SOCI 122 Final

According to Bonilla-Silva, which of the four frames of colorblind racism is the most important?

A. Abstract liberalism
B. Naturalization
C. Cultural racism
D. Minimization of racism
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According to Bonilla-Silva, which of the four frames of colorblind racism is the most important?

A. Abstract liberalism
B. Naturalization
C. Cultural racism
D. Minimization of racism
A. Abstract liberalism
Which of the following describes the way the frames of colorblind racism are used?

A. Cultural racism is always used first, then followed by the other frames
B. They are used individually and never mixed together
C. They are used in combination with each other
C. They are used in combination with each other
3. What is an example of the rhetoric that is used with the naturalization frame?
A. Claiming that discrimination "is not a big deal"
B. Claiming to "not see race"
C. Claiming "that's the way it is"
C. Claiming "that's the way it is"
4. How does the frame of cultural racism operate?

A. Argues that minority standing is a product of lack of effort, loose family organization, and inappropriate values
B. Argues that the culture of non-white groups comes from inherent biological inferiority
C. Focuses on how racism has imbedded itself into US culture and structure rather than being at the individual level
A. Argues that minority standing is a product of lack of effort, loose family organization, and inappropriate values
5. How does the frame of minimization of racism operate?

A. It minimizes the role of culture in explaining racism
B. It downplays or disputes the impact of racism and discrimination
C. It downplays the role of race in discrimination against minorities, instead focusing on ethnicity
B. It downplays or disputes the impact of racism and discrimination
6. What is Bonilla-Silva's critique of Omi and Winant's theory of racial formation?

A. It gives too much attention to ideological processes and does not regard race as truly social collectives
B. It is too focused on the formation of racial categories and not how they are perpetuated over time
C. It places too much emphasis on individual level factors and not enough on structural racism
A. It gives too much attention to ideological processes and does not regard race as truly social collectives
7. Racialized social systems can be defined as

A. Racial hierarchy where resources are allocated to individuals based solely on phenotypic markers
B. Systems of official racial hierarchy used in a specific societies that is codified by government agencies and actors
C. Societies where economic, political, social, and ideological levels are partially structured by the placement of actors in racial categories
C. Societies where economic, political, social, and ideological levels are partially structured by the placement of actors in racial categories
8. How do class and gender fit into the racialized social system?

A. Class creates divides within racial groups, but gender has no bearing on the racialized social system
B. Class and gender have no bearing on the racialized social system
C. The racial structuration of subjects is fragmented along class and gender lines
C. The racial structuration of subjects is fragmented along class and gender lines
9. Racial contestation can be defined as

A. Competitions between racial groups for material resources
B. The struggle of racial groups for systematic changes regarding their position
C. Contestation with government officials over the official racial categories used in a system
B. The struggle of racial groups for systematic changes regarding their position
10. How does Bonilla-Silva suggest that racism should be studied?

