body
C. in the axilla

- Found in axilla and groin
- Provide nutrients to bacteria that cause body odor
The fungicidal properties of sebum are due to the _________ therein.

A: sialomucins
B: sulfomucins
C: lysozyme
D: even-carbon fatty acids
E: odd-carbon fatty acids
E: odd-carbon fatty acids
Light skinned people have:
A: very few melanocytes
B: very small melanocytes
C: inactive melanocytes
D: unstable melanosomes
E: Langerhans cells that bleach their melanocytes
C: inactive melanocytes

- not the same as FEW melanocytes
All of the following are derivatives of the mesoderm EXCEPT:
A. enamel
B. dentine
C. cementum
D. pulp
A. enamel

- enamel is an epithelial secretion
The filiform papillae of the tongue are covered by:
Keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

- same as covering of gums
The principal enzyme in human parotid saliva is an:
Amylase
The only salivary glands that contain no mucous acini are the:
Parotid glands (only serous)
One finds ________ embedded in the lamina propria of the upper surface of the tongue.
Mucous glands
A spherical group of secretory cells is called:
An acinus
The processes of odontoblasts penetrate almost all of the:
Dentine
The gums are covered by a:
keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

(same as filiform papillae of the tongue)
The periodontal ligament is composed of:
Collagen I
One finds _______ embedded in the lamina propria of the upper surface of the tongue.
Mucous glands and Serous salivary glands
A serous demilune is attached to a:
mucous acinus
Striated ducts are peculiar to:
Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands

all salivary glands contain striated ducts - they secrete K+ and bicarbonate & absorb Na+
Striated ducts add ______to the saliva
K+ and Bicarbonate
The most obvious difference between lingual and palatine tonsils is that LINGUAL tonsils are:
smaller
The most obvious difference between lingual and palatine tonsils is that PALATINE tonsils are:
larger
The pulp of a tooth is made up of
Areolar connective tissue
The cementum of a tooth has ________ calcium concentration than/ as bone
the same
Tooth enamel has ________calcium concentration than/as bone.
A higher
How far above the gingival should the cementum of a tooth extend?
Not at all
The outer covering of the gingiva is:
Non-keratinizing stratified squamous eptithelium
The principal component of the periodontal ligament is:
Collagen I
The lumps on the tongue posterior to the vallate papillae are:
Lingual tonsils
The lingual tonsils are located:
base of tongue/behind the vallate papillae
The lamina propria of the oral mucosa is:
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
What kind of taste receptors predominate the tip of the tongue:
Sweet
What kind of taste receptors predominate at the back of the tongue:
Bitter
What kind of taste receptors predominate at the sides of the tongue
Sour
Taste receptor cells are _____ than the surrounding cells of the lingual epithelium.
Taller
Although text books list only 4 primary tastes, most taste researchers agree that there is a fifth taste
which researchers call:
Savory/ Umami
Dentine has _____ calcium concentration than bone.
A: a higher
B: a lower
C: the same
C. the same

(dentine & cementum)
The plasma cells in palatine tonsils secrete:

A: IgA
B: IgG
C: lysozyme
D: TNF-alpha
E: amylase
A: IgA
A normal parotid gland contains:
A: only striated ducts
B: only serous acini
C: both serous and mucous acini
D: only mucous acini
E: both striated ducts and serous acini
E: both striated ducts and serous acini (NO mucous acini)
A normal esophagus never contains:
A: antigen-presenting cells
B: intraepithelial lymphocytes
C: goblet cells
D: smooth muscle
E: striated muscle
C: goblet cells
The submucosa of the stomach contains:
A: arteries
B: mucous glands
C: lymph nodes
D: serous glands
E: sympathetic ganglia
A: arteries
The intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption is secreted by:
A: Paneth cells of the jejunum
B: parietal cells of the stomach
C: chief cells of the stomach
D: Brunner's glands in the duodenum
E: microfold cells in the ileum
B: parietal cells of the stomach
Alcohol dehydrogenase is abundant in hepatocytes and ...
A: gastric chief cells
B: gastric parietal cells
C: mucous neck cells
D: duodenal enterocytes
E: Paneth cells
B: gastric parietal cells
Lysozyme destroys the:
A: cell walls of bacteria
B: cell membranes of bacteria
C: ribosomes of bacteria
D: cysts of parasites
E: eggs of parasites
A: cell walls of bacteria
Insulin sensitivity is increased by the abundance of _________ in the intestines.

