An optimal AP axial cervical vertebrae projection demonstrates all of the following except:
the spinous processes aligned with the midline of the cervical bodies.

open intervertebral disk spaces.

each vertebra's spinous process visualized at the level of its superior intervertebral disk space.

the third cervical vertebra inferior to the posterior occiput and mandibular mentum.

each vertebra's spinous process visualized at the level of its superior intervertebral disk space.

A less than optimal AP axial sacral projection demonstrating sacral foreshortening, what positioning error has occurred?

the film was obtained with an insufficient amount of cephalic central ray angulation

The bony structures connected directly to the vertebral body are the:pediclesFor a lateral cranial projection, the 1. msp is positioned parallel with the IR. 2. IPL is positioned parallel with the IR. 3. IOML is perpend to the front edge of the IR. 4. cr is centered 2 inches (5 cm) anterior to EAM.1. msp is positioned parallel with the IR. 3. IOML is perpend to the front edge of the IR.A lateral cranial projection with poor positioning demonstrates the greater wings of the sphenoid and anterior cranial cortices without superimposition. One of each of the corresponding structures is demonstrated posterior to the other. How was the patient mispositioned for such a projection to be obtained?the patient's head was rotatedAn optimal PA cranium projection demonstrates all of the following except: equal distance from the lateral orbital margins to the lateral cranial cortices on both sides. anterior clinoids and dorsum sellae seen inferior to the ethmoid sinuses. petrous ridges superimposing the supraorbital margins. internal acoustic meatus visualized through the center of the orbits.anterior clinoids and dorsum sellae seen inferior to the ethmoid sinuses.Another name for the mandibular angle isgonionA PA cranium projection demonstrating the petrous ridges superior to the supraorbital marginsthe image was obtained with the chin tucked more than the required amount.An AP thoracic projection with poor positioning demonstrates closed eighth through twelfth intervertebral disk spaces. How was the patient mispositioned for such a projection to be obtained?the patient's knees and hips were extendedIf the medial talar dome were positioned distal to the lateral talar dome on a lateral foot projection, which positioning error has occurred?the patient's proximal tibia was elevatedAn AP axial sacral projection with poor positioning demonstrates that the symphysis pubis rotated toward the patient's right side. How was the positioning setup mispositioned for such a projection to be obtained?the patient was in an RPO positionThe zygapophyseal joints of the upper lumbar vertebrae are ____ in relationship to the midsagittal plane.50 degreesThe air contrast is demonstrated in the ____ on a PA stomach and duodenum projectionfundusGood collimation practices will do all of the following except: decrease the radiation dosage. affect the amount of scatter radiation that reaches the IR. reduce the visibility of recorded details. reduce digital radiography histogram analysis errors.reduce the visibility of recorded details.Which CR cassette size will provide the greatest recorded detail?the smallest size availableThe most common shape distortion iselongationThe greatest detail sharpness is obtained by using: 1. a small focal spot. 2. the longest SID. 3. the smallest OID. 4. longer exposure times.1. a small focal spot. 2. the longest SID. 3. the smallest OID.If a projection does not differentiate the densest and thickest structures in the VOI, adjusting the __________ is necessarykVpWhat is the location on a histogram graph of bone?on the leftAll of the following may result in histogram analysis errors except: unusual pathologic conditions. poor positioning. motion. alignment of the anatomic part with the IR.motion.When an image resembles a double exposure, the type of artifact demonstrated is a(n) ______________ artifactphantom imageFor an AP chest projection obtained in a neonate or infant who is being ventilated with a high-frequency ventilator, the exposure should be obtainedanytimeAll of the following are true about windowing except: windowing occurs after the image is displayed on the monitor. window level adjustments change the contrast of the image. saving adjusted windowing settings to the PACS system narrows the dynamic range for future viewers. windowing is referred to as a postprocessing manipulation procedure.window level adjustments change the contrast of the image.Which of the following patient conditions demonstrates high subject contrast? Fluid retention caused by disease High fat content Pneumothorax Dense bonesdense bonesWhich technical factor is primarily used to regulate density?mAsWhat percentage of kVp adjustment doubles the density on an image?15%Which of the technical factors is primarily used to regulate contrast?kVpWhich of the following technical factors should be chosen when 20 mAs is desired and the patient being imaged has difficulty remaining still? 