A. Starting with the dominant group and working downwards
B. From the viewpoint of racialization
C. By looking at the ideologies that perpetuate racism
B. From the viewpoint of racialization
11. Where does group position theory focus on when studying racism? A. Focuses on the process by which racial groups create each other when they first come into contact B. Focuses on the collective processes by which a racial group comes to define and redefine another group C. Focuses on the processes by which individuals express their feelings for members of other racial groupsB. Focuses on the collective processes by which a racial group comes to define and redefine another group12. What do the four basic feelings of race prejudice all refer to? A. Positional arrangements of racial groups B. The way the dominant group feels about the subordinate group C. How groups are created and recreatedA. Positional arrangements of racial groups13. What does the feeling of a sense of proprietary claim entail? A. The dominant group feels entitled to either exclusive or prior rights in many areas of life B. The dominant group claims power over all the subordinate groups C. The dominant group controls who is included and excluded from its boundariesA. The dominant group feels entitled to either exclusive or prior rights in many areas of life14. According to Blumer, what is the source of racial prejudice? A. Extended contact between different groups B. Felt challenges to the sense of group position C. Individual thoughts and feelingsB. Felt challenges to the sense of group position15. Which of the following is part of the process of group definition? A. Understanding genetic ancestry of groups B. Allowing the subordinate group to define themselves C. Constructing an abstract image of a subordinate groupC. Constructing an abstract image of a subordinate group1. According to Oliver and Shapiro, what determines a black family's claims to middle class status? A. Income B. Assets C. Both income and assetsA. Income2. What is the relationship between wealth and income? A. Income is determined from the amount of wealth a person has B. Wealth and income are unrelated C. Wealth accrues with increasing incomeC. Wealth accrues with increasing income3. How do wealth and income figures show differing levels of progress within the black middle class? A. Wealth figures show progress after the civil rights movement, while income figures show no progress B. Income figures shows progress after the civil rights movement, while wealth figures show no progress C. Income and wealth figures combined show no progress for the black middle classB. Income figures shows progress after the civil rights movement, while wealth figures show no progress4. What is the main asset for black families? A. Real estate B. Material assets C. InvestmentsA. Real estate5. Compared to whites, how does black educational achievement impact wealth? A. Higher education does not increase black net worth, while it does increase white net worth B. Both black and white people get the same returns to net worth from higher education C. Higher education increases black net worth, but it is still less than white net worthC. Higher education increases black net worth, but it is still less than white net worth6. An audit study can be defined as A. A method of study that involves taking an in-depth look at documents and records B. A field experiment that matches two individuals with nearly identical characteristics to test an outcome C. A survey experiment that asks how people feel about certain issues and topicsB. A field experiment that matches two individuals with nearly identical characteristics to test an outcome7. What are the two main variables that Gaddis changed in his pairings? A. Race and college selectivity B. Gender and major C. Race and genderA. Race and college selectivity8. Compared to white candidates, how does college selectivity affect black candidates in the job market? A. Black candidates gain the same returns for having a degree from an elite university as white candidates, but less for having a less selective degree B. Black candidates do not gain more or less from an elite degree over a less selective degree compared to white candidates C. Black and white candidates gain the same returns for having an elite degree and a less selective degreeB. Black candidates do not gain more or less from an elite degree over a less selective degree compared to white candidates9. What conclusions does Gaddis' research bring up for the black-white employment gap as a whole? A. Black job applicants are disadvantaged in the labor market regardless of degree type B. Only low skilled black job applicants with less selective degrees are disadvantaged in the labor market C. Black and white job applicants with similar degrees have similar chances in the labor marketA. Black job applicants are disadvantaged in the labor market regardless of degree type10. How do the job responses black candidates receive differ from that of white candidates? A. Black candidates receive responses for less prestigious jobs with lower salaries B. Black candidates receive responses for the same types of jobs as white candidates, but they receive lower salary offers C. Both black and white candidates receive responses from similar job types with similar salary levelsA. Black candidates receive responses for less prestigious jobs with lower salaries1. According to Massey and Denton, what is one difference between the black ghetto and early immigrant enclaves A. The black ghetto was exclusively in the inner city, while immigrant enclaves could occur anywhere B. Immigrant enclaves were never completely homogenous and contained many nationalities C. Immigrant enclaves were permanent, while black residents could transition in and out of the ghettoB. Immigrant enclaves were never completely