A: Escherichia coli
B: Clostridium dificile
C: Akkermansia mucinophila
D: Candida albicans
E: Listeria monocytogenes
C: Akkermansia mucinophila
The submucosa of the stomach contains:
-Connective tissue
-Nerves (submucosal plexus)
-Arteries
Gastric intrinsic factor" is secreted by
Parietal cells for absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Gastrin promotes the secretion of
pepsin
The parietal cells of human males contain more ______ than those of human females.
Alcohol dehydrogenase

- found in hepatocytes and parietal cells
Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase is found primarily in the _____ cells of the stomach.
Parietal
The life expectancy of a differentiated cell in the surface epithelium of the stomach is:
4 days
Most of the medium-sized [veins/arteries] (smaller than the gastroepiploic vein) of the stomach are
located:
In the submucosa
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by the:
Parietal cells

- parietal cells secrete GIF and HCl
Gastric glands contain chief cells only in the:
Fundus
Chief cells are located in the (Fundic stomach):
Bases of gastric glands
The intrinsic factor (helps absorb B12) for the absorption of vitamin B12 is secreted by the
Gastric parietal cells
The dominant cell type in pyloric glands is:
mucous

- pyloric glands only have mucous cells
The lamina propria of the esophagus is separated from the submucosa by:
smooth muscle
The epithelium of the esophagus is separated from the muscularis mucosae by:
Lamina propria
The alimentary canal has a stratified squamous epithelium in the:
Esophagus

- non-keratinized
The parasympathetic ganglia that direct the activity of the digestive tract are located:
Between the circular and longitudinal muscularis (Auerbach's myenteric plexus)
Kupffer cells are _______ cells
- Phagocytic
- Found in the sinusoids in the liver
The connective tissue inside a villus is called
lamina propria
The lamina propria of the duodenum contains
lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils
Duodenal absorptive cells secrete:
- enterokinase
- absorptive cells ARE enterocytes
Enterokinase is produced by the:
enterocytes of the duodenum
The luminal surfaces of the absorptive cells of the colon are covered with:
microvili
One of the distinctive features of the colon is the absence of:
vili

- not the same as microvili
Microvilli are supported by:
actin filaments
The absorptive cells (enterocytes) of the colon normally absorb:
Vitamin K & H2O
One of the odd features of the epithelium of the human small intestine is that it contains:
T-lymphocytes
The M-cells of the intestine transfer:
Antigens to a macrophage
The epithelium of the villi of the ileum contains:
enterocytes and goblet cells
Goblet cells are found in the:
- Ascending colon, Transverse Colon, Descending Colon
- Small Intestines
- NEVER above the pyloric sphincter
The myenteric plexus is located:
between the circular longitudinal muscularis
Paneth cells are located in the:
Crypts of the small intestine (they secrete lysozyme and defensin)
An intestinal villus is ~200___ thick and ~1000____long.
um
Cholecystokinin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the:
Enteroendocrine/APUD cells of the duodenum
The enteroendocrine/ APUD cells secrete:
Gastrin
Histamine
Somatostatin Serotonin
Glucagonf
GIP
Ghrelinh
CCK
Enteroendocrine/APUD cells of the stomach secrete ________ to stimulate the secretion of pepsin by chief cells.
Gastrin
Bile:
Emulsifies triglycerides/fats
One gastric pits usually serves as a duct for ______ gastric glands
2 or 3
Kupffer cells are ______ cells.
A: phagocytic
B: glycogen storage
C: vitamin B12 storage
D: fat storage
E: vitamin A storage
A: phagocytic
Bilirubin turns the whites of the eyes yellow and
A: suppresses erythropoiesis
B: suppresses brain activity
C: suppresses gastrointestinal motility
D: suppresses the proteolytic activity of trypsin
E: prevents the conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin
B: suppresses brain activity
Pancreatic acinar cells transfer ________ to the lumen bring in water by osmosis.
A: trypsin
B: amylase
C: potassium ions
D: chloride ions
E: ferrous ions
D: chloride ions
The perisinusoidal space of Disse:
A: allows normal hepatocytes to make direct contact with blood plasma
B: allows normal hepatocytes to make direct contact with erythrocytes
C: is a fixation artefact
D: appears only in advanced cases of cirrhosis
E: is a temporary effect of hepatitis A
A: allows normal hepatocytes to make direct contact with blood plasma
The enterocytes of the colon absorb:
A: water
B: vitamin K
C: water and vitamin K
D: bile salts
E: Water, bile salts, and vitamin K
C: water and vitamin K
Paneth cells secrete:
A: lysozyme
B: enterokinase
C: neutral mucus
D: acid mucus
E: IgG
A: lysozyme (and Defensin)
Insulin sensitivity is increased by the abundance of _________ in the intestines.
A: Escherichia coli
B: Clostridium dificile
C: Akkermansia mucinophila
D: Candida albicans
E: Listeria monocytogenes
C: Akkermansia mucinophila
The intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption is secreted by
A: Paneth cells of the jejunum
B: parietal cells of the stomach
C: chief cells of the stomach
D: Brunner's glands
E: microfold cells in the ileum
B: parietal cells of the stomach
The secretion of gastric mucus is most strongly stimulated by:
A: acetylcholine
B: gastrin
C: histamine
D: ghrelin
E: prostaglandin E2
E: prostaglandin E2
The surface cells of the human stomach are replaced every ___
A: 2 hours
B: 4 hours
C: 8 hours
D: 24 hours
E: 96 hours
E: 96 hours
The rugae of the stomach are
A: transverse folds of the mucosa
B: longitudinal folds of the mucosa
C: fingerlike projections of the mucosa
D: well-like depressions of the mucosa
E: bulges of the submucosa in regions where the longitudinal muscularis is absent
B: longitudinal folds of the mucosa
The epithelium of a normal esophagus is:
A: simple squamous
B: simple columnar
C: stratified squamous
D: stratified columnar
E: transitional
C: stratified squamous
Sodium ions are recovered from saliva by the epithelium of the:
A: serous acini
B: mucous acini
C: intercalated ducts
D: striated ducts
E: excretory ducts
D: striated ducts (they secrete K+ and bicarbonate & absorb Na+)
The principal difference between lingual and palatine tonsils is that palatine tonsils:
A: are larger
B: have no crypts
C: contain only T-lymphocytes
D: never contain plasma cells
E: do not have an epithelial lining in their crypts
A: are larger
What kind of taste receptors predominate on the tip of the tongue?
A: sweet
B: sour
C: bitter
D: salty
E: umami (meaty)
A. sweet
The principal component of the periodontal ligament is:
A: collagen I
B: collagen II
C: collagen IV
D: high-sulfur keratin
E: low sulfur keratin
A: collagen I
Mast cells in the lamina propria of a bronchiole secrete:
A: epinephrine
B: oxytocin
C: bradykinin
D: leukotriene
E: anandamide
D: leukotriene
The free ends of a tracheal ring are connected by:
A: nothing at all
B: elastic fibers
C: type I collagen fibers
D: type III collagen fibers
E: smooth muscle
E: smooth muscle
The minimum distance between air and blood in pulmonary alveoli is:
A: 20 nm
B: 200 nm
C: 2 micrometers
D: 20 micrometers
E: 0.2 mm
B: 200 nm
Club cell secretions decrease surface tension and
A: activate the immune system
B: suppress activity of the immune system
C: increase the production of lymphocytes in bone marrow
D: decrease the production of lymphocytes in bone marrow
E: convert norepinephrine to epinephrine
B: suppress activity of the immune system

