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Unit 9 Biology Test Hughes

Terms in this set (95)

What does the digestion system do?
breaks down large, complex, food molecules into smaller, soluble ones
What is the process involved in the digestion system?
ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion
What are the two type of digestion?
mechanical and chemical
what is mechanical digestion?
physically breaking down food (chewing)
what is chemical digestion?
structurally changes food molecules using enzymes (little chemical scissors)
What part of the digestion process happens in the mouth?
ingestion (taking food into system)
how does chemical digestion occur in the mouth?
enzymes and saliva break down food chemically
how does mechanical digestion occur in the mouth?
break down of food into smaller pieces
What is saliva made of?
water, mucin, and amylase
what is amylase?
enzymes change starch to simple sugars
What is the esophagus's importance?
connects the mouth and stomach, peristalsis moves the food down the tube
What is peristalsis?
muscle contractions that move food around
what is the importance of the epiglottis?
covers trachea when you swallow (protects respiratory system)
what is the stomach?
muscular pouch with mucus lining that mixes food with gastric juices
what are the gastric juices in the stomach?
water, hydrochloric acid & pepsin
what is pepsin?
enzyme changing proteins to peptides
what does the contents of the stomach turn into?
slushy, chyme stays there for 3-4 hours
how long is the small intestines?
6 meters
what are the three parts to the small intestines?
duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum
what happens in the appendix?
bacteria grows (suggested by scientists)
what happens in the duodenum?
receives digestive juices from liver and pancreas
what does the liver produce?
bile (gross wastes to be released)
what is the function of the gall bladder?
stores bile and releases it into the duodenum
what is emulsifier?
mechanically breaks up fat/oil
does bile contain enzymes?
no
what is the pancreas?
produces pancreatic juices
acts on starch, produces sugar
pancreatic amylase
acts on protein, produces peptides
trypsin
acts on fats, producing fatty acids and glycerol
lipase
acts on nucleic acids, produces sugars
nucleases
what is the function of the ileum?
longest part of the small intestine, produces intestinal juices to complete chemical digestion
What are the results of chemical digestion?
proteins> amino acids
Fats> fatty acids and glycerol
Starches> simple sugars (glucose, fructose)
increase the surface area of the stomach wall allowing absorption to take place faster
villi
where does glucose and amino acids go after chemical digestion?
to the blood directly
where does fatty acids and glycerol go after chemical digestion?
the lymph system and enter the blood at the neck via a vein
What are undigested remains?
cellulose (fiber), mucus, chewing gum, bacteria, lots of water
What is semi-solid mass?
poop
where does poop (feces) move along?
the colon
what happens to feces after going through the large intestine?
stored in the rectum until pooped out (egested) through the anus, usually 18-24 hours after eating
what does mucin help prevent?
prevents the enzyme from digesting the stomach wall, preventing an ulcer
thick slush in the stomach that food turns into after digestion?
chyme
how long does food remain in the stomach for?
3-4 hours
ring of muscle tissue, relaxes and allows the contents of the stomach to move into the duodenum
pyloric valve
where does bile enter the duodenum from?
the gall bladder
what is the function of bile?
to emulsify the fats to break up large fat drop into smaler fat droplets so that enzyme action is more efficient
what is the purpose of pancreatic juice?
neutralize the stomach acid
what is in pancreatic juice?
pancreatic amylase, lipase, trypsin, nuclease
what are the three intestinal juices?
maltase, lactase, and sucrase
what is the purpose of the intestinal juices?
to act on the disaccharide sugars and break these down into simple sugars like glucose and fructose.
what does the peptidase enzyme in intestinal juices turn peptides into?
amino acids
what percent of the nutrients has been absorbed by the time the materials have reached the end of the small intestines?
more than 95
what does it mean for materials to be moved around in the body to be assimilated?
used or stored until needed
what causes poop to become semi-solid?
when the body reabsorbs water
what is the process of pooping called?
egestion
what is the importance of carbohydrates?
major energy source, broken down into glucose
what is the importance of lipids?
store energy, protect and insulate
what is the importance of proteins?
builds/repairs tissue, makes hormones/chemicals, builds bone muscle/blockage
what is the importance of vitamins?
important for metabolism, form red blood cells, helps central nervous system
what is the importance of minerals?
strengthen bones, blood, hair, skin, nerve, function, muscle
what is the importance of water?
regulates body temperature, moistens oxygen, 83% of blood, removes waste/absorbs nutrients
what is excretion?
the process that eliminates metabolic wastes
what is excretion a result of?
result of break down of food molecules and cellular repiration
what are the organs of excretion?
skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys
what does skin excrete?
sweat
what does lungs excrete?
carbon dioxide and water vapor
what does the liver do?
converts nitrogen waste into urea
what do the kidneys excrete?
excrete urin (urea, water, and salts)
what are the parts of the urinary system?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
what is the function of the kidneys?
filter the blood,
how does blood enter the kidney?
through the renal artery
what is the filtering unit of the kidney?
nephron
how many nephrons are there per kidney?
one million
how do the kidneys work?
filtration, reabsorption, and urine excretion
cluster of capillaries
glomerulus
part of nephron that surrounds the capillaries (glomerulus)
bowman's capsule
fluid in tubules
filtrate
leaves the blood and enters the nephrons through bowmans capsule and move through tubules
water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, and vitamins
What is reabsorption?
water and needed minerals are reabsorbed into the blood
what is urine?
whatever is left after wastes have been filtered through the kidney (some water, urea, toxins, salts etc)
Where does urine flow to after coming out of the kidneys?
ureters>urinary bladder> released through urethra
what do the kidneys do with water when hydrated?
filter out the excess
what do the kidneys do with water when dehydrated?
kidneys conserve water and your urine is concentrated
poisonous substance containing nitrogen
urea
where does the nitrogen come from in urea?
the breakdown of proteins/amino acids which takes place in the liver
microscopic filtering factories of the kidney, called kidney tubules
nephrons
what would happen if the body did or did not remove the waste it produces?
toxins would build up and poison you
fluid in the tubule flows around the U shapped loop in the tubule
loop of Henle
what happens in the loop of henle?
water is absorbed back into the blood to maintain homeostasis, then continues to the distil convoluted tubule where additional salts may be reabsorbed back into the blood
in what order does food go through the digestion system?
mouth, esophagus, epiglottis, stomach, small intestine, duodenum, pancreas, ileum, large intesine,
what is the role of absorption in the digestive system?
absorbs vitamins, minerals, carbs and other things, nutrients from foods are passed onto the blood
what affect does saliva have on starch?
the amylase in the saliva breaks the starch down into simple sugars for the body to absorb and take in as an energy source
how are digested foods absorbed into the circulatory/lymphatic systems?
goes into stomach, mixes with gastric juices to turn food into chyme, chyme goes to small intestine where it basically takes out wastes and turns nutrients in the food into necessary things for the body (basically stripped down to almost simplest form), absorption takes place in the villi where certain nutrients are sent certain places and the rest that couldn't get digested goes to your poop
why is it important to have low cholesterol, trans fat, and saturated fats and things like that?
fats enter the blood through a vein in the neck, if u have a lot of fats it may clog up the vein which leads to the heart
why is it important to maintain a constant internal environment?
things function smoothly and consistently so there wont be any problems like any sort of disease or something that might negatively affect an organ
what happens when you use protein for energy sources?
you create ammonia
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