homogenous and contained many nationalities2. Restrictive covenants are defined as A. Stipulation in land use law stating if a property could only be used for residential or business purposes B. Laws that defined who could receive loans for certain properties and where those properties could be C. Contractual agreements between property owners restricting who they could sell or lease their property toC. Contractual agreements between property owners restricting who they could sell or lease their property to3. How did the Home Owners' Loan Corporation begin the process of redlining? A. It evaluated neighborhoods based on how close they were to the inner city B. It created a rating system that gave the lowest ranking to racially mixed and black neighborhoods C. It evaluated neighborhoods based on the values of the homes within them and gave preference to upper-class neighborhoods.B. It created a rating system that gave the lowest ranking to racially mixed and black neighborhoods4. What is one way the FHA promoted the creation of the suburbs? A. It favored construction of single family homes and discouraged multi-family units B. It only gave funding for homes built outside of established city limits C. It incentivized families to fix up old houses rather than to build new onesA. It favored construction of single family homes and discouraged multi-family units5. How did urban renewal policies enhance residential segregation? A. Fixed up black inner city ghettos to encourage black families to move into them B. Tore down existing neighborhoods, displacing black residents into public housing C. Displaced black residents from their homes in favor of creating business districts in the cityB. Tore down existing neighborhoods, displacing black residents into public housing6. What are the three main explanations for residential segregation? A. Neighborhood location, individual preferences, and class differences B. Regional differences, changing home values, and family size C. Economic differences, discriminatory practices, and individuals preferencesC. Economic differences, discriminatory practices, and individuals preferences7. How did Krysan et al indicate neighborhood characteristics in their study? A. Used short videos that showed actual neighborhoods B. Wrote out vignettes describing different neighborhoods C. Described different neighborhoods and had respondents imagine themA. Used short videos that showed actual neighborhoods8. Which of the following describes the in-group identity theory for neighborhood preference? A. Suggests that people are driven by a desire to avoid other groups B. Suggests that people are driven by a desire to live near one's own group C. Suggests that people develop their identity based on which neighborhood they live inB. Suggests that people are driven by a desire to live near one's own group9. For white respondents, how did race and class factors shape neighborhood preferences? A. White respondents generally favored mixed neighborhoods, except when they were lower class B. White respondents viewed majority lower class neighborhoods as less favorable regardless of racial composition C. White respondents viewed majority black neighborhoods as less favorable regardless of class statusC. White respondents viewed majority black neighborhoods as less favorable regardless of class status10. How did neighborhood preferences vary between white and black respondents? A. White respondents thought mixed race neighborhoods were most desirable, while black respondents thought black neighborhoods were more desirable B. White respondents thought white neighborhoods were most desirable, while black respondents thought mixed race neighborhoods were more desirable C. Both black and white respondents thought mixed race neighborhoods were most desirableB. White respondents thought white neighborhoods were most desirable, while black respondents thought mixed race neighborhoods were more desirable11. How do institutional practices within home selling stage reinforce racial stereotype and discrimination? A. Real estate laws and guidelines explicitly use race at every stage of the home selling process B. Real estate agents' commission structure enables them to racialize clients through status and beliefs about socioeconomic status C. Race is not used in the home selling process, so practices do not reinforce racial stereotypesB. Real estate agents' commission structure enables them to racialize clients through status and beliefs about socioeconomic status12. According to Korver-Glenn, what is one way real estate agents build trust with clients? A. They act on clients' racial and racially coded preferences B. They first gather extensive lists about clients' home preferences C. They anticipate what clients want using their experiences and act on those expectationsA. They act on clients' racial and racially coded preferences13. How is race indicated in the mortgage loan application process? A. Race is not indicated at all during the mortgage loan application process B. Borrowers are required to indicate race and ethnicity on the loan application form C. Either borrowers fill out an optional section on the form, or loan officers fill it out if the form was completed in personC. Either borrowers fill out an optional section on the form, or loan officers fill it out if the form was completed in person14. Which of the following is a consequence of compounding inequalities for minority neighborhoods? A. Less or lower quality investment in the neighborhood from banking institutions B. Minority neighborhoods are served by minority real estate agents who understand their needs better C. Minority neighborhoods become much more diverse than white neighborhoodsA. Less or lower quality investment in the neighborhood from banking institutions15. How do HAR market areas differ between white and black and