Bio 2 - Exam 1 (Ch. 44) Questions

All sensory input arrives at the central nervous system in the same form, as ____________ propagated by afferent neurons. Perception of the type and intensity of a stimulus depends on which part of the brain the impulse projects to and the firing frequency of the sensory neuron.
A. action potentials
B. receptor potentials
C. reflexes
D. frequency localizations
E. thresholds
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All sensory input arrives at the central nervous system in the same form, as ____________ propagated by afferent neurons. Perception of the type and intensity of a stimulus depends on which part of the brain the impulse projects to and the firing frequency of the sensory neuron.
A. action potentials
B. receptor potentials
C. reflexes
D. frequency localizations
E. thresholds
A. action potentials
The simplest sensory receptors are __________ that respond to mechanical distortion, changes in temperature, or specific chemicals.
A. nociceptors
B. free nerve endings
C. gated channels
D. photoreceptors
E. ganglia
B. free nerve endings
When membrane proteins on an olfactory neuron are stimulated by the binding of a specific chemical, what is the immediate result?
A. membrane depolarization
B. membrane repolarization
C. active ion transport
D. membrane hyperpolarization
E. neurotransmitter release
A. membrane depolarization
Which includes all of the components that make up the Organ of Corti?
A. the basilar membrane only
B. the tectorial and basilar membranes
C. hair cells and associated neurons only
D. hair cells and the tectorial membrane
E. hair cells and the basilar and tectorial membranes
E. hair cells and the basilar and tectorial membranes
Pit vipers are the only known vertebrates with an ability to detect a certain type of stimulus. What can these snakes sense?
A. infrared radiation
B. ultraviolet radiation
C. microwave radiation
D. visible light radiation
E. none of these
A. infrared radiation
What are the receptors of sharks that can detect disturbances in electrical fields called?
A. Organs of Corti
B. pacinian corpuscles
C. lateral line canals
D. nodes of Ranvier
E. ampullae of Lorenzini
E. ampullae of Lorenzini
Which of the following receptors does not trigger depolarization of a sensory neuron?
A. mechanoreceptors
B. G-protein receptors
C. chemoreceptors
D. photoreceptors
E. exteroceptors and interoceptors
D. photoreceptors
List the following receptors that trigger depolarization of a sensory neuron.
1 mechanoreceptors
2 G-protein receptors
3 chemoreceptors
4 photoreceptors
5 exteroceptors and interoceptors
1,2,3,5
Which is NOT a stimulus that the simplest sensory receptors, free nerve endings, will respond to?
A. bending of the sensory neuron membrane
B. changes in temperature
C. changes in the oxygen content of the extracellular fluid
D. release of odorants from freshly baked bread
E. stretching of the sensory neuron membrane
D. release of odorants from freshly baked bread
Which is NOT a stimulus that exteroceptors can sense?
A. gravity
B. smell
C. light
D. muscle tension
E. sound
D. muscle tension
Which is NOT a stimulus that interoceptors can sense? A. limb position B. pain C. gravity D. body temperature E. muscle lengthC. gravityWhich of the following stimuli will NOT activate a nociceptor? A. extremes in temperature B. very intense mechanical stimulation C. specific chemicals in the extracellular fluid D. chemicals released by injured cells E. external odorant moleculesE. external odorant moleculesWhat are the sensory structures that enable invertebrates to determine the orientation of the body with respect to gravity called? A. carotid bodies B. statocysts C. Ruffini endings D. baroreceptors E. interoceptorsB. statocystsRank the sensory receptors in order, from the ability to detect the widest variety of molecules, to the least variety of molecules (or none). 1 photoreceptors 2 gustatory receptors 3 olfactory receptors 4 TRP channel temperature receptors3,2,4,1Which of the following are components of vertebrate gravity receptors? I-Utricle and saccule chambers of a membranous labyrinth. II-Hair cells with stereocilia and kinocilium. III-Hairlike processes embedded with otolith membrane, a gelatinous membrane containing calcium carbonate crystals. IV-Peripheral chemoreceptors. A. I and II only B. II, III, and IV C. I and IV only D. I, II, and IV E. I, II, and IIIE. I, II, and IIIWhich of the following constitute the vestibular apparatus? A. saccule and utricle only B. semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle C. ampullae of Lorenzini D. saccule, utricle, and Organ of Corti E. saccule, utricle, and ventricleB. semicircular canals, saccule, and utricleWhat does the middle ear consist of? A. three ossicle bones B. the ear canal C. the ear drum D. the vestibular canal E. the tympanic canalA. three ossicle bonesWhich sequence of events is required for the brain to interpret sound? I. Vibration of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial membrane causes cilia on hair cells to bend and triggers depolarization. II. Hair cells stimulate