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AP Psychology Memory - memory 2022

Terms in this set (43)

Memory
the power of retaining and recalling past experience
episodic memory
Memory of one's personal experiences
semantic memory
your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts
procedural memory
memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection.
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
storage
the retention of encoded information over time
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
Three box information processing model
This model proposes that there are three stages that information passes through before it is stored.
sensory memory
the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. 2, 1/2 seconds
short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
rote
memorization by repetition
displacement
defense mechanism in which unwanted feelings are directed towards a different object
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
consolidation
A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.
schemas
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
eye witness accounts
The most unreliable evidence in a criminal case, people that witness an event first hand.
decay theory
proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
tip of the tongue phenomenon
experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it
context dependent memory
theory that info learned in a particular situation or PLACE is better remembered when in that same situation or place.
state dependent memory
The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.
eidetic memory
Photographic Memory
déjà vu
the experience of thinking that a new situation had occurred before
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
relearning
A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
retroactive interference
when new learning disrupts the recall of previously-learned information
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
confabulation
the false recollection of episodic memory, filling in gaps.
repression
the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious
Elizabeth Loftus
cognition and memory; studied repressed memories and false memories; showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony
infantile amnesia
the inability to remember events that occurred during one's early years (before age three)
anterograde amnesia
loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events immediately preceding a trauma, loss of memories that were stored before a traumatic event
reminiscence bump
the empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of their lives
mnemonic devices
devices for, memory tricks or strategies to make information easier to remember
Alzheimer's disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
mood congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequence
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
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