Latino neighborhoods? A. White neighborhoods are condensed into a few heavily populated areas, while black and Latino neighborhoods are divided into many smaller areas. B. Black and Latino neighborhoods are condensed into less, more heavily populated areas, while there more majority white areas with smaller populations C. All areas are created equal to the proportion of people living in the city at any given timeB. Black and Latino neighborhoods are condensed into less, more heavily populated areas, while there more majority white areas with smaller populations1. What are the two ways that school segregation is measured? A. Measures of isolation/exposure and measures of evenness B. School population counts and resource allocation C. Dissimilarities indices and neighborhood compositionA. Measures of isolation/exposure and measures of evenness2. According to Reardon and Owens, during which period of time did black-white school segregation decline the most? A. mid-1980s to 1990s B. mid-1970s to 1980s C. mid-1960s to 1970sC. mid-1960s to 1970s3. How does court ordered desegregation impact school segregation levels at the school and district level? A. It's good at dealing with between-school segregation, but not with between-district segregation B. It's good at dealing with between-district segregation, but not with between-school segregation C. It's good at dealing with both between-school and between-district segregationA. It's good at dealing with between-school segregation, but not with between-district segregation4. Which of the following is an impact of school desegregation? A. Higher earnings for white students after high school B. Lower dropout rates for Black and Latino students C. Higher test scores for all studentsB. Lower dropout rates for Black and Latino students5. What is one limitation of current desegregation studies? A. Studies focus too much on the North, and little on the South B. They focus too much on the period right after Brown v Board C. They don't look at segregation levels in post-secondary or preschool settings.C. They don't look at segregation levels in post-secondary or preschool settings.6. Which of the following describes the difference between institutional discrimination and everyday discrimination as they occur in schools? A. Institutional discrimination is based on practices and structures, while everyday discrimination is the way stereotypes and beliefs shape interactions and expectations B. Institutional discrimination describes the era when schools and classrooms where explicitly segregated by race, while everyday discrimination occurs after segregation has been outlawed C. Institutional discrimination occurs when institutions specifically single out one group over another, while everyday discrimination occurs inadvertentlyA. Institutional discrimination is based on practices and structures, while everyday discrimination is the way stereotypes and beliefs shape interactions and expectations7. Expectation states theory can be defined as A. A theory that suggests that individuals can vary traits about themselves to change how they are perceived by people in the world around them B. A theory that suggests that individuals develop thoughtful, deliberate privileging of one group over another based on characteristics C. A theory that suggests that characteristics influence everyday interactions between people because they shape performance expectationsC. A theory that suggests that characteristics influence everyday interactions between people because they shape performance expectations8. How does racialized tracking present at Riverside high school? A. Black and Latino students are overrepresented in AP and honors courses, while white students are overrepresented in lower track courses B. Asian students are overrepresented in honors and AP courses, while all other students are overrepresented in lower track courses C. White students are overrepresented in honors and AP courses, while black and Latino students are overrepresented in lower track coursesC. White students are overrepresented in honors and AP courses, while black and Latino students are overrepresented in lower track courses9. How are low expectations for children of color transferred onto their parents? A. Teachers do not expect parents of color to care or intervene on their children's behalf B. Teachers expect parents of color to make up for children's (perceived) lower abilities C. Teachers put more effort into educating children of color to make up for parents (perceived) lack of careA. Teachers do not expect parents of color to care or intervene on their children's behalf10. What is one consequence for racialized tracking on school curriculum? A. Tracking lowers the quality of school curriculum at all levels B. Lower-level classes receive a less rigorous educational experience C. Lower-level classes develop new ways to teach student the same material as high level classesB. Lower-level classes receive a less rigorous educational experience11.What are the different dimensions included in the MMDLE? A. Race, class, gender, regional, and language B. Historical, organization, compositional, psychological, and behavior C. Campus, classroom, social, political, and historicalB. Historical, organization, compositional, psychological, and behavior12. Which of the following is a limitation to existing quantitative studies of campus perception? A. Most studies have only focused on predominantly white campuses B. Able to see the way that different students perceive campus life C. Focuses on the quality of interactions that students haveA. Most studies have only focused on predominantly white campuses13. What did the authors find when examining group satisfaction with diversity at Basin University? A. All students indicate high levels of satisfaction with diversity B. Students of color indicate