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Human Legacy ch. 13-14

Terms in this set (77)

Charlemagne
Frankish Emperor
Created a center to the government
Created the idea of counts to rule parts of the empire
Papal states
States ruled by the the church
Counts
Ruled parts of the Empire under Char's name
How did Charlemagne build the Frankish empire ?
Changed the government, became emperor of the roman people- helped expand the empire. Was given power by the church to rule the roman people, so the roman people basically just became Frankish because that's who char originally ruled
How did Charlemagne's actions contribute to shaping a new society?
He enforced and improved more learning and education, preserved and cherished Christian teachings, enforced laws that enforced Christian teachings
Sagas
Stories about great heroes and events
Navigation
Planning courses or routes to get from one place to the next
Leif Eriksson
Viking leader, led Vikings to North America
Why did many Europeans fear the Vikings ?
They would raid European places, people had no warning they were coming- people had little time to prepare for them, killed and captured people and robbed them
What made Magyar raids in Eastern Europe so devastating to people there?
They would attack small towns, and could get away from the armies very quickly. People were very scared of them
Why did Muslims raid towns in south Europe ?
Southern Europe was the closest set of people near them
Knights
Soilders, highly skilled, fought on horseback
Fief
The land given to a knight for his service
Vassal
Anyone who accepted a fief
Feudal system
Exchanging land for service, sometimes known as feudalism
Fealty
The loyalty Knights had and what they had to do
Manorial system
Built around large estates called manors,
Serfs
Workers who were legally tied to the manor on which they worked
What duties and obligations were central to the feudal system?
The Knights had to train to do their protection job, people had to do their jobs around the manor, everyone had their jobs to do and if they didn't then they would be stacked easier and more easily killed
How did the manorial system govern the medieval economy ?
It was the economy, all of the economic actions were done within each manor, everything was contained within each manor
What was daily life like for the people on a manor?
Busy- had to attend to their fields of crops and pastures for animals, goal of each manor was to be self sufficient
Alfred the great
King of Wessex in southern England, drove the Viking forces north of London
William the conquer
Decided to take English crown by force, battled and won for the crown
Domesday book
A survey of who lived in each part of England, what they owned, and how much they could afford to pay in taxes -William used to to create a central tax system for England
Eleanor of aquitaine
Powerful French duchess, married Henry II, together ruled all of England and about half of France , most famous women of the Middle Ages
Magna Carta
A signing that stated the nobles' rights and restricted the king's power
Parliament
England's governemnt
Hugh Capet
Extended the powers of their monarchy throughout France
Otto the great
Duke of saxony, gained enough support from other German nobles to succeed his father as king of the Germans
Reconquista
The campaign to retake he Iberian peninsula
How did the power of the English monarchy grow and change?
Different kings ruled and took over for one another, they worked to gain more power but their experiences were very different from those of the English rulers. Feudalism. Magna Carta- limited power of the king, he could not just made a decision without asking the parliament.
How did kings increase their powers in the other monarchies of Europe ?
They created laws and rules that benefited themselves, they spread out their monarchies
Feudalism- more land, more people, more power that they had rule over. More people and land= more power to be had
Piety
A personal even of devotion to their religion
Pontificate
Papal term in office (When Pope Gregory VII was in office as Bishop)
Pope Gregory the 7 (VII)
Famous pope, became Bishop
Henry The fourth (IV)
Holy roman emperor , fought w Gregory to be bishop
What was the nature and influence of religion in the Middle Ages ?
The church was in charge of a lot of the land (Papal States) and religion became apart of everyday life, the church was leading the crusades so that became a part of the lives of people
What led to the growth of papal power in Europe?
