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DC ANATOMY CH 5 TEST

Terms in this set (96)

the integumentary system contains
Consists of the cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structures (exocrine glands, hair, nails)
the cutaneous membrane is made up of
epidermis: epithelial stratified squamous tissue
dermis: connective tissue (loose and dense)
the cutaneous membrane is sew to
the hypodermis aka subcutaneous layer (not technically part of integu. system). it is made up of loose connective, mostly adipose cells
5 major functions of the integumentary system
1. Protection
2. Temperature maintenance
3. Synthesis and storage of nutrients
4. Sensory reception
5. Excretion and secretion
how does the integumentary system protect
no dehydration (keep water inside body)
protect against foreign substances
shock absorption for underlying tissue/organs
How is the integumentary system able to maintenance temperature?
sweat glands (cool off)
integumentary system and synthesis/storage of nutrients
the epidermis synthesizes vitamin D3 and vitamin A; fat is stored in the dermis
integumentary sensory reception
receptors in epidermis/dermis detect touch, pain, pressure, and temperature of stimuli and relay it to nervous system
integumentary secretion + excretion
secrete- oil, milk, lax
excretion- Na+ (salts), K+ (potassium), urinary/urethra
review page 122
ok
the epidermis is ___________ and categorized into two types of skin _______ and ___________
stratified squamous epithelial tissue
thick and thin skin
thick skin contains
all 5 stratas
list the 5 stratas
corneum (top)
lucidum (invisible/thin)
granulosum
spinosa
germinativum (bottom)
what places have thick skin
palms of hands, soles of feet
thin skin has
4/5 layers and is missing the stratum lucidum
stratum germinativum
- deepest layer in epidermis
- attached to BM by hemidesmosomes
- contain germinativum (stem) cells of the epidermis, which means mitosis and new cells produced
- where new skin is made
-forms epidermal ridges
-closest to blood (epidermis is avascular)
-contains melanocytes
-separates the epidermis from loose conn tissue of adj. dermis
epidermal ridges
extend into the dermis, increasing the area of contact between the two regions and surface area. DERMAL PAPILLAE extend upward between adjacent ridges (hill looking thing) and help w/ nutrient absorption
how long does it take to replace stratum corneum and have it die off
2 weeks to get to corneum and 4 weeks to die off
melanocytes
produce melanin --> protection vs UV rays, synthesizes yellow, brown, and black and all the combinations in that order (ex: yellow brown)
stratum spinosum
spiny layer, continues to do mitosis and produce nerve cells
stratum granulosum
cells too far from blood and begin to die. they begin to fill up with a protein called keratin, which is rubbery and waterproof
stratum lucidum
clear layer only found in thick skin
stratum corneum
cells have finished being kerantinized, 15-30 layers of thick skin, skin is too dead and dry to be eaten by bacteria
keratin is found
in all hard structures except teeth and bone
what are the factors that influence skin color
2 pigments (carotene and melanin) and dermal circulation
where is carotene stored
stored in lower stratum layers of the epidermis
Where is carotene found (externally)
veggies with orange (carrot/yam/squash)
What is carotene used for
used to make vitamin A, which provides stability to the cells of stratum germinativum and spinosum, and stabilizes the photopigments of the retina
what makes melanin
melanocytes found along the basement membrane
uses of melanin
used and secreted into surrounding cells of the stratum germinativum, protects against UV damage (absorbs it) to DNA so stem cells stay safe, accumulate around nucleus and protect
why do we not see a "tan" immediately
melanin isn't seen until 5-10 days later because they have to get pushed up to the surface (see image on pg 125)
melanin- black, brown, yellow
1:4 ratio between
amount of melanocytes to stem cells in areas of high exposure
1:20 ratio
melanocytes to stem cells in areas of less exposure
dermal circulation
(blood flow)
pink/red or pale/blue
(high circulation)
hot outside dermal circulation result
more blood to the area, gives pink color (blush)
(low circulation)
cold/ O2 shortage (respiratory/cardiovascular issue)
blood vessels constrict
CYANOSIS- turning blue color
become really pale/nails look blue
(can happen when sick bc brochials tight)
when blood vessels are fully open to blood nutrients in the area
turn pink/red
happens when embarrassed/hot
benefits of sunlight
(produces vitamin D3 by lower cells of epidermis in response to UV rays)