lower levels of satisfaction with diversity C. African-American students as a whole indicated lower levels of satisfaction with diversityC. African-American students as a whole indicated lower levels of satisfaction with diversity14. How does transfer status affect the prevalence at which Asian students report discrimination? A. Asian transfer students reported more discrimination than white transfers B. Asian transfer students reported less discrimination than white transfers C. Asian transfer students reported the same amount of discrimination as white transfersA. Asian transfer students reported more discrimination than white transfers15. What is a strength of using mixed-methods to study campus environments? A. Proves that qualitative methods are better than quantitative methods B. Allows researchers to focus on creating surveys with a large variety of question C. Allows for more layered and accurate examination across multiple dimensionsC. Allows for more layered and accurate examination across multiple dimensions1. What are the three phases of the system of mass incarceration according to Alexander? A. Lockup, jail time, and re-entry B. Arrest, sentencing, and incarceration C. Roundup, formal control, and invisible punishmentC. Roundup, formal control, and invisible punishment2. How does mass incarceration cause the political disenfranchisement of African Americans? A. Felon disenfranchisement laws disproportionately disqualify African American men from voting B. African Americans in jail must pass a literacy test before they are allowed to vote C. Incarcerated people are not counted in the census, reducing the number of African Americans countedA. Felon disenfranchisement laws disproportionately disqualify African American men from voting3. Racial indifference is defined as A. Lack of compassion and caring about race and racial groups B. Overt racial hostility towards a person or group C. Covert racial animosity towards a group that is not acted uponA. Lack of compassion and caring about race and racial groups4. How does African American support for harsh criminal justice policies differ from that of whites? A. African Americans are more supportive of harsh policies than whites B. African Americans are less supportive of harsh policies than whites C. Both African Americans and whites share similar levels of support for harsh policiesB. African Americans are less supportive of harsh policies than whites5. What is one way that mass incarceration contributes to segregation? A. Ex-felons are prohibited from buying or owning homes B. Black and brown prisoners are locked up in prisons away from mainstream society C. Prisons are disproportionately built in black and brown areas, which further concentrates segregationB. Black and brown prisoners are locked up in prisons away from mainstream society6. How is the "mope" construction defined? A. A person who has repeatedly broken the law and is a regular in court B. A person who violates the values of work ethic, competency, and motivation C. A person who commits a particularly violent or heinous crimeB. A person who violates the values of work ethic, competency, and motivation7. How are people of color treated in the courtroom, even when they are not defendants? A. Men of color are treated as criminals, but women of color are respected B. Non-defendants are ignored unless they interrupt the trials C. They are treated as though they should be punished or taught a lessonC. They are treated as though they should be punished or taught a lesson8. How does white privilege function in the courtroom? A. People have to prove whiteness by showing an upper class demeanor B. All white defendants are afforded white privilege C. White privilege is not used in the courtroomA. People have to prove whiteness by showing an upper class demeanor9. What happens to defense attorneys who cannot or will not "control" their clients? A. They are typically more successful in winning their cases B. Judges help them control their clients C. They are marginalized and humiliatedC. They are marginalized and humiliated10. What is a consequence of the procedural, bureaucratic system used in Cook County? A. It minimizes and homogenizes defendants and excludes them from court proceedings B. It allows attorneys to treat all defendants fairly, without accounting for race C. It increases the efficiency of the court proceedings and results in fair sentencesA. It minimizes and homogenizes defendants and excludes them from court proceedings11. How is carceral citizenship different from other forms of citizenship? A. People are only considered carceral citizens for the period of time they are in jail, after which they lose the status. B. It is distinguished by the restrictions, duties, and benefits held by people with criminal records C. The state fails to guarantee the rights of carceral citizens, even when they would normally be entitled to themB. It is distinguished by the restrictions, duties, and benefits held by people with criminal records12. What is one defining feature of carceral citizenship? A. It is a status that people can be born with and can never lose B. It consists of laws and policies that shape how formerly incarcerated people interact with free society C. Carceral citizens are exempt from certain laws that apply to normal citizensB. It consists of laws and policies that shape how formerly incarcerated people interact with free society13. How do the politics of informality operate within carceral citizenship? A. Formerly incarcerated people rely on the goodwill of friends and family B. Formerly incarcerated people must work solely within formal channels to receive services C. Politics of informality govern time spent within prison, but have no bearing once people are releasedA. Formerly incarcerated people rely on the goodwill of friends and family14. Which