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Rad Bio Chapter 8
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Flashcards
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Test
Match
Terms in this set (46)
The amount of effects are determined by the ____ of ionizing radiation the person is exposed to
quantity
Amount of effects are determined by the ability of the ionizing radiation to cause ionization of ____ tissue
Human
The amount of effects are determined by the amount of body area _____
Exposed
The amount of effects are determined by the specific body part _____
Exposed
Ionizing radiation produces the greatest amount of biologic damage in the human when a large dose of _____________ radiation is delivered to a large or radiosensitive area of the body.
High LET
High LET causes more damage through _____ action
Direct
Somatic effects depend on the _______ from irradiation to the first appearance of symptoms of radiation damage
length of time
Early somatic effects in include
Erythema, epilation, nausea
Late somatic effects
Cancer
The probability and severity of an effect based on the dose received
Deterministic somatic effects
Deterministic somatic effects have a threshold, a point at which they begin to ____ and below which they are _____
Appear, absent
Early deterministic somatic effects appear within
Minutes, hours, days, weeks
The severity of early deterministic somatic effects is ___ related
Dose
The most lethal of radiation exposure
Death
History of full body exposures or studies on from data on ARS- _______ who were inadvertently subjected to high levels of fallout during an atomic bomb test in 1954
Marshall islanders
Collection of symptoms associated with the exposure to high level radiation to the entire body
Acute radiation syndrome
Hematopoietic syndrome- "bone marrow syndrome" _____ Gyt (gray tissue) dose
1-10
Gastrointestinal syndrome is a threshold dose of approximately ____ Gyt dose
6-10
Injured blood vessels permit ____ to leak into the brain
Fluid
Cerebrovascular syndrome is ____ Gyt dose
>50
Cerebrovascular syndrome requires a great amount of exposure for _____ effects to occur
Manifestation
Prodromal period- Acute clinical symptoms (symptoms _________ appear)
1st
Latent period- period where patient is free of ____
Visible effects
Manifest illness- symptoms become _____
Very visible
LD 50/30 is approximately the same at LD 50/60 ________ without medical support
3 Gyt-4.0 Gyt
LD 50/60- the dose of radiation necessary to the whole body that causes ____% of irradiated subjects to die within ____ days
50, 60
Non threshold- ____ specific dose is needed to cause a response
No
Non threshold- _____ radiation can produce a biological effect
Any
Linear- effects are ____ proportional to the dose received
Directly
The average time between exposure and death
Mean survival time
Local tissue damage effect is cell death- leading to ____ of the organ or tissue
Shrinkage
Atrophy means
Wastes away
Radiodermatitis
X-ray burns
Early uses of radiation lead to ____, due to low kVp, unshielded tubes, long exposure times & unstrained x-ray operators
radiodermatitis
Outer layer of skin, consists of several layers of cells
Epidermis
About ____% of the skin is replaced each day
2
Basal cell is ____ because the skin functions as an ongoing regeneration system
radiosensitive
Dry shedding of skin; higher doses
Dry desquamation
Epilation means
loss of hair
Tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) used to be treated with "_____" rays- soft rays of 10-20 kVp
grenz
Orthovoltage radiation therapy is utilized with x-rays in the range of ____ kVp for oncology patients
200-300
100 mGy (.1 Gyt) results in ____ sperm count and delays mentrual cycle
Decreased
Depletion of mature sperm
Maturation depletion
____ Gyt causes temporary sterility
2
Granulocytes fight
Bacteria
Cytogenic analysis of chromosomes can be done through a chromosome map called a
Karyotype
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Why are most molecular compounds poor conductors?
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Horizontal shaft paddle wheels are used in a tapered flocculation basin comprised of three compartments. The power input to the paddles progressively decreases through the basin with the first compartment paddle driving with 186 W of power, the second compartment paddle with 30.0 W of power, and the final compartment paddle with 7.50 W of power. Each paddle wheel mixes a compartment 4.17 m deep, 3.75 m wide, and 4.17 m long. The normal water temperature is $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and the average flow rate is $16,000 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{d}$. (a) What is the mixing intensity in each of the three compartments? (b) If the influent water contains a nearly monodisperse (single-sized) particle size distribution of particles with a concentration of $1.8 \times 10^{5}$ particles/mL, what will be the average number of singlet particles in an aggregate leaving the first compartment?