- club cells are stem cells that secrete: lysozyme, surfactant, immunosuppressant protein
Human milk contains:
A: IgA
B: lysozyme
C: IgA and lysozyme
D: IgG
E. IgA and IgG
C: IgA and lysozyme
The recovery of electrolytes (i.e., ions) from sweat depends on the:
A: sodium-potassium ATPase of the clear cells
B: chloride channel of the clear cells
C: sodium-potassium ATPase of the coiled duct cells
D: chloride channel of the dark cells
E: chloride channel of the coiled duct cells
E: chloride channel of the coiled duct cells
Hyperthermia is a syndrome in which:
A: body temperature is elevated and sweating ceases
B: body temperature is elevated and sweating continues
C: body temperature is normal or low and sweating continues
D: body temperature is normal or low and sweating ceases
E: body temperature is severely depressed and sweating continues
B: body temperature is elevated and sweating continues
The bacteria that produce adult human body odor live primarily on:
A: apocrine sweat
B: eccrine sweat
C: sebum
D: dead keratinocytes
E: shed inner root sheath cells
A: apocrine sweat
Sebaceous glands are _____ glands.
A: apocrine
B: eccrine
C: holocrine
D: endocrine
E: merocrine
C: holocrine
The cells of the bulge of the outer root sheath of a hair follicle can become:
A: keratinocytes
B: sebaceous cells
C: more outer root sheath cells
D: hair matrix
E: any of the above
E: any of the above