200 mA at 0.1 sec 400 mA at 0.05 sec 100 mA at 0.4 sec 100 mA at 0.2 sec400 mA at 0.05 secAdditive disease processes that would require at least a 35% increase in mA include all of the following except: Paget's disease. pleural effusion. ascites. pneumonia.Paget's disease.Kyphosis is defined as a(n):abnormal thoracic curvature with increased convexityWhat is the technical adjustment required with the patient condition of emphysema? +5 kVp +50%-60% mAs -8 kVp +35% mAs-8 kVpWhat is the technical adjustment required with the trauma device of a small to medium plaster cast? +5 kVp or +25%-30% +5-7 kVp or +50%-60% mAs -15-20 kVp +50% mAs+5-7 kVp or +50%-60% mAsTo best demonstrate intraperitoneal air, the abdomen projection should be taken after a full inspiration. an AP abdomen projection (lateral decubitus position) should be obtained with the patient lying on the right side. allow the patient to be positioned upright for 5 to 20 minutes before obtaining the exposure for an upright AP abdomen projection. the left iliac wing needs to be included in an AP abdomen projection (lateral decubitus position) on a patient with narrow hips.allow the patient to be positioned upright for 5 to 20 minutes before obtaining the exposure for an upright AP abdomen projection.The trapezium is demonstrated without superimposition of other anatomy on a lateral wrist projection when the patientdepresses the distal first metacarpalSuperior articular processeartransverse processnosepedicleeyepars interarticularisneckinferior articular processlegAP lumbar projection1. ASISs are positioned at equal distances from the imaging table. 4. central ray is centered to the iliac crest when a 14- × 17-inch (35- × 43-cm) IR is used.AP lumbar oblique(1&2)lateral lumbar(1&2)AP axial coccyx(3&4)How is an AP or PA rib projection of a patient with lower anterior rib pain obtained? 1. With the patient in an AP projection 2. On expiration 3. Using 65 to 70 kVp 4. With the shoulders at equal distances to the imaging table2. On expiration 4. With the shoulders at equal distances to the imaging tableCR Sacrum(C) 15* cephalic 2" superior to public symphysisfalse rib9unilateral rib study1-10separates humerusbicipital groovebody plane anterior and posteriorcoronalbody plane superior and inferioraxialanode heel rulecathode50% of populationstenicextreme bodyasthenic/hyperstomachLVQFor an open joint space to be obtained, the CR must be aligned ________ to the jointparallelThree images were obtained on the same structure with a computed radiography system. Image 1 was obtained using a 48" SID and a 5" OID; image 2 was obtained using a 48" SID and a 3" OID; and image 3 was obtained with a 48" SID, 3" OID and a larger IR. Which image will demonstrate greatest size distortion?Image 1An image demonstrating motion and adequate density was obtained using 100 mA at 0.5 seconds. If the time is changed to .25 seconds, what mA should be used to maintain density?200 mAA postprocessing manipulation that can be added to digital projections as a means of helping the viewer to better evaluate contrast resolution in the selected area is acontrast maskWhat is the location on a histogram of air/gas?rightAll of the following are guidelines for producing optimal image histograms except: choose the correct body part and projection from the workstation menu leave minimal background in the exposure field through tight collimation use the smallest possible IR and cover at least 50% of it erase the imaging plate if the IR has not been used for a few daysuse the smallest possible IR and cover at least 50% of itWhat is the technical adjustment required with soft tissue demonstration of foreign object? +25-30% mAs +5-7 kVp -15-20 kVp +50% mAs-15-20 kVpThe last rib is attached to the ______ vertebratwelfthA PA chest projection obtained in full lung expansion: demonstrates 10 to 11 posterior ribs above the diaphragm demonstrates the greatest expansion transversely would have been obtained with the patient in a seated position demonstrates a broader and shorter heart shadow than if obtained in expirationdemonstrates 10 to 11 posterior ribs above the diaphragmFor AP projections of the chest performed with a portable x-ray unit, placing the IR lengthwise is not appropriate for which body habitus?hypersthenicA PA oblique wrist projection with poor positioning demonstrates an obscured trapeziotrapezoidal joint space and excessive trapezoid and capitate superimposition. How should the positioning setup be adjusted for an optimal image to be obtained? externally rotate the wrist internally rotate the wrist ulnar-deviate the wrist unflex the handinternally rotate the wristWhich of the following projections is used to prevent crossing of the forearm bones? AP PAAP projectionWhere are the soft tissue structures that can be used to indicate joint effusion located on the