of the following is a responsibility of carceral citizenship? A. To pay a material and symbolic "debt to society" B. Formerly incarcerated people have no responsibilities once they leave incarceration C. They must follow all laws, but have no information expectations outside of thatA. To pay a material and symbolic "debt to society"15. How do race and class factors impact the translation of a criminal record? A. Those who are well resourced receive better treatment during incarceration, but receive no different treatment after they are released. B. Race and class have no bearing on the translation of a criminal record C. Those who are well resourced are less defined by their criminal records than the raced and criminalized poorC. Those who are well resourced are less defined by their criminal records than the raced and criminalized poor1. What is one methodological consideration for studying racial/ethnic health disparities? A. Datasets tend to be tilted towards sicker populations, since they are the ones who report on illnesses B. Certain racial/ethnic groups are too big to accurately count in data sets C. Data on health disparities are subject to the shifting understandings of race and ethnicity over time and placeC. Data on health disparities are subject to the shifting understandings of race and ethnicity over time and place2. Morbidity is defined as A. Diagnosis of or having a disease B. Likelihood to die from a disease C. Likelihood to seek treatment for a diseaseA. Diagnosis of or having a disease3. How does nativity relate to health insurance patterns? A. Foreign-born adults reported the highest rates of being uninsured B. Foreign-born adults reported lower rates of being uninsured C. Foreign-born adults had the same rates of being uninsured as US-born adultsA. Foreign-born adults reported the highest rates of being uninsured4. Which groups have the highest mortality rate in the US? A. Foreign-born Whites and Asians B. US-born Blacks and Native Americans C. Latinos of any race and nativity statusB. US-born Blacks and Native Americans5. How do racial/ethnic disparities in health vary by gender? A. Disparities are the same for men and women B. Disparities are more pronounced among men than in women C. Disparities are more pronounced among women than in menC. Disparities are more pronounced among women than in men6. How did Stepanikova minimize social desirability bias in her study? A. Varied the names in her study to indicate race B. Used subliminal priming with race related words C. Randomized the vignette physicians were givenB. Used subliminal priming with race related words7. What is implicit bias? A. Biases that are culturally embedded and operate outside of conscious awareness B. Biases that are explicitly accessed and overtly expressed C. Biases that are thought but never acted uponA. Biases that are culturally embedded and operate outside of conscious awareness8. Under what conditions are physicians more likely to face time pressure? A. If they work in a general practice rather than a specialization B. If they are presented with a case that has no overt symptoms C. If they work in resource poor, underfunded, and/or understaffed clinicsC. If they work in resource poor, underfunded, and/or understaffed clinics9. How does time pressure influence implicit bias? A. Time pressure has no influence on implicit bias B. High-time pressure deactivates implicit bias C. High-time pressure activates implicit biasC. High-time pressure activates implicit bias10. How does physician behavior vary for black and white patients when under time pressure? A. Physicians are more likely to step up diagnostic pursuits for black patients but step it down for white patients B. Physicians are more likely to step up diagnostic pursuits for white patients but step it down for black patients C. Physicians are more likely to step up diagnostic pursuits for both black and white patientsB. Physicians are more likely to step up diagnostic pursuits for white patients but step it down for black patients11. What is one difficulty researchers encounter when measuring experiences of discrimination? A. Different factors influence if people perceive if a stressful experience is due to discrimination B. The scale to measure discrimination is old and does not apply to all instances C. All people report the same levels of discrimination, so there is no variance in the dataA. Different factors influence if people perceive if a stressful experience is due to discrimination12. What are the prominent dimensions of discrimination that occurred after 9/11? A. Media and legal discrimination B. Interpersonal and street discrimination C. Violence and workplace discriminationC. Violence and workplace discrimination13. How does Lauderdale identify Arabic-name individuals for this study? A. Uses an algorithm to identify Arab surname and given name B. Relies on race/ethnicity marked on birth certificate C. Uses self-reported race/ethnicity from the mothersA. Uses an algorithm to identify Arab surname and given name14. How does the infant's name predict birth outcomes? A. Infants with ethnically distinct names had lower chances of low birth weight B. Infants' names have no correlation with birthweight C. Infants with ethnically distinct names had higher chances of low birth weightC. Infants with ethnically distinct names had higher chances of low birth weight15. How do Arabic-name women do in terms of low birth weight and pre-term birth after 9/11 compared to other pregnant women? A. Other pregnant women experienced increased risk of low birth weight and pre-term birth B. Arabic-named women experienced increased risk of low birth weight and pre-term birth C. Arabic-named women experienced decreased risk of low birth weight and pre-term birthB. Arabic-named women experienced increased risk of low birth weight and pre-term birth