- they are stem cells
Alkalies damage finger and toenails because they:
A: hydrolyze peptide bonds
B: hydrolyze ether linkages
C: solvate ionic bonds
D: emulsify hydrophobic bonds
E: reduce disulfide bonds
A: hydrolyze peptide bonds
Langer's lines are lines parallel to a plurality of the ___ in an area of skin.
A: nerves
B: blood vessels
C: lymphatics
D: dermatoglyphic ridges
E: collagen bundles
E: collagen bundles
Thick skin always has a thicker ________________ than thin skin.
A: epidermis
B: dermis
C: dermis AND epidermis
D: hypodermis
E: stratum basale
A: epidermis
Keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum stimulate growth in the stratum basale by secreting:
A: MSH
B: TSH
C: IGF-I
D: TNF-alpha
E: TGF-beta
C: IGF-I
The keratinocytes of the stratum basale are attached to their basal lamina by:
A: gap junctions
B: tight junctions
C: desmosomes
D: hemidesmosomes
E: belt desmosomes
D: hemidesmosomes
Human epidermis contains:
A: antigen-presenting cells
B: capillary loops
C: capillary loops and antigen-presenting cells
D: corpuscles of Meissner
E: capillary loops and corpuscles of Meissner
A: antigen-presenting cells
The waterproofing of the skin depends on ____ in the stratum granulosum.
A: gap junctions
B: tight junctions
C: desmosomes
D: hemidesmosomes
E: Langerhans cells
B: tight junctions
In a pseudostratified epithelium __ of the cells make contact with the basement membrane.
A: all
B: most
C: half
D: very few
E: none
A. all
Cilia are supported by:
A: microfilaments
B: microtubules
C: microsomes
D: an actin-spectrin-ankyrin complex
E: intermediate filaments
B: microtubules
The lamina densa of a basement membrane is mostly:
A: elastin
B: collagen I
C: collagen III
D: collagen IV
E: hyaluronic acid
D: collagen IV
C-peptide is secreted by the ___ cells of the islets of Langerhans.
A: alpha
B: beta
C: gamma
D: delta
E: E
B: beta
Anti-diuretic hormone is synthesized in the
A: pineal
B: hypothalamus
C: neurohypophysis
D: pars anterior of the pituitary
E: pars intermedia of the pituitary
B: hypothalamus
Calcium phosphate concretions accumulate in the _____ as one ages.
A: adenohypophysis
B: neurohypophysis
C: median eminence
D: supraoptic nucleus
E: pineal
E: pineal
The basal cells of a transitional epithelium are __________ the apical cells.
A: larger than
B: smaller than
C: the same size as
B: smaller than
The medulla of the kidney contains:
A: renal corpuscles
B: afferent arterioles
C: renal corpuscles and afferent arterioles
D: long loops of Henle
E: renal corpuscles, afferent arterioles, and long loops of Henle
D: long loops of Henle
A brush border of numerous long, fragile microvilli characterizes the:
A: proximal convoluted tubule
B: distal convoluted tubule
C: cortical collecting tubule
D: thin segment of the loop of Henle
E: thick ascending segment of the loop of Henle
A: proximal convoluted tubule
The action of renin on its substrate results in
A: a rise in systemic blood pressure
B: a fall in systemic blood pressure
C: a fall in the osmolality (salt concentration) of blood
D: anemia (low RBC count)
E: polycythemia (excess of RBC's)
A: a rise in systemic blood pressure
The movement of water into the lumen of a pancreatic acinus depends on:
A: chloride secretion by CFTR in the luminal plasmalemma
B: translocation of aquaporin-8 from the cytoplasm to the plasmalemma
C: reverse operation of sodium/potassium ATPase
D: reverse pinocytosis of water
E: sodium-driven symport of chloride and potassium
A: chloride secretion by CFTR in the luminal plasmalemma
Type II pneumocytes secrete:
A: phospholipids
B: defensins
C: IgA
D: lysozyme
E: both lysozyme and defensins
A: phospholipids (surfactant)
The club cells of respiratory passages secrete:
A: acidic mucus
B: alkaline mucus
C: anti-inflammatory protein
D: fatty acid esters
E: arginine vasopressin
C: anti-inflammatory protein
The intercalated ducts of the pancreas secrete:
A: trypsin
B: bicarbonate
C: IgG
D: glucagon
E: all of the above
B: bicarbonate
Bile is secreted by the:
A: hepatocytes
B: Ito cells
C: Kupffer cells
D: epithelium of the gall bladder
E: sinuses of Rokitansky
A: hepatocytes

