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Human Development Ch.8

Terms in this set (18)

Three steps to processing information
1. Receive an environmental input
2. Perform some processing on that input
3. Produce a behavioral output
three major memory systems
1. Sensory register
2. short-term or working memory
3. long-term memory
Sensory register
brief representation of presented sights and sounds
short-term or working memory
conscious, limited capacity component of memory. Old items are displaced when new items are added. Chunking allows more information to be remembered
Long-term memory
limitless, permanent store of memories
Types of retrieval
Recall
Cued Recall
Recognition
Recall
memory for information that is no longer present. Requires one to actively search memory for the relevant information.

Deferred imitation of model's actions at 6 months

Recall declines more than recognition
Cued recall
Recall is aided by the provision of a retrieval cue.
Kick in presence of mobile at around 2 months
Recognition
Decide whether something has been seen before.
Habituation seen in newborn infants. May reflect either explicit or implicit memory
Explicit memory
Deliberate attempts to remember an earlier event. Typically tested using recall or recognition tests

Explicit memory declines more than implicit memory
Implicit memory
facilitated processing of a stimulus as a result of prior exposure to that stimulus. Often occurs in the absence of awareness.
May influence performance on recognition tests.
4 reasons why memory improves
1. Speed of processing increases
2. Use of memory strategies improves
3. Increases in metamemory
4. Increased knowledge of the world
Rehearsal
repeat information over and over
Organization
group similar information together
elaboration
forms images to link information
Memory declining tasks
1. tasks that require speeded processing
2. tasks that are unfamiliar
3. Tasks that require effortful processing
Explaining Memory Decline
1. Knowledge base does not explain decline
(older adults have more knowledge than young)
2. Metamemory
(Negative beliefs contribute to memory declines)
3. Memory strategies
(less complex strategy use in older adults)
4. Basic processing capacities
(processing speed and working memory decline)
Arithmetic problem solving strategies
1. Counting
2. Counting on from first addend
3. Counting on from larger addend
4. Retrieval of solution from memory
Child will continue to use earlier strategies even after starting to use newer strategies
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