lateral wrist projection?anteriorlyA poorly positioned PA oblique wrist projection demonstrates superimposition of the trapezoid and trapezium, and the capitate is superimposed by the trapezoid. How should the positioning setup be adjusted to obtain an optimal projection? Align the third metacarpal and midforearm, decreasing radial flexion. Increase the degree of medial wrist rotation. Decrease the degree of medial wrist rotation Increase hand extensionDecrease the degree of medial wrist rotationA less than optimal AP elbow projection demonstrating the ulna without radial head superimposition: was obtained with the elbow in external rotation will also demonstrate the radial head articulating surface was obtained with the hand pronated was obtained with the elbow in internal rotationwas obtained with the elbow in external rotationAn anteriorly dislocated shoulder is demonstrated on an AP shoulder projection when the humeral head is demonstrated inferior to thecoracoid processA poorly positioned AP shoulder projection demonstrating most of the articulating surface of the glenoid cavity: will also demonstrate the medial clavicular end superimposing the vertebrae will also demonstrate longitudinal foreshortening of the scapular body was obtained because the upper midcoronal plane was tilted posteriorly was obtained because the patient was rotated toward the affected shoulderwill also demonstrate the medial clavicular end superimposing the vertebraeAn accurate PA oblique scapular Y shoulder projection is obtained: when an imaginary line connecting the coracoid process and acromion angle is aligned perpendicular to the IR when the resulting image demonstrates the superior scapular angle positioned superior to the clavicle when an imaginary line connecting the coracoid process and acromion angle is aligned parallel with the IR only when the glenoid cavity superimposes the humeral headwhen an imaginary line connecting the coracoid process and acromion angle is aligned parallel with the IRA poorly positioned AP axial projection (Stryker method) of the proximal humerus demonstrates the lesser tubercle in profile medially. How was the setup mispositioned to obtain such an image? The humerus was elevated to less than a vertical position The central ray was angled less than the required 10-degree cephalic angle The humerus was elevated beyond a vertical position The distal humerus was tilted laterallyThe distal humerus was tilted laterallyIf the patient is unable to extend the knee fully, an open femorotibial joint is accomplished by aligning the central ray perpendicular to the anterior surface of the lower leg and then: decreasing the angle 3 to 5 degrees and centering to the femorotibial joint increasing the angle 3 to 5 degrees and centering to the femorotibial joint centering to the femorotibial jointdecreasing the angle 3 to 5 degrees and centering to the femorotibial jointAn optimal AP axial foot projection demonstrates all of the following except: an open medial-intermediate cuneiform joint space uniform density across the phalanges, metatarsals, and tarsals the calcaneus without talar superimposition open TMT joint spacesthe calcaneus without talar superimpositionAn internally rotated AP oblique knee projection demonstrates the tibia partially superimposed over the fibular head. How should the positioning setup be adjusted to obtain an optimal projection?Increase the degree of internal rotationA cross-table lateromedial knee projection demonstrates the medial femoral condyle distal to the lateral femoral condyle. To obtain an optimal projection: rotate the x-ray tube column to align the central ray more cephalically adjust the central ray angulation posteriorly adduct the patient's leg internally rotate the patient's legadduct the patient's legWhen obtaining an axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection of the hip on patients with ample lateral soft-tissue thickness, the: IR is positioned superior to the iliac crest central ray is centered inferior to the femoral head IR is positioned inferior to the iliac crest IR is positioned at the iliac crestIR is positioned superior to the iliac crestAn AP oblique sacroiliac joint projection (RPO position) with poor positioning demonstrates a closed sacroiliac joint, the superior and inferior sacral alae without superimposition, and the lateral sacral ala superimposed over the iliac tuberosity. How was the positioning setup mispositioned for such a projection to be obtained? The pelvis was insufficiently rotated The pelvis was overrotated The central ray was not angled The central ray was centered too mediallyThe pelvis was insufficiently rotatedA less than optimal AP hip projection demonstrating the lesser trochanter in profile: was obtained with the leg in internal rotation will also demonstrate the greater trochanter at the same level as the femoral head will also demonstrate the greater trochanter in profile will also demonstrate a foreshortened