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BMD 310 EXAM 4

Terms in this set (88)

Blood is a component of which fluid compartment?
Extracellular Fluid
Which of the following are features of blood?
A. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues to promote cellular respiration
B. Removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from tissues
C. Easily changes pH and temperature to maintain homeostasis
D. Prevents fluid loss through clotting
All of the Above
Two male volunteer to donate 50 mL of blood, one is 6'2" and weighs 250 lbs, the other is 5'5" and weighs 140 lbs. Assuming both are healthy, the hematocrit of the larger individual should be ____________.
The same
Which fraction of blood are Erythrocytes located?
Formed elements
Which fraction of blood are Globulins located?
Plasma
Which fraction of blood are Leukocytes located?
Formed elements
Which fraction of blood are Ions located?
Plasma
Which fraction of blood are Albumins located?
Plasma
Which fraction of blood are Thrombocytes located?
Formed Elements
Which fraction of blood are Hormones located?
Plasma
What is the shape of an erythrocyte?
Biconcave
Because of their unique shape, red blood cells ________________________.
1. Flex as they navigate through narrow capillaries
2. Experience greater shear stress
What is the relationship between Pressure and Volume?
Inverse
What is the relationship between Flow and Resistance?
Inverse
What is the relationship between Pressure and Flow?
Proportional
What is the relationship between Radius and Flow?
Proportional
In comparison to women, men have a ______________ blood volume and _______________ hematocrit.
Higher; Higher
Blood flows from regions of ______________ pressure to regions of ______________ pressure.
High; Low
What is essential for one-way blood flow through veins?
One-way vales found with veins
The right side of the heart pumps ________________ blood through the _________________ circulation?
Deoxygenated; Pulmonary
Anatomically, the inferior portion of the heart is also known as the _______________.
Apex
What is the order of tissues as you move from the inside of the ventricular chamber to the thoracic cavity?
Endothelial cell layer
Cardiac skeleton
Epicardium
Pericardial fluid
Parietal pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
________ valves allow flow into the ventricle.
________ valves allow flow out of the ventricle.
AV
SL
Rupture of the chordae tendinae sometimes occurs in patients with endocarditis (inflammation of the endocardium). This disorder would most likely require surgery on which of the following valves?
Mitral Valve
Place the structures of the heart in the order they would be encountered by a red blood cell leaving the left ventricle.
Aorta
Systemic capillary
Vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
What does a blue tint to the skin tell you about your patient?
The patient is not getting enough oxygen to the tissues.
The patient has poor circulation.
What is the name of the vessels that take blood to alternate routes in the fetus?
Fetal shunts
What is one difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Cardiac myocytes have a single nucleus.
What types of cell-to-cell junctions are found within intercalated discs?
Gap
Sort the vessel type in the order of blood flow, starting with those that first carry blood away from the heart and finishing with those that eventually return blood to the heart.
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Arrange the layers of a blood vessel wall, from superficial to deep.
Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima
What is each layer of the blood vessel walls tissue content:
Tunica intima:
Tunica media:
Tunica externa:
Tunica intima: simple squamous epithelium
Tunica media: smooth muscles and elastic connective tissue
Tunica externa: collagenous connective tissue
Which arteries are most directly responsible for controlling the amount of blood entering individual capillary beds?
Arterioles
What is this type of artery called?
These arteries are closest to the heart and have relatively larger lumens than other arteries.
Elastic arteries
What is this type of artery called?
These arteries have the thickest tunica media of any vessel type.
Muscular arteries
What is this type of artery called?
These arteries can be so small that their wall is only the endothelium and a thin layer of smooth muscle fibers.
Arterioles
Arrange the three capillary types in order from most to least permeable.
Sinusoid capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Continuous capillaries
Where are continuous capillaries found?
Skin
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
Small intestine
Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?
bone barrow
What feature of the capillary wall results from incomplete tight junctions?
Intracellular clefts
Which vessel types may be porous enough to allow diapedesis?
Capillaries and Venules
What effects would cause decreased venous return?
Decreased breathing rate
Give a brief description of external and internal respiration?