- ito cells aka stellate cells: store vitamin A, secret fib c.t. = CIRRHOSIS
Hepatocytes store:
A: glycogen
B: fat
C: vitamin C
D: bile
E: amino acids
A: glycogen
The perisinusoidal space of Disse:
A: allows normal hepatocytes to make direct contact only with blood plasma
B: allows normal hepatocytes to make direct contact with plasma and erythrocytes
C: is a fixation artefact
D: appears only in advanced cases of cirrhosis
E: is a temporary effect of hepatitis A
A: allows normal hepatocytes to make direct contact only with blood plasma
The enterocytes of the colon absorb:
A: water
B: vitamin B12
C: bile salts and vitamin B12
D: water and bile salts
E: water, bile salts, and vitamin B12
A: water (and Vitamin K)
One of the most effective natural enemies of the pathogen Clostridium difficile is:
A: Babesia microtii
B: Escherichia coli
C: Lactobacillus rhamnosus
D: Amoeba histolytica
E: Cryptosporidium parvum
C: Lactobacillus rhamnosus
The enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum secrete:
A: IGF-I
B: ghrelin
C: melatoni
D: cholecystokinin
E: gastrin
D: cholecystokinin
The lamina propria of intestinal villi contains:
A: macrophages
B: plasma cells
C: eosinophils
D: macrophages and plasma cells
E: macrophages, plasma cells, and eosinophils
E: macrophages, plasma cells, and eosinophils
The epithelium of the small intestine contains:
A: enterocytes
B: goblet cells
C: enterocytes and goblet cells
D: T-lymphocytes
E: T-lymphocytes, enterocytes and goblet cells
E: T-lymphocytes, enterocytes and goblet cells
Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase is found primarily in the ____ cells of the stomach.
A: chief
B: parietal
C: mucous neck
D: pyloric mucous
E: surface
B: parietal
The intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption is secreted by:
A: Paneth cells of the jejunum
B: parietal cells of the stomach
C: chief cells of the stomach
D: Brunner's glands
E: microfold cells in the ileum
B: parietal cells of the stomach
The human stomach is lined by a:
A: simple squamous epithelium
B: stratified squamous epithelium
C: simple columnar epithelium
D: stratified columnar epithelium
E: transitional epithelium
C: simple columnar epithelium
Submucosa of the stomach contains:
A: arteries
B: mucous glands
C: both of the above
D: serous glands
E: all of the above
A: arteries
Striated ducts are found in:
A: parotid glands only
B: submandibular salivary glands only
C: sublingual salivary glands only
D: all salivary glands
E: all digestive glands
D: all salivary glands (they secrete K+ and bicarbonate & absorb Na+)
The epithelium of the gums is:
A: simple squamous epithelium
B: stratified squamous epithelium
C: simple columnar epithelium
D: stratified columnar epithelium
E: transitional epithelium
B: stratified squamous epithelium
How far above the gingiva should the cementum of a tooth extend?
A: ~3 mm
B: ~2 mm
C: 1 mm
D: 600 mm
E: not at all
E: not at all
Human milk contains:
A: dermcidin
B: cathelicidin
C: IgA
D: IgG
E: IgE
C: IgA (and lysozyme)
Acclimatization of the coiled duct of an eccrine sweat gland requires __ of profuse sweating.
A: two hours
B: eight hours
C: a week
D: a month
E: six months
C: a week
Heat stroke is a syndrome in which:
A: body temperature is elevated and sweating ceases
B: body temperature is elevated and sweating continues
C: body temperature is normal or low and sweating continues
D: body temperature is normal or low and sweating ceases
A: body temperature is elevated and sweating ceases
The fungicidal properties of sebum are due to the _________ therein.
A: immunoglobulins
B: sulfomucins
C: sialomucins
D: even-carbon fatty acids
E: odd-carbon fatty acids
E: odd-carbon fatty acids
The stability of nail keratin depends on:
A: peptide bonds
B: disulfide bridges
C: both peptide bonds and disulfide bridges
D: beta-glycoside linkages
E: peptide bonds, disulfide bridges, and beta-glycoside linkages
C: both peptide bonds and disulfide bridges
The closest thing we have to skin stem cells are the cells of the:
A: basal layer of sebaceous glands
B: bulge of the outer root sheath of hair follicles
C: nerve sheath of Meissner's corpuscles
D: myoepithelial layer of eccrine sweat glands
E: stratum spinosum
B: bulge of the outer root sheath of hair follicles
Collagen bundles in the dermis are:
A: all parallel to each other
B: almost all (90%) parallel to each other
C: parallel about 40% of the time
D: half parallel and half perpendicular to each other
E: completely random in their orientation
C: parallel about 40% of the time
The cells of the stratum granulosum get their oxygen supply from the:
A: air
B: capillaries in dermal papillae
C: capillaries in the subpapillary plexus D: lymphatics in dermal papillae
E: electrolysis of water
A: air
The dead cells of the stratum corneum are called:
A: apoptomes
B: corneae
C: cytosomes
D: epitomes
E: squames
E: squames
Almost all of the cell division in the epidermis takes place in the:
A: stratum corneum
B: stratum luciduM
C: stratum granulosum
D: stratum spinosuM
E: stratum basale
E: stratum basale
A gland whose secretion is its own cells is said to be:
A: paracrine
B: endocrine
C: exocrine
D: merocrine
E: holocrine
E: holocrine
Integrins in the basal membranes of epithelial cells are anchored to collagen IV in the lamina densa by:
A: collagen I in the lamina lucida
B: collagen I in the lamina fibroreticularis
C: laminin in the lamina lucida
D: laminin in the lamina fibroreticularis
E: fibronectin in the lamina fibroreticularis
C: laminin in the lamina lucida
The principal role of Langerhans cells is to:
A: secrete MSH
B: secrete VEGF
C: secrete lysozyme
D: produce melanin
E: present antigens
E: present antigens
The mucosa of the stomach and intestines includes the:
a. epithelium and basement membrane
b. lamina propria
c. epithelium and lamina propria
d. muscularis mucosae
e. epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
e. epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
Palatine tonsils are __ posterior to the palatoglassal arch.
a. small lymph nodes
b. large lymph nodules
c. a thin line of T-lymphocytes
d. displaced thymus tissue
e. displaced intestinal cryptopatches
b. large lymph nodules
The cementum of a tooth should cover:
a. the entire tooth
b. only the crown
c. only the root
d. the crown and upper third of the root
e. the root and upper third of the crown
c. only the root
The central feature of a hepatic acinus is a
Perilobular arteriole
The intercalated ducts of the pancreas secrete:
Bicarbonate
- neutralizes the stomach acids so enzymes can work
- stimulated by secretin
Secretin (from duodenal Enteroendocrine, APUD cell) causes the pancreas to secrete:
Bicarbonate
- neutralizes the stomach acids so enzymes can work
- stimulated by secretin
The acini of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes in response to:
Cholecystokinin
Insulin causes Hepatocytes to:
Convert to glucose to glycogen
Glucagon causes Hepatocytes to:
Breakdown glycogen and release glucose into the blood stream
Hepatocytes get most of their OXYGEN by way of:
Hepatic arteriole
Hepatocytes get most of their NUTRIENTS by way of
Portal vein
The center of a portal lobule is a:
Bile ductule (portal triad)
Bile is secreted by the:
hepatocytes
The inner layer of smooth muscle in the wall of the ureter is:
Longitudinal
The most numerous cells in the pancreas are:
acinar cells
The acinar cells of the pancreas secrete:
digestive enzymes
- not the same as centroacinar cells
- amylase, lipase, nucleases, proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase)
Most of the vitamin A stored by the body is stored by the:
Ito cells (stellate cells) of the liver
The Ito (stellate) cells of the liver store:
vitamin A and fat
Blood from the pancreas drains into the:
hepatic portal vein
Hepatocyte detoxifies the blood:
Via the cytochrome P450 system within its Smooth ER
The critical component of the epidermal bacterial barrier is
A: keratohyalin
B: loricrin
C: ceramide
D: vitamin D
E: arachidonic acid
C: ceramide (improves skin barrier- from lamella bodies in stratum granulosum)
Collagen XVII on the extracellular side of a hemidesmosome binds to __ in the basal lamina.
A: collagen I
B: collagen II
C: elastin
D: laminin
E: desmocollin
D: laminin
Club cells are an essential feature of the
A: trachea
B: intrapulmonary bronchi
C: bronchioles
D: alveolar ducts
E: alveolar walls
C: bronchioles

