Which of the following is the definition of a disc protrusion?
a. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is greater than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.
b. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is
less than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.
c. Localised or focal displacement of disc material beyond the limits of the disc space.
d. A herniated disc in which a portion of the disc material is displaced beyond the outer annulus and maintains no connection by disc tissue to the origin.
e. A disc in which the outer annulus extends in the axial plane beyond the edges of the disc space over greater than 25% of the circumference of the discb. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is
less than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.Which of the following is the best definition of a disc bulge?
a. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is less than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.,
b. A disc in which the outer annulus extends in the axial plane beyond the edges of the disc space usually over greater than 25% of the circumference.
c. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is greater than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.
d. Localised or focal displacement of the disc (less than 25% of the circumference) beyond the limits of the disc space.
e. An extruded disc in which a portion of disc material is displaced beyond the outer annulus and maintains no connection by disc tissue to the disc of origin.b. A disc in which the outer annulus extends in the axial plane beyond the edges of the disc space usually over greater than 25% of the circumference.Which of the following is the best definition of disc extrusion?
a. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is less than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.,
b. A disc in which the outer annulus extends in the axial plane beyond the edges of the disc space usually over greater than 25% of the circumference.
c. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is greater than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.
d. Localised or focal displacement of the disc (less than 25% of the circumference) beyond the limits of the disc space.
e. An extruded disc in which a portion of disc material is displaced beyond the outer annulus and maintains no connection by disc tissue to the disc of origin.c. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is greater than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.Which of the following is the best definition of a disc sequestration?
a. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is less than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.,
b. A disc in which the outer annulus extends in the axial plane beyond the edges of the disc space usually over greater than 25% of the circumference.
c. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is greater than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.
d. Localised or focal displacement of the disc (less than 25% of the circumference) beyond the limits of the disc space.
e. An extruded disc in which a portion of disc material is displaced beyond the outer annulus and maintains no connection by disc tissue to the disc of origin.e. An extruded disc in which a portion of disc material is displaced beyond the outer annulus and maintains no connection by disc tissue to the disc of origin.Which of the following is the best definition of a disc herniation?
a. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is less than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.,
b. A disc in which the outer annulus extends in the axial plane beyond the edges of the disc space usually over greater than 25% of the circumference.
c. A herniated disc in which the greatest plane in any direction of the disc material beyond the disc space is greater than the edges of the base of the lesion in the same plane.
d. Localised or focal displacement of the disc (less than 25% of the circumference) beyond the limits of the disc space.
e. An extruded disc in which a portion of disc material is displaced beyond the outer annulus and maintains no connection by disc tissue to the disc of origin.d. Localised or focal displacement of the disc (less than 25% of the circumference) beyond the limits of the disc space.Which nerve root exits at the L4-5 IVF?
a. L5
b. S1
c. L3
d. L4
e. L2d. L4Which nerve root is MOST likely to be affected by a central-left disc protrusion at L4-5?
a. S1 left nerve root
b. L5 left nerve root
c. L4 left nerve root
d. L5 right nerve root
e. L4 right nerve rootb. L5 left nerve rootWhat is gadolineum used for?
a. To find tears in discs
b. To distinguish between disc herniation and scar tissue
c. To cause pain to distinguish between recent and chronic disc herniation
d. To highlight areas of cancer
e. To show areas of disc dehydrationb. To distinguish between disc herniation and scar tissueIf a disc protrusion is seen in the axial plane directly beneath the pedicle, what 'zone' is reported?
a. Central Zone
b. Sub articular zone
c. Extra-foraminal Zone
d. Anterior Zone
e. Foraminal Zonee. Foraminal ZoneWhat do Modic type I changes represent?
a. Disc inflammation
b. End-plate oedema and vascularity
c. End-plate sclerosis
d. Disc dehydration
e. End-plate fat infiltrationb. End-plate oedema and vascularityWhich of the following shows end-plate changes as high signal on T1 and high signal on T2?
a. Modic Type III
b. All Modic types I, II and III
c. Modic type II
d. Modic type I
e. Modic Type IVc. Modic type IIOn a CT scan the thecal sac shows which radiographic density?
a. Dark grey/fat
b. Black/Air
c. Mixed
d. Grey/Soft tissue
e. White/boned. Grey/Soft tissueOn a CT scan it is possible to detect a dehydrated disc because
a. The disc appears darker throughout
b. The disc shows no nucleus pulposus
c. There is a HIZ (High Intensity Zone) seen
d. The disc appears brighter throughout
e. It is not possible to tell on a CT scane. It is not possible to tell on a CT scanWhat is the normal A-P dimension for the central spinal canal?
a. 5-10mm
b. 23-35mm
c. 10-12mm
d. 15-22mm
e. 12-15mmWhich of the following structures does NOT contribute to lateral stenosis?
a. Disc
b. Articular pillars
c. Ligamentum flavum
d. Uncinate process
e. Vertebral endplate osteophytesWhat amount of vertebral translation in the sagittal plane is considered normal?
a. None
b. 4-6mm
c. 1-2mm
d. 2-4mm
e. 6-8mmCervical spondylotic myelopathy is:
a. A cord tumour in the cervical spine
b. Degenerative joint disease of the cervical spine
c. Associated with rheumatoid arthritis
d. A demyelinating cord disorder caused by degenerative joint disease of the cervical spine
e. Anterior slippage of a vertebra in the cervical spineA C4-5 disc herniation is most likely to cause nerve root symptomatology at which level?
a. C4
b. C8
c. C5
d. C7
e. C6A disc herniation at L4-5 is most likely to cause nerve root symptoms at:
a. S1
b. L3
c. S2
d. L5
e. L4Which of the following is NOT true about degenerative spondylolisthesis?
a. It can lead to anterior translation of up to 20% of one vertebral body over another
b. There is a pars inter-articularis break
c. There is usually degeneration of the disc at that level
d. It is most common at L4-5
e. It can be associated with central and lateral stenosis