The church was growing and was getting more and more involved in daily life (they called the crusades, so that gave them more power because people followed their command so when a big crusade came around people had/ wanted to follow it) religious wars had to be "okay'd" by religious leaders
Crusades
Series of religious wars- goal was to take Jerusalem and that area
Holy land
Jerusalem and the area near there
Pope Urban II
Famous Pope, called together the first crusade
Saladin
Ruled the Muslims, took back crusader states and drove European Christians out of Jerusalem
Richard the lion-hearted
One of three leaders in the third crusade, was the only one who fought in the holy land
Why did Europe launch the crusades ?
To take back the Jerusalem area (Holy Land)
What happened during the crusades ?
1- they succeeded and took back the land
2- failure, took no land from Muslims and returned to Europe empty handed
3- failure, was the final major crusade
What were the effects of the crusades ?
Enhanced trade
Gave king more power in Europe (many Knights and nobles didn't return from the crusades)
Brought knowledge of Muslim culture to Europe
Make Europeans respect others
Hanseatic league
A group of northern German cities and towns that worked together to promote and protect trade
Credit
The promise of layer payment
Guilds
Organizations or things with the same occupation (trade, farming)
Set standards for prices and products and insured quality control
Apprentice
First level of someone who wants to learn a craft
Journeyman
Next step after apprentice, learn from many different masters, difficult for journeymen to become masters because of guild restrictions
Which cities saw the initial growth of trade in the Middle Ages ?
Italian cities were the first to see a growth in trade
What led to the growth of towns and cities in the Middle Ages ?
The crusades led to growth in trade, the crusades killed off a lot of people who worked and lived in towns, so there were less people. The people who were still alive had more opportunities to make money because there were less people to do all the jobs. That forced people to go to the major cities to work, which made the the big cities even bigger
What was daily life like in medieval cities ?
People were treated poorly, dirty,
Gothic
Style of churches, taller and brighter
Flying buttress
New type of support, supported church's walls from outside, allowing much more higher ceilings, eliminated need for columns
Illumination
Pictures and designs to decorate religious texts, "bring pages to life"
Hildegard of bingen
Nun, famous medieval poets
Troubadours
People who wandered from court to court performing and spreading news
Geoffrey Chaucer
Writer of The Canterbury Tales- collection of stories that tells a tale of a group of pilgrims traveling to the town of Canterbury
Significant because characters come from a wide range of social backgrounds, helps historians picture what life was like in the Middle Ages, also was written in English so that helped their use of written language in England
Dante Alighieri
Writer of The Divine Comedy, tells the tale of an imaginary trip Dante took through the afterlife, his writing led to an increase of writing in Italian
Thomas Aquinas
Most influential scholars, taught at university of Paris. Interested in works of ancient philosophers,
Scholasticism
Idea that you need faith and human reason to understand the truth
What were the major achievements of the visual arts during the Middle Ages ?
Written language spread, ideas about religion and studies changed for the better
What were the great literacy works of the Middle Ages ?
The divine comedy, the Canterbury tales
What new developments were made in medieval thinking and learning?
Scholasticism
Heresy
Beliefs that opposed the official teachings of the church
Inquisitions
Legal procedures supervised by special judges who tried suspected heretics
Friars
Members of the group who believed in new religious orders to spread Christian teachings
Hundred Year' War
The invasion of France by England, new leaders took over during the long amount of time,
Joan of Arc
Young peasant girl, said that saints told her to lead the French into battle, ended up leading French to several more victories before being executed by the English
Wars of the roses
Two families- Lancasters and Yorks- who both had a rose symbol, had a war over who could sit the English throne
Henry VII
Related to the Lancasters, his rise of power led to the end of the Wars of the roses and began a new era in English history
Black seath
Major plague. 1347-1351
What sorts of religious crisis did Europe face during the late Middle Ages ?
Forced people to only believe the main religion of England because of heresy
What were the causes of war and conflict in the late Middle Ages ?
Going against English power, disagreeing with English ways, wanting the throne of England
What was the Black Death, and how did it affect people?
Major plague, thought god punished them for their sins, some turned to witchcraft, some blamed Jews saying that they poisoned drinking wells- forced anti semitism, brought an end to the manorial system - so many people died so population went down
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