the production of action potentials in sensory neurons that project to the brain. III. Ganglion cell axons transmit action potentials to the occipital lobe. A. II then I B. III then I then II C. III then I D. I then II E. I then II then IIID. I then IIIn the vertebrate eye, what structure controls the amount of light that reaches the retina? A. fovea B. cornea C. iris D. lens E. scleraC. irisWhat is the photopigment in rod cells called? A. photopsin B. rhodopsin C. opsin D. carotene E. melaninB. rhodopsinWhat are the short retinal photoreceptors responsible for color vision called? A. rods B. cones C. bipolar cells D. glial cells E. ganglion cellsB. conesColor blindness is caused by heritable mutations in cone photoreceptors. How many cone types does the retina of a colorblind individual typically contain? A. only one B. two C. three D. four E. fiveB. twoWhat sequence of events leads to the perception of a visual scene? I. In response to light, retinal dissociates from rod and cone photopigments, hyperpolarizing the photoreceptor cells and leading to activation of bipolar neurons. II. Action potentials are propagated through ganglion cells, whose axons project to the occipital lobe of the brain. III. In response to light, rod and cone photoreceptors depolarize, causing increased release of neurotransmitter and activation of bipolar neurons. A. I then III B. III then II C. III then I then II D. I then II then III E. I then IIE. I then IIWhat sensory equipment is required for an animal to have binocular vision? A. eyes located to the sides of the head B. forward-facing eyes C. a camera-type eye with multiple lenses D. infrared vision E. ultraviolet visionB. forward-facing eyesWhich of the vertebrates senses is the least well understood? A. electroreception B. magnetoreception C. vision D. hearing E. touchB. magnetoreceptionChoose the receptor that is NOT correctly matched with its function. A. proprioceptor - monitors stretch of muscle fibers B. baroreceptor - monitors hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels C. nociceptor - transmits signals that the brain interprets as pain D. chemoreceptor - perceives taste and smell stimuli E. peripheral chemoreceptor - monitors the pH of the cerebrospinal fluidE. peripheral chemoreceptor - monitors the pH of the cerebrospinal fluidIn what order will you encounter the following structures if you examine the human ear from the outside inward? A. tympanic membrane → malleus →incus → stapes → oval window → cochlea B. tympanic membrane → incus →malleus → stapes → oval window → cochlea C. tympanic membrane → stapes →malleus → incus → oval window → cochlea D. tympanic membrane → malleus →incus → stapes → cochlea →oval window E. tympanic membrane → oval window → malleus →incus → stapes → cochleaA. tympanic membrane → malleus →incus → stapes → oval window → cochleaWhere is the visual image in focus for a nearsighted individual? A. behind the retina B. in front of the retina C. on the retina, but it appears blurred D. at the lens, forming a shadow on the retina E. on the retina, but it is upside downB. in front of the retinaThe human retina is composed of three cell layers. Which represents the correct order of these layers, starting with the layer that is closest to the iris? A. ganglion cells → bipolar cells → rods and cones B. optic nerve cells → rods and cones → bipolar cells C. rods and cones → bipolar cells → ganglion cells D. bipolar cells → ganglion cells → rods and cones E. rods and cones → optic nerve cells → bipolar cellsA. ganglion cells → bipolar cells → rods and conesWhich of the following animals does NOT have electroreceptors? A. bony fish B. sharks C. duck-bill platypus D. skates E. pit viper snakesE. pit viper snakesWhich of the following statements about hair cells is NOT true? A. They are found in the mammalian ear. B. They are found in the fish lateral line system. C. They can be repaired if they rupture. D. Bending of the cells triggers ion flow across the cell membrane. E. Their structure includes stereocilia and a kinocilium.C. They can be repaired if they rupture.Which of the following structures is found in a human eye, but NOT in an octopus eye? A. retina B. lens C. optic nerve D. blind spot E. conesD. blind spotWhich taste modality does not involve activation of a G-protein coupled receptor? A. bitter B. sweet C. umami D. sour E. all taste sensations involve GPCRsD. sourWhat effect do high frequency sounds tend to have on the ear? A. displace the whole length of the basilar membrane with a maximum near the apex B. move only the basal portion of the basilar membrane C. move only the apex portion of the basilar membrane D. move only the portion of the basilar membrane between the basal portion and the apex E. only move the tectorial membraneB. move only the basal portion of the basilar membraneThe statoliths of a lobster are replaced with iron filings, and a strong magnetic field is produced at the top of its tank. How will the lobster respond? A. Its dorsal surface will stick to the top of the tank and it will be unable to move. B. It will turn upside down and