- club cells are stem cells that secrete: lysozyme, surfactant, immunosuppressant protein
The mucus blanket covering the tracheal epithelium is moved upward primarily by:
A: air flow
B: peristalsis
C: cilia
D: secretion pressure
E: capillary action
C: cilia
The striated ducts of human salivary glands secrete
A: amylase
B: bicarbonate ions
C: sodium ion
D: chloride ions
E: proteases
B: bicarbonate ions (they secrete K+ and bicarbonate & absorb Na+)
The lamina propria of the oral mucosa is:
A: dense regular connective tissue
B: dense irregular connective tissue
C: areolar connective tissue
D: reticular connective tissue
E: smooth muscle
B: dense irregular connective tissue
Arteriolae rectae branch directly off the:
A: afferent arterioles
B: efferent arterioles
C: arcuate arteries
D: interlobular arteries
B: efferent arterioles
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) causes water to diffuse out of the filtrate in the:
A: proximal convoluted tubule
B: medullary collecting duct
C: thin segment of the loop of Henle
D: cortical collecting duct
E: thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B: medullary collecting duct
The centroacinar cells of the pancreas secrete
A: digestive enzymes
B: bicarbonate
C: bicarbonate and digestive enzymes
D: IgG
E: IgG and bicarbonate
B: bicarbonate

- acinar cells (not the same) secrete digestive enzymes
A hepatic portal venule is usually accompanied by a
A: centrilobular vein
B: hepatic arteriole
C: hepatic arteriole and centrilobular vein
D: bile ductule
E: hepatic arteriole and bile ductule
E: hepatic arteriole and bile ductule
The function of tight junctions is to:
A: prevent the passage of material between cells
B: to prevent adjacent cells from being pulled apart
C: to allow the passage of small ions from one cell to another
D: restrict the reproduction of cells surrounded by neighbors
E: create a space through which nerve endings can penetrate an epithelium
A: prevent the passage of material between cells
Desmosome is another word for
A: zonula occludens
B: macula adherens
C: nexus
D: synapse
E: laminin
B: macula adherens
The wall of a bronchiole contains:
A: goblet cells
B: smooth muscle
C: both of the above
D :submucosal glands
E: all of the above
B: smooth muscle
The cells of the bulge of the outer root sheath of a hair follicle can become:
A: keratinocvtes
B: sebaceous cells
C: either of the above
D :neither of the above
C: either of the above