femoral neckwill also demonstrate a foreshortened femoral neckThe central ray angulation used for AP axial sacroiliac joint projections: produces an image without sacroiliac joint foreshortening ranges from 25 to 30 degrees cephalically needs to be greater in male than in female patients needs to be decreased as the lumbosacral curvature increasesproduces an image without sacroiliac joint foreshorteningAn AP axial cervical projection with poor positioning demonstrates obscured intervertebral disk spaces and each vertebra's spinous process within its vertebral body. How was the positioning setup mispositioned for such a projection to be obtained? The patient was rotated toward the right side The central ray was angled too caudally The patient's head was tilted The central ray was angled too cephalicallyThe central ray was angled too caudallyA PA axial oblique cervical projection demonstrates closed intervertebral disk spaces and distorted vertebral bodies when thecentral ray angulation is inaccurateA lateral cervicothoracic projection (Twining method) with poor positioning demonstrates the humerus with the greater degree of magnification rotated posteriorly. How was the patient mispositioned for such a projection to be obtained?The arm situated farther from the IR was rotated posteriorlyA less than optimal AP axial cervical vertebrae projection demonstrating closed intervertebral disk spaces and each vertebra's spinous process within its vertebral bodywas obtained with the central ray angled too caudallyA less than optimal lateral cervical vertebrae projection demonstrates the articular pillars of one side of the patient situated anterior to the opposite articular pillars. How was the patient mispositioned? The midsagittal plane was not aligned perpendicular to the IR The acanthiomeatal line was not parallel with the floor The midcoronal plane was not aligned perpendicular to the IR The interpupillary line was not perpendicular to the IRThe midcoronal plane was not aligned perpendicular to the IRAn AP axial cervical vertebrae projection demonstrates a portion of the third cervical vertebra superimposed over the posterior occipital bone. How should the positioning setup be adjusted to obtain an optimal projection? Center the central ray more inferiorly Increase the degree of cephalic central ray angulation Decrease the degree of chin tuck Increase the degree of chin tuckIncrease the degree of chin tuckWhich of the following is not demonstrated as open on PA axial oblique cervical vertebrae? Intervertebral foramina Intervertebral disk spaces Vertebral foramen of C1 Zygapophyseal jointsZygapophyseal jointsA left lateral thoracic vertebrae projection demonstrating more than 0.5 inch (1.25 cm) of space between the posterior ribs was obtained with the patient's right side rotated posteriorly will require the patient's right side to be rotated posteriorly to obtain an optimal projection will require the vertebral column to be positioned parallel with the IR to obtain an optimal projection was obtained with the midsagittal plane aligned perpendicular to the IRwas obtained with the patient's right side rotated posteriorlyA left lateral lumbar projection with poor positioning demonstrates rotation. The posterior ribs that are most magnified and projected inferiorly are rotated anteriorly. How should the patient be repositioned for an optimal projection to be obtained?Rotate the patient's right side posteriorlyA left lateral sacral projection demonstrates the greater sciatic notches without superimposition and the superiorly situated femoral head anteriorly. How should the positioning setup be adjusted for an optimal projection to be obtained?Rotate the right side of the pelvis posteriorlyA PA oblique sternal projection (RAO position) with poor positioning demonstrates the right SC joint and manubrium superimposed by the thoracic vertebrae. How should the patient be repositioned for an optimal projection to be obtained?Increase the degree of patient obliquityA less than optimal lateral sternum projection that does not demonstrate the sternum in profile and visualizes the superior heart shadow extending anterior to the sternum: resulted because the central ray was centered too posteriorly resulted because of poor costal breathing technique could be improved by rotating the right thorax anteriorly also would demonstrate the left thorax rotated posteriorlycould be improved by rotating the right thorax anteriorlyA PA cranial projection obtained with the patient's face rotated toward the right side demonstrates a greater distanced from the: lateral orbital margin to the lateral cranial cortex on the left side than on the right side crista galli to the lateral cranial cortex on the right side than on the left side right mandibular ramus to the cervical vertebrae than from the left mandibular ramus to the cervical vertebrae lateral orbital margin to the lateral cranial cortex on the right side than on the left