grip the underside of the tank lid. C. It will turn upside down and remain at the bottom of the tank. D. It will not respond in any way. E. It will continuously spin in circles.B. It will turn upside down and grip the underside of the tank lid.When a cone cell is stimulated by light, what will occur at the cell membrane? A. excitation B. inhibition C. an action potential D. hyperpolarization E. depolarizationD. hyperpolarizationWhat happens to a retinal photopigment when it captures a photon? A. It releases an electron. B. It fluoresces. C. It changes shape. D. It begins to vibrate. E. It does nothing.C. It changes shape.Which of the following statements regarding vision is NOT true? A. Vertebrate rods and cones hyperpolarize in response to light. B. Insects and birds can often see into the ultraviolet range. C. Bright light will often produce action potentials in both rods and cones. D. Rhodopsin is found in the membrane of rods.C. Bright light will often produce action potentials in both rods and cones.Visual acuity is highest when an image is focused on what part of the retina? A. rods outside the fovea B. cones outside the fovea C. rods within the fovea D. cones within the fovea E. anywhere, as long as there is ample lightD. cones within the foveaChoose the letter that best describes the function of each receptor type. (You may use a letter more than once.) A. tonic receptors located near the surface of the skin B. pressure sensitive receptors deep in the subcutaneous layer C. receptors on the face and fingertips sensitive to light touch Pacinian Corpuscle? Merkle cell? Ruffini Corpuscle? Meissner's Corpuscle?B,A,A,CTrue or false: Humans are unique among animals due to our highly-evolved repertoire of sensory receptors.FALSE Although humans have large and highly-developed brains, our sensory receptors are typical of many vertebrates.Since the optic nerve must pass through the retinal layer, we all have a blind spot devoid of light receptors. This normally goes unnoticed, since the brain attempts to compensate for missing sensory information by filling it in based on surrounding patterns. Which step of the sensory pathway is represented by perceptual filling-in of the physiological blind spot? A. interpretation B. stimulus C. transduction into receptor potential D. action potential transmissionA. interpretationWhat is the primary difference in how touch sensation and hearing sensation are conveyed? A. the neurotransmitters secreted by the sensory neurons B. the way that the axons physically connect to the brain stem C. the shape of the sensory axons D. the proteins that transduce the chemical signal in the brain E. the part of the brain that receives the signalE. the part of the brain that receives the signalBecause small quantities of powerful explosives can be hidden easily, a sensor that could detect trace amounts of illicit chemicals would be a useful tool. What animal sensory modality is exquisitely sensitive to minute quantities of airborne chemicals? A. olfaction B. taste C. vision D. hearing E. touchA. olfactionIf genetically engineered bees could express a receptor for TNT in their olfactory neurons, how would the bees respond to the presence of TNT? A. It would ignore the stimulus. B. It would be attracted. C. It would be repelled. D. It would depend on which olfactory neuron expresses the transgene.D. It would depend on which olfactory neuron expresses the transgene.True or False: A single type of receptor is responsible for detecting all tactile pressure in humans.FALSE A variety of specialized receptors detect different degrees of pressure at different levels in the skin.What is the molecular basis of touch sensation? A. Pressure on the skin squeezes out chemical signals from epidermal glands. B. Cell membrane distortion opens touch receptors, creating a receptor potential. C. Pressure damages the delicate strands of skin cell DNA, activating a complex signalling cascade. D. Pressure on sensory axons bursts vesicles and causes neurotransmitter release.B. Cell membrane distortion opens touch receptors, creating a receptor potential.Which of the following are tactile receptors? (Check all that apply.) 1 Merkle cell 2 ampullae of Lorenzini 3 node of Ranvier 4 Meissner corpuscle 5 Ruffini corpuscle 6 rod cell 7 Pacinian corpuscle 8 free nerve ending 9 ganglion cell 10 cone cell1,4,5,7,8True or False: There is only a single type of pain receptor.FALSE Activation of multiple types of receptors can be interpreted as "pain" especially with unusually high degrees of activation.Why do we perceive chili peppers as "hot" and peppermint as "cold"? A. It is a cultural convention to speak of chili peppers as hot and peppermint as cold. B. Capsaicin and menthol act as agonists of TRP channels normally activated by temperature changes. C. We are conditioned to think so because chili-containing foods are served hot, while mint-containing foods are served cold. D. Neurons sensitive to heat or capsaicin project to nearby regions of the brain, while neurons sensitive to cold or menthol project to other adjacent regions. E. Capsaicin