Gas exchange in the lungs and gas exchange in the systemic tissue of the body, respectively.
Before reaching the alveoli, air that enters the respiratory system is _________________.
Warmed
Humidified
Cleansed
Which structure is responsible for the large surface area of the nasal cavity?
Conchae
Sort the following structures from superior to inferior:
Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Which structure is most responsible for producing sound?
Glottis
The number of primary bronchi matches the number of _____________ that we have.
Lungs
Sort these structures in the order that air would pass through them during inhalation.
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar Duct
Alveoli
What is surfactant necessary for?
Reducing surface tension in the alveoli
Sort these lung structures/segments in the order from largest to smallest.
Bronchopulmonary segment
Lobe
Lobule
Lobe
Bronchopulmonary segment
Lobule
Sort these segments of the pulmonary circulation encountered by blood after leaving the heart.
Right pulmonary artery
Lobar artery
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary trunk
Right pulmonary artery
Lobar artery
Pulmonary capillaries
Coughing and sneezing both attempt to ___________________.
Clear irritants from the airways
What structure in the digestive tract contains salivary glands?
Oral Cavity
What structure in the digestive tract is the major site of digestion?
Duodenum
What structure in the digestive tract is the major site of water absorption?
Colon
What structure in the digestive tract connects the pharynx to the stomach?
Esophagus
What structure in the digestive tract begins enzymatic digestion of proteins?
Stomach
What structure in the digestive tract connects the mouth to the esophagus?
Pharynx
What structure in the digestive tract is the terminal end of the large intestine?
Rectum
What is the general function of the Liver?
Produces bile
What is the general function of the Pancreas?
Digestive enzyme production
What is the general function of the Salivary gland?
Begins digestion in the mouth
What is the general function of the Gallbladder?
Bile storage
What is the general function of the Common bile duct?
Carries bile into the small intestine
What is the innermost layer within the digestive tract called?
Mucosa
What is the result of damage to the myenteric plexus within the wall of the GI tract?
Changes in gastric motility
Place the tissue layers of the digestive tract in the order you would encounter them moving from the lumen toward the abdominal cavity.
Mucosal epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
Circular layer of smooth muscle
Myenteric plexus
Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
Serosa
What type of contraction pushes food through the digestive tract?
Peristalsis
Place the following regions of the stomach in the order they would be encountered by a food molecule.
Body
Fundus
Cardiac
Pyloric
Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pyloric
What is produced in the gastric pit?
Mucus
Which of the following is most rapidly cleared from the stomach after eating?
Fats
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Order the following structures from smallest to largest.
Microvilli
Villi
Plicae
Microvilli
Villi
Plicae
T or F: Villi formation is due to contraction of cells in the mucosal layer of the digestive tract.
True
What is this intestinal feature's major function?
Peyer's patch
Supports the immune system
What is this intestinal feature's major function?
Villi
Increase surface area for digestion
What is this intestinal feature's major function?
Goblet cell
Protects the small intestine from stomach acid and abrasion
What is this intestinal feature's major function?
Endocrine cell
Produce the hormone secretin
What is this intestinal feature's major function?
Intestinal crypts
Contains stem cells
What can you deduce from the fact that the large intestine wall is composed of simple columnar epithelia?
Water absorption by the large intestine does not require plicae.
What activates the large intestine motility in response to stomach stretching?
Enterocolic reflex
What activates the large intestine motility in response to small intestine stretching?
Duodenocolic reflex
What occurs infrequently in the large intestine?
Segmentation contraction
What carries chyme over large distances in the large intestine?
Peristaltic contractions
Where is bile produced?
Liver
Where is bile stored?
Gallbladder
Arrange the following in the order they would be encountered by an ingested food molecule:
vena cava
right atrium of the heart
hepatic vein
systemic artery
sinusoid
hepatocytes
central vein
duodenal mucisa
hepatic portal vein
Duodenal mucosa
Hepatic portal vein
Sinusoid
Hepatocytes
Central vein
Hepatic vein
Vena cava
Right atrium of heart
Systemic artery
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