sidelateral orbital margin to the lateral cranial cortex on the left side than on the right sideWhen the central ray is aligned with a patient's OML, the tube angle reads 25 degrees caudad. What angulation would you use for this patient for a trauma AP axial (Towne method) cranial projection?45 degrees caudadA patient is unable to hyperextend the neck enough for an SMV cranial projection (Schueller method). How should the positioning setup be adjusted for an optimal projection to be obtained? Align the central ray perpendicular to the IOML Extend the patient's neck as far as possible and use a perpendicular central ray Align the central ray perpendicular to the OML The projection cannot be obtainedAlign the central ray perpendicular to the IOMLA patient is unable to elevate the chin enough for a parietoacanthial facial bone projection (Waters method). How could the positioning setup be adjusted for an optimal projection to be obtained? Angle the central ray cephalically The projection cannot be obtained Align the central ray parallel with the MML Elevate the patient's chin as far as possible and use a perpendicular central rayAlign the central ray parallel with the MMLA parietocanthial facial bone projection (Waters method) demonstrating the petrous ridges within the maxillary sinuses: would have been obtained with the patient's chin elevated more than needed to align the acanthioparietal line perpendicular to the IR would have been obtained with the patient's chin insufficiently elevated to align the MML perpendicular to the IR will require a cephalic central ray angulation if the patient is unable to adjust the chin would have resulted if the projection was obtained with the patient's mouth openwould have been obtained with the patient's chin insufficiently elevated to align the MML perpendicular to the IRFor a PA oblique esophagus projection (RAO position) with accurate positioning: the patient is rotated until the midcoronal plane is at a 35- to 40-degree angle with the IR the central ray is centered to the esophagus at the level of T6 to T7 an 11- × 14-inch (28- × 35-cm) IR is used the patient drinks barium before the exposure onlythe patient is rotated until the midcoronal plane is at a 35- to 40-degree angle with the IRAdequate large intestine distention and mucosal covering has been obtained when: the mucosal folds are demonstrated a thin coating of barium covers the mucosal surface the barium pool is limited to half the intestinal diameter the barium is pooled in the dependent surfacea thin coating of barium covers the mucosal surfaceA left lateral rectum projection demonstrates the right femoral head anterior to the left femoral head. Such a projection: 1. also demonstrates the right femoral head superior to the left femoral head. 2. is obtained by positioning the posterior pelvic wings perpendicular to the IR. 3. demonstrates a magnified right femoral head. 4. is made optimal by rotating the right hip posteriorly.3. demonstrates a magnified right femoral head. 4. is made optimal by rotating the right hip posteriorly.A less than optimal lateral sternum projection that does not demonstrate the sternum in profile and visualizes the superior heart shadow extending anterior to the sternum: resulted because the central ray was centered too posteriorly. resulted because of poor costal breathing technique. could be improved by rotating the right thorax anteriorly. also would demonstrate the left thorax rotated posteriorly.could be improved by rotating the right thorax anteriorly.On a PA oblique sternal projection (RAO position) with accurate positioning, the: 1. manubrium is demonstrated to the left of the heart shadow. 2. posterior ribs are magnified. 3. sternum is demonstrated within the heart shadow. 4. lung markings are blurred.2. posterior ribs are magnified. 3. sternum is demonstrated within the heart shadow. 4. lung markings are blurred.A below-diaphragm AP oblique rib projection (RPO position) with accurate positioning demonstrates the: 1. ninth through twelfth ribs below the diaphragm. 2. axillary ribs without foreshortening. 3. seventh axillary rib at the center of the collimated field. 4. inferior sternal body just to the right of the vertebral column.1. ninth through twelfth ribs below the diaphragm. 2. axillary ribs without foreshortening.On a hypersthenic body habitus, the CR for a RAO is 3-4" superior to the inferior rib margin. True FalseTrue & 70 degree rotation Sthenic: 1-2" superior to infer rib margin & 45 degrees Asthenic: @ or 1: below infer rib margin & 35 degreesAn AP large intestine projection with accurate positioning demonstrates: 1. the spinous processes aligned with the midline of the vertebral bodies. 2. symmetrical iliac ala. 3. superimposition of the ascending and descending limbs of the colic flexure. 4. the fourth lumbar vertebra in the center of the exposure field.1. the spinous processes aligned with the midline of the vertebral bodies. 