transmits infrared energy, while menthol absorbs it.B. Capsaicin and menthol act as agonists of TRP channels normally activated by temperature changes.Nociceptors can respond to nearby tissue damage by sensing cytosolic factors released by damaged cells. Such "algogenic agents" can cause pain sensation even in the absence of tissue damage. What might be a practical use for such an agent? A. a nonlethal riot control measure B. an anesthetic drug C. a treatment for damaged tissue D. a tasty food additiveA. a nonlethal riot control measureThe discovery that ATP is a pain-signaling factor immediately suggested what possible therapeutic approach to alleviate chronic pain? A. create large intracellular aggregates of ATP B. treat with an ATP receptor antagonist C. block the synthesis of ATP inside cells D. use electric stimulation on pain centers of the brainB. treat with an ATP receptor antagonistIf the cilia on Bob's inner ear hair cells are damaged, what can be done to improve Bob's hearing, other than a hearing aid? A. transgenic expression of a cilia protein B. minoxidil treatment C. injection of microtubules into the cochlea D. not much - there is currently no drug that can regenerate hair cellsD. not much - there is currently no drug that can regenerate hair cellsPut the steps in the correct order for a birder hearing the call of a whip-poor-will. 1 bird sings "whip-poor-will" 10 auditory cortex interprets the pattern 2 sound waves travel to the birder's pinna and enter the canal 6 pressure waves travel through fluid in the cochlea 4 malleus, incus, and stapes vibrate 5 oval window vibrates 9 action potentials travel down axons that represent different frequencies 3 tympanic membrane vibrates 7 basilar membrane vibrates in different regions for each note 8 cilia of hair cells bend in different regions for each noteSings Sound waves travel to pinna and enter canal Tympanic membrane vibrates Malleus, incus, and stapes vibrate Oval window vibrates Pressure waves travel through fluid in cochlea Basilar membrane vibrates in diff regions for each note Cilia of hair cells bend in diff regions for each note Action potentials travel down axons tht rep. different frequencies Auditory cortex interprets patternHow is the lateral line of a fish similar to the ears of a human? (Check all that apply.) 1 cilia embedded in a gelatinous matrix 2 cochlea 3 hair cells 4 large external structures for capturing pressure waves 5 line of cells extends along length of the body 6 organ of Corti 7 pressure waves 8 sensory neurons 9 several kinocilia and one stereocilium 10 several stereocilia and one kinocilium1, 3, 7, 8, 10One patient at your audiology clinic has an actin defect, and another patient has a microtubule defect. How might these defects affect the function of their hair cells in hearing? A. Neither actin nor microtubule mutations will disrupt hair cell cilia function. B. Only the actin mutation will affect hair cell cilia function. C. Only the microtubule mutation will affect hair cell cilia function. D. Both can create problems in hair cell cilia function.D. Both can create problems in hair cell cilia function.One patient at your audiology clinic has an actin defect, and another patient has a microtubule defect. What sense other than hearing may be affected in these patients? A. smell B. taste C. balance D. touch E. proprioceptionC. balanceMutations in the DFNA20/26 locus, which codes for the actin gamma 1 protein, are associated with congenital deafness. An irate senator complains that government money is being wasted on studies of this mutant gene -- in yeast! "I am no biologist," says the senator, "but I am pretty sure yeast don't have ears." How do you respond? A. "You are right, Senator -- yeast do not have ears. We should revoke the funding immediately." B. "We can learn valuable information about the structure of the mutant protein by expressing it in yeast. It is difficult to collect large amounts of actin from tiny hair cells, and unethical to collect it from human patients." C. "We can learn valuable information about the transcription of the mutant gene in yeast. It is much more difficult to study transcription in human cells." D. "We can learn valuable information about sound transmission through the mutant yeast. By placing a speaker against a yeast vial and recording sound from the other side, we can infer how the mutant actin affects sound waves."B. "We can learn valuable information about the structure of the mutant protein by expressing it in yeast. It is difficult to collect large amounts of actin from tiny hair cells, and unethical to collect it from human patients."As CO2 builds up in the atmosphere it also accumulates in the oceans, causing acidification. This poses a challenge to marine creatures that rely on calcium carbonate deposition such as corals, mollusks, and even fish, which use it to form otoliths. Researchers investigated whether otolith deposition was impaired at low pH, and were surprised to find that otoliths were actually larger in this condition. This means that, while coping with global climate