- they are stem cells, can become any cells in that region
The submucosa of the stomach contains:
A: arteries
B: mucous glands
C: both ofthe above
D :serous glands
E: allof the above
A: arteries
C-peptide is made by the ___ cells of the islets of Langerhans.
A: α
B: β
C: δ
D: E
E.: F
B: β
The 2 (inhibitory) receptors of the smooth muscle of bronchioles are most responsive to:
A: epinephrine
B: norepinephrine
C: cortisol
D: dopamine
E: oxytocin
A: epinephrine
Anti-diuretic hormone causes water to diffuse out of the filtrate in the:
A: proximal convoluted tubule
B: distal convoluted tubule
C: both of the above
D: medullary collecting tubule
E: all of the above
D: medullary collecting tubule
Type II pneumocytes secrete:
A: surfactant
B: defensin
C: both of the above
D: lysozyme
E: all of the above
A: surfactant
Parathyroid hormone induces calcium resorption by the cells of the:
A: thin segment of the loop of Henle
B: thick ascending limb of Henle
C: distal convoluted tubule
D: cortical collecting duct
E: medullary collecting duct
C: distal convoluted tubule
The thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle uses sodium ions to symport:
A: K+
B: Cl-
C: K+ and Cl-
D: Ca2+
E: Ca2+, K+ and Cl-
C: K+ and Cl-
Juxtaglomerular cells are found around the:
A: afferent arterioles
B: arteriolae rectae
C: proximal convoluted tubules
D: thin segments of the loop of Henle
E: papillary ducts
A: afferent arterioles
The glomerular capillaries are separated from the podocytes by
A: a basal lamina
B: reticular connective tissue
C: areolar connective tissue
D: dense irregular connective tissue
E: thin cartilage plates
A: a basal lamina
The trachea has a ____________________ epithelium.
A: simple squamous
B: stratified squamous
C: simple columnar
D: pseudostratified columnar
E: stratified columnar
D: pseudostratified columnar
Arteriolae rectaE branch directly off the:
A: afferent arterioles
B: efferent arterioles
C: arcuate arteries
D: interlobular arteries
E: renal arteries
B: efferent arterioles
The luminal surface of the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney has:
A: cilia
B: microvilli
C: a cuticular (keratinized) border
D: caveoli
E: synaptosomes
B: microvilli
- distinctive feature
The tracheal rings are:
A: elastic cartilage
B: hyaline cartilage
C: fibrocartilage
D: calcified cartilage
E: bone
B: hyaline cartilage
- rings are connected by: smooth muscle
The acini of the pancreas secrete:
A. trypsin
B: bicarbonate
C: trypsin and bicarbonate
D: glucagon
E: IgG
A. trypsin

- centroacinar secrets bicarbonate
The cholangiocytes at the ends of intrahepatic bile ducts are the:
A: principal antigen-presenting cells of the liver
B: ultimate liver stem cells
C: source of the reticular fibers that maintain the structure of the liver
D: body's principal storehouse of vitamin A
E: body's sole source of glucagon
B: ultimate liver stem cells
Vitamin B12 is normally absorbed in the
A: stomach
B: duodenum
C: jejunum
D: ileum
E: colon
D: ileum
- this is where the majority of absorption occurs
Many pathogenic bacteria are kept out of the intestines by:
A: Escherichia coli
B: Clostridium dificile
C: Lactobacillus rhamnosus
D: Candida albicans
E: Listeria monocytogenes
C: Lactobacillus rhamnosus
The parasympathetic neurons that control the motility of the stomach are located in the:
A: submucosal plexus
B: myenteric plexus
C: coeliac ganglion
D: superior mesenteric ganglion
E: last 3 thoracic paravertebral ganglia
B: myenteric plexus
- between circular and longitudinal muscles
"Umami is the taste sensation produced by:
A: salt
B: sugar
C: lemon juice
D: steak
E: watercress or spinach
D: steak
umami=savor
The sphincter of the bladder (sphincter vesicae) is:
A: smooth muscle
B: skeletal muscle
C: cardiac muscle
D: myoepithelial cells
E: myofibroblasts
A: smooth muscle
A normal esophagus never contains:
A: antigen-presenting cells
B: mucous glands
C: goblet cells
D: smooth muscle
E: striated muscle
C: goblet cells
Growth hormone stimulates the release of IGF-I by the:
A: neurohypophysis
B: thyroid gland
C: islets of Langerhans
D: liver
E: kidney
D: liver
The most notable feature of a gap junction is that it:
A: has great mechanical strength
B: does not allow the passage of liquids or solutes
C: facilitates communication between cells
D: prevents adjacent cells from communicating
E: facilitates the passage of leukocytes
C: facilitates communication between cells
- facilitates passages of ions and small molecules between cells
The principal structural material of the lamina lucida of a basement membrane is:
A: laminin
B: E-selectin
C: collagen III
D: collagen IV
E: collagen V
A: laminin (think L=L)

lamina densa = collagen IV
Parathyroid hormone:
A: inhibits PO43- resorption by the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney
B: stimulates Ca2+ resorption by the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney
C: both of the above
D: stimulates osteoclastic activity
E: all of the above
E: all of the above