2. symmetrical iliac ala. 3. superimposition of the ascending and descending limbs of the colic flexure. 4. the fourth lumbar vertebra in the center of the exposure field.For a PA oblique sternal projection (RAO position): 1. 40-inch (100-cm) SID is used. 2. the patient's midcoronal plane is angled 15 to 20 degrees with the IR. 3. a long exposure time is used. 4. costal breathing is used.1. 40-inch (100-cm) SID is used. 2. the patient's midcoronal plane is angled 15 to 20 degrees with the IR. 3. a long exposure time is used. 4. costal breathing is used.The CR for a large intestine, lateral rectum is L5-S1. True FalseFalse ASIS- S1/S2For a small intestine study, early in the series, the CR isperpendicular to the msp 2" above the iliac crestWhat sits between the anterior and posterior clinoid processes?sella turcicaOn a trauma AP cranium, which of the below will accomodate a C collar? 10-15 cephalic angle, OML perpendicular 10-15 cephalic angle, MML perpendicular 10-15 caudal, OML perpendicular 10-15 caudal, MML perpendicular10-15 caudal, OML perpendicularHow many bones make up the cranium? How many bones make up the facial bones?8, 14The mastoid tip and the styloid process are interchangeable terms. True FalseFalseWhich of the following statements is not true about an SMV cranium projection (Schueller method)? The IOML should be placed parallel to the IR for the projection. Positioning the midsagittal plane perpendicular to the IR prevents cranial tilting. The dens is centered within the exposure field. If the resulting image demonstrates the mandibular mentum posterior to the ethmoid sinuses, the central ray can be angled caudally to obtain an optimal projection.If the resulting image demonstrates the mandibular mentum posterior to the ethmoid sinuses, the central ray can be angled caudally to obtain an optimal projection.An optimally positioned lateral cranium projection demonstrates all of the following except: an area 2 inches (5 cm) superior to the EAM at the center of the exposure field. superimposition of the greater wings of the sphenoid and orbital roofs. the sella turcica on end. posteroinferior occipital bones and posterior arch of the atlas free of superimposition.the sella turcica on end.For a PA axial cranial projection (Caldwell method), the 1. midsagittal plane is aligned perpendicular to the IR. 2. central ray is angled 15 degrees caudally. 3. OML is aligned perpendicular to the IR. 4. central ray is centered to the nasion.1. midsagittal plane is aligned perpendicular to the IR. 2. central ray is angled 15 degrees caudally. 3. OML is aligned perpendicular to the IR. 4. central ray is centered to the nasion.Which positioning line would be for tangential views? GAL MML AML IOMLGALFor a parietoacanthial sinus projection (Waters method), the 1. patient is positioned upright to demonstrate air-fluid levels within the maxillary sinuses. 2. MML is aligned perpendicular to the IR. 3. central ray is centered to the acanthion. 4. OML is at a 37-degree angle with the central ray.1. patient is positioned upright to demonstrate air-fluid levels within the maxillary sinuses. 2. MML is aligned perpendicular to the IR. 3. central ray is centered to the acanthion. 4. OML is at a 37-degree angle with the central ray.(should be with IR*)A PA cranial projection obtained with the patient's face rotated toward the right side demonstrates a greater distanced from the: lateral orbital margin to the lateral cranial cortex on the left side than on the right side. crista galli to the lateral cranial cortex on the right side than on the left side. right mandibular ramus to the cervical vertebrae than from the left mandibular ramus to the cervical vertebrae. lateral orbital margin to the lateral cranial cortex on the right side than on the left side.lateral orbital margin to the lateral cranial cortex on the left side than on the right side.Which of the below is NOT a suture of the skull? coronal lambdoidal sagittal bregma squamosalbregmaThe preferred method for obtaining a Towne's is PA. True FalseFalseThe styloid process is on the temporal bone. True FalseTrueAn AP axial (Towne method) cranial projection with poor positioning demonstrates a foreshortened dorsum sellae and the atlas's posterior arch within the foramen magnum. How was the positioning setup mispositioned for such a projection to be obtained? 1. The patient's face was rotated toward the right side. 2. The chin was not adequately tucked. 3. The OML was not aligned perpendicular to the IR. 4. The central ray was angled too caudally.3. The OML was not aligned perpendicular to the IR. 4. The central ray was angled too caudally.In a properly positioned PA cranium, the crista galli sits just superior to the dorsum sella and the petrous ridges sit in the upper margins of the orbit. True FalseTrueWhat is the CR point for an AP mandible?acanthionWhat is the CR point for a Towne's method for the cranium?2.5" superior to the glabellaAn AP oblique lumbar projection (RPO or LPO position) with accurate positioning demonstrates 1. the superior and inferior articular processes in profile. 