change, at least fish will still be able to maintain which sense(s)? A. feeling pain B. vision C. taste D. olfaction E. hearing and balanceE. hearing and balanceYou make a knockout of a gene involved in neurological development, and find that the mice have malformed semicircular canals. Instead of being orthogonal (at right angles) to each other, they are parallel. What aberrant behavior might you see in these mice? A. overeating B. falling over C. not startling to sudden noise D. unable to respond to a call to locate another mouse E. low muscle toneB. falling overIn 1908, chemist Kikunae Ikeda identified a new taste modality he called "umami", or "delicious" in Japanese. It gives a savory flavor to meat, seaweed, and tomatoes. What molecule is responsible for umami? A. Na+ ions B. H+ ions C. glutamate D. Mg+2 ions E. Fe+2 ionsC. glutamateThe bitter receptor hTAS2R38 is activated by glucosinolates found in plants such as turnips and broccoli. The gene variant a person has determines how sensitive their neurons are to these compounds. What would you predict for people who have the high-sensitivity variant of hTAS2R38? A. They will not easily digest turnips and broccoli. B. They will have to eat more turnips and broccoli to get the same flavor. C. They will dislike turnips and broccoli. D. They will become allergic to turnips and broccoli.C. They will dislike turnips and broccoli.Which sensory modality responds to the broadest range of molecules? A. TRP channels B. Taste C. Smell D. Vision E. TouchC. SmellWhat statement best summarizes the evolutionary history of eyes? A. Development of light-sensing organs evolved once, but several eye structures evolved separately. B. Eyes evolved once and were slightly modified in different phyla. C. Eyes evolved separately in each phylum from an ancestor with no ability to detect light. D. Light-detection organs can develop with very little developmental constraint.A. Development of light-sensing organs evolved once, but several eye structures evolved separately.Peripheral shadows or flashes of light can be a sign that the retina is peeling away from the layer below. Why is detachment of the retina a medical emergency? A. It contains the photoreceptor cells that respond to light. B. It is crucial for focusing the image. C. It secretes tears that bathe and protect the eyeball. D. It is a sphincter muscle that controls light transmission.A. It contains the photoreceptor cells that respond to light.Why are carrots said to be good for you? A. That is just an old wive's tale. B. Beta-carotene, the orange pigment in carrots, is a precursor to Vitamin A and retinal, the cofactor in photopigments. C. Beta-carotene, the orange pigment in carrots, is necessary to form lens proteins. D. Carrots have large amounts of glutamate, a neurotransmitter that activates sensory neurons.B. Beta-carotene, the orange pigment in carrots, is a precursor to Vitamin A and retinal, the cofactor in photopigments.At night, faint objects are best seen when not looked at directly. What is the basis of this phenomenon? A. Rhodopsin is transported away from the fovea at night. B. Cis-retinal builds up in the fovea at night, and is degraded during the day. C. Cone photoreceptors are most sensitive in dim light, and few cones are present in the fovea. D. Rod photoreceptors are most sensitive in dim light, and few rods are present in the fovea.D. Rod photoreceptors are most sensitive in dim light, and few rods are present in the fovea.Match the specialized sense to the role it plays. 1. ampullae of Lorenzini 2. magnetic field receptors 3. pit organs1 sense electrical currents from muscles 2 help long-distance migration 3 sense infrared radiation in preyThe ampullae of Lorenzini are jelly-filled pores that allow fish to sense electromagnetic currents. What is an important property of the jelly in these organs? A. It secretes pheromones for conspecifics. B. It is a good electrical conductor. C. It contains gustatory receptors. D. It is an electrical insulator.B. It is a good electrical conductor.A research strain of mice has a mutation that causes voltage-gated sodium channels to take longer to return to the active state after a spike. What is the likely consequence for transduction of sensory stimuli? A. There will be no effect on sensory perception, because sensory information relies on stimulus-gated ion channels and not voltage-gated ion channels. B. Sensory information will be incorrectly perceived as high intensity stimuli, due to the increased frequency of action potentials. C. The mutation will interfere with the ability of stimuli to create receptor potentials, and thus the neuron will fire with slow, broad action potentials, giving the animal enhanced sensory perception. D. Due to a longer refractory period, the neuron will be unable to conduct high frequency action potentials, and thus will not effectively transmit information about strong stimuli.D. Due to a longer refractory period, the neuron will be unable to conduct high frequency action potentials, and thus will not effectively transmit information about strong stimuli.