A & C occur together: +/-
D occurs in the bones, not kidney (but still true)
Beta cells split proinsulin into insulin and __________ before secreting them.
A: glucagon
B: C-peptide
C: somatostatin
D: serotonin
E: pancreatic polypeptide
B: C-peptide
The innermost layer of muscle in the wall of the ureter is:
A: circular smooth muscle
B: circular skeletal muscle
C: alternating fascicles of smooth and skeletal muscle
D: longitudinal smooth muscle
E: longitudinal skeletal muscle
D: longitudinal smooth muscle
The only kidney tubule that has a simple squamous epithelium is the:
A: proximal convoluted tubul
B: distal convoluted tubule
C: cortical collecting tubule
D: thin segment of the loop of Henle
E: papillary duct
D: thin segment of the loop of Henle

think: simple bitches are thin hehe
The macula densa is a group of small cuboidal cells in the wall of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle where it touches the:
A: afferent arteriole
B: arcuate artery
C: proximal convoluted tubule
D: urinary pole of the glomerulus
E: cortical collecting duct
A: afferent arteriole
The stem cells of the liver are called:
A: hepatocytes
B: Kupffer cells
C: stellate cells
D: cholangiocytes
E: pericytes
D: cholangiocytes
he reticular fibers in the liver are secreted by the:
A: hepatocytes
B: stellate (Ito) cells
C: fixed macrophages (Kupffer cells)
D: cholangiocytes
E: cells of Disse
B: stellate (Ito) cells
Peyer's patches are typically found only in the:
A: stomach
B: ileum
C: jejunum
D: duodenum
E: colon
B: ileum
The lamina propria of the duodenum contains:
A: plasma cells
B: enterocytes
C: goblet cells
D: APUD cells
E: Paneth cells
A: plasma cells
The epithelium of the gums is:
A: simple squamous epithelium
B: stratified squamous epithelium
C: simple columnar epithelium
D: stratified columnar epithelium
E: transitional epithelium
B: stratified squamous epithelium
The dark cells of an eccrine sweat gland secrete:
A: proteases
B: nucleases
C: dermcidin
D: odd-carbon fatty acids
E: lysozyme
C: dermcidin
Vitamin D3 is made primarily in the
A: stratum lucidum
B: stratum corneum
C: stratum basale
D: papillary dermis
E: reticular dermis
C: stratum basale
Transdermal heat loss is maximized during HARD EXERCISE by:
A: opening of arteriovenous shunts in the dermis
B: closure of arteriovenous shunts in the dermis
C: filling of swell bodies in the papillary dermis
D: filling of swell bodies in the reticular dermis
E: emptying of swell bodies in the papillary dermis
B: closure of arteriovenous shunts in the dermis
- think hot weather b/c you're hot when you workout
The papillary dermis is:
A: dense regular connective tissue
B: dense irregular connective tissue
C: areolar connective tissue
D: reticular connective tissue
E: adipose tissue
C: areolar connective tissue
The keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum are attached to each other by:
A: gap junctions
B: tight junctions
C: desmosomes
D: hemidesmosomes
E: belt desmosomes
C: desmosomes

- aka macula adheren: holds cells together (just a spot)
The principal role of renin is to:
Convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
- secreted by juxtaglomular cells
Angiotensin increases the:
- Blood pressure
- Glomerular filtration rate
Glomerular capillaries are almost completely surrounded by:
Podocytes
Each kidney contains ______ renal corpuscles
1,000,000
The kidney has simple squamous epithelium in the:
- Thin segment of the loop of Henle
- Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule
The resorption of glucose by the proximal convoluted tubule depends on Symportation with:
Na+
The thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle transports more ___ than anything else
into the tissue fluid.
Cl-
The urethral sphincter is:
A: striated muscle
B: skeletal muscle
C: cardiac muscle
D: myoepithelial cells
E: myofibroblasts
A: striated muscle
The thin segment of the descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to:
Water
The visceral layer of bowman's capsule is composed of:
Podocytes
The renal pelvis is lined with:
Transitional epithelium
Water is resorbed from the medullary collecting tubule by:
facilitated diffusion using Aquaporin-2
The medullary collecting tubules let water diffuse into the tissue fluid under the influence of: (what hormone?)
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Most of the cells of the pancreas are:
Exocrine
The acini of the pancreas secrete trypsinogen in response to:
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Blood reaches Hepatocytes via the:
Sinusoids
Sets found in the same folder