sunlight --> str. germinativum creates cholesterol steroids -->steroid converts to Vitamin D3 --> sent to liver --> modified --> sent to kidney --> becomes calcitriol
calcitriol
used for more absorption of calcium phosphate from what you eat (small intestine) and tells kidney how much calcium you should pee out
harmful effects of sun exposure
UV light damages DNA and forms TT Dimers (reason for tumors)
review blue #1
what are the 3 types of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
basal cell carcinoma
most common, least severe because it is usually benign, UV damages deeper cells of the epidermis (str, germinativum), and is surgically removed.
squamous cell carcinoma
effects deeper layers but not quite as deep (str. spinosum), a little more dangerous but still usually fine, cells are still going through mitosis. still benign
malignant melanoma
melanocytes are affected and have abnormal growth, in germinativum but tend to move/migrate between tissues/layers of skin, starts as mole/blemish and grows
review ABCDE detection just in case
blue 1
how many layers of the dermis
2, papillary and reticular
papilla layer
dermapapilla --> contains loose connective tissue and blood vessels (vascular)
reticular layer
mesh work of fibers in many directions, mostly contains reticular fibers which attach skin to a structure underneath (also contains collagen and elastic fibers)
hypodermis
not a part of the skin, but attached
underneath and attached to dermis w/ fibers, mostly adipose tissue.
also called the underneath cutaneous membrane
types of accessory structures
hair follicles/hair, sebacceous (oil) glands, sweat glands (suderiforous)
what is the hair follicle/hair
part of the epidermis (which is stratified squamous)
review structure on page 129
hair color is determined by
pigments produced by melanocytes at the hair papilla
what is the function of hair
lessens blow to head (protection)
prevent UV damage
traps bacteria (nose/pubic)
attraction to opposite sex
Hair follicle growth cycle
grows for about 2-5 years, then becomes inactive for a period of time, then restarts another growth cycle and pushes out the last hair
Where is hair not found?
palms, lips, eyelids, nipples, soles, in between fingers
glands are all located
in the epidermis
sebaceous glands + follicle
oil glands, sebaceous glands release onto the hair, which then release oil onto the skin
responsible for acne/zits if gets clogged or too much sebum produced
what stimulates the sebaceous gland
sex hormones, controls sebum production
explain how amount of sebum is effected by sex hormones
lack of estrogen after menopause -> less sebum
testosterone -> lessens w/ age
what type of secretion is the sebaceous gland
holocrine secretion (cell fills up and falls apart completely) of sebum (oily/lipid substance) and releases onto hair/skin
function of sebaceous glands
lubricate skin and hair by producing sebum
grey/white hair
hair looses melanin
grey hair
air pockets
bottom of hair follicle
hair papilla, which is the zone of cell growth (mitosis)
hair root
part of hair follicle that anchors the hair to the skin
hair shaft
visible part of the hair
wavier hair
follicle has a more "football" shaped medulla
arrector pilli
bundle of smooth muscle that produces goose bumps when it stays contracted. when stimulated, the arrector pilli pulls the follicle and forces it to stand up (contraction caused by emotional states or response to cold)
one time contraction of arrector pilli
how sebum is secreted from the hair to the skin (not continuous contraction that creates goosebumps)
sweat glands
aka suderiforus glands
2 types - apocrine and merocrine/eccrine
apocrine glands
-merocrine secretion *
-gives off a cloudy secretion, and when digested by bacteria it gives off B.O. smell
-exocrine (puts out onto skin)
-smells bad (B.O.)
Where are apocrine glands found?
armpits, groin region, anus
merocrine (eccrine) glands
merocrine secretion*
-exocrine
-fluid secreted is clear
- contains: water, salts, (K+, Na+, Cl-), urea, antimicrobial agent (doesn't smell bc not broken down by bacteria)
99% of sweat glands are
exocrine
where are the most number of sweat glands
merocrine glands on palms
functions of merocrine sweat glands
cools the body
cleans/dilutes the surface of the skin
ceriminous glands
produces ear wax (cerimanin) which traps dust/debris/bacteria
mammary glands
secretion is cloudy, apocrine (top half breaks off), breast feeding
nails
- on dorsal side of all digits
- zone of cell division has to be close to blood so stem cells can reproduce (sionosis)
- no melanin/melanocytes
- stratified squamous
lununa
whitish half on proximal part of nail where its being kerantinized
function of nail
protect the tips of all digits
nail body
dense mass of dead, keratinized cells
nail bed
area of epidermis covered by the body of the nail (underneath part)
where nail production occurs
nail root
incision
deeper cut but not as much surface area (stab by knife)
* more prone to infection
abrasion
wider area but cut is not as deep (rug burn)
which takes longer to heal: abrasion or incision
abrasion because the stem cells are further apart (more space apart) and need more stem cells to repair the skin
tissue repair steps
1.) mast cells go to the scene
2.) clot formation from fibrin
3.) replace the dermis w/ collagen fibers
4.) scar tissue
explain step 1 of tissue repair
mast cells go to the scene to release histamine (chemical) which makes blood come to the area, and dialates blood vessels in the area (swelling). This way WBC's can fight off pathogens/infection and RBCs can supply more oxygen to cells that are repairing the wound. platelet starts to produce blood clots
explain step 2 of tissue repair
fibrin allows scabbing from cell mitosis
area after a serious scab will always be lower than rest of skin surface (indent)
clots around the edges and str. germinativum cells migrate along the wound
explain step 3 of skin repair
replaces the dermis with collagen fibers which creates a fibrous layer, fibrin clot starts to disintegrate, and you can lose a lot of nerves
explain step 4 of skin repair
feels different than normal skin and is created by fibroblasts
1st degree burn
appears red, is sore/painful
(sunburn, basic burn)
killed the upper epidermis, damaged lower epidermis + papilary layer
2nd degree burn
appears bright red, blistering, very painful, still have nerves
killed: entire epidermis + superficial part of dermis
damage: reticular layer could be partially damaged
*accessory structures are unaffected
3rd degree burn
killed: entire epidermis, dermis, accessory structures, and nerves
appears charred or black, no pain bc nerves are burned off
as you age
- easier to injure skin + get infection
- muscles become weaker and bone strength decreases
- easier to get sun burned bc less melanin
- skin becomes dry and scaly from reduced sebum
- hair thins and changes color, less melanocyte activity and follicles produce thinner hair bc they stop functioning
-skin sags and wrinkles (less elastic fiber network)
- becomes harder for old people to lose body heat and regulate temperature from sweating
-skin repairs slower
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