2. "Scotty dogs" that are stacked on top of one another. 3. the obturator foramina. 4. the pedicles situated closest to the IR in the center of the vertebral bodies.1. the superior and inferior articular processes in profile. 2. "Scotty dogs" that are stacked on top of one another. 4. the pedicles situated closest to the IR in the center of the vertebral bodies.A radiograph of an AP axial coccyx reveals that the symphysis pubis is superimposed over the distal end of the coccyx. Which of the following modifications will correct this problem during the repeat exposure? Decrease the CR angulation. Increase the CR angulation. Slightly oblique the patient. Ask the patient to empty her bladder.Increase the CR angulation.The intervertebral foramina of the lumbar spine are located at an angle of _____ in relation to the midsagittal plane.90°What CR angle should be used for a lateral sacrum/coccyx projection?None. CR is perpendicular to the image receptor.A radiograph of an AP axial sacrum reveals that it is foreshortened and the sacral foramina are not clearly seen. The patient was in an AP supine position, and the technologist angled the CR 10° cephalad. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph?Insufficient CR angulationWhich of the following projections will project the dens within the shadow of the foramen magnum?AP projection (Fuchs method)Scoliosis is defined as an abnormal or exaggerated _____ curvature.lateralWhat type of CR angulation is required for an AP axial projection of the coccyx?10° caudadHow much obliquity of the body is required for posterior oblique positions for the sacroiliac joints?25° to 30°A radiograph of an AP open-mouth projection reveals that the base of the skull is superimposed over the dens. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome? Excessive flexion of the skull Excessive extension of the skull Excessive CR angulation Rotation of the skullExcessive extension of the skullThe chin is extended for a lateral projection of the cervical spine to:prevent superimposition of the mandible upon the spine.How much CR angulation is required for the AP axial projection for the cervical spine?15° to 20° cephaladWhich of the following positions will demonstrate the left intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine? RAO Left posterior oblique (LPO) Lateral LAOLAOA radiograph of the left sacroiliac joint demonstrates it open and clearly seen. Which of the following positions was performed?RPOThe xiphoid process corresponds to the vertebral level of:T 9-10.Where is the CR centered for an AP axial projection of the sacrum?2 inches (5 cm) above the symphysis pubisAn AP hip projection with accurate positioning demonstrates the 1. lesser trochanter in profile. 2. greater trochanter in profile. 3. femoral neck without foreshortening. 4. sacrum rotated toward the affected hip.2. greater trochanter in profile. 3. femoral neck without foreshortening.What is the correct centering point for an AP projection of the hip?1-2" medial from the ASIS then 3-4" inferior at the level of the femoral neckAn average size patient with a 21 cm knee would require what angulation on an AP view of the knee?no angle, perpendicular (5 degrees caudal was marked correct but points given back)For an AP oblique second toe projection, the toe is rotated _____ degrees _____.45; mediallyA lateral knee projection with accurate positioning demonstrates 1. superimposed femoral condyles. 2. the fibular head without tibial superimposition. 3. an open femorotibial joint space. 4. one-fourth of the distal femur and proximal lower leg.1. superimposed femoral condyles. 3. an open femorotibial joint space. 4. one-fourth of the distal femur and proximal lower leg.An optimal AP axial foot projection demonstrates all of the following except an open medial-intermediate cuneiform joint space. uniform density across the phalanges, metatarsals, and tarsals. the calcaneus without talar superimposition. open TMT joint spaces.the calcaneus without talar superimposition.A 15- to 20-degree internally rotated AP oblique ankle projection with accurate positioning demonstrates which of the following joints as open spaces? 1. Tibiotalar 2. Talofibular 3. Lateral mortise 4. Medial mortise1. Tibiotalar 2. Talofibular 4. Medial mortiseAn image of the knee shows the fibular head free of superimposition from the tibia. What view is this describing?medial oblique kneeFor an externally rotated AP oblique knee projection with accurate positioning, the 1. fibular head is demonstrated free of tibial superimposition. 2. lateral femoral condyle is demonstrated in profile. 3. fibular head, neck, and shaft are superimposed by the tibia. 4. medial condyle is shown in profile.3. fibular head, neck, and shaft are superimposed by the tibia. 4. medial condyle is shown in profile.On an improperly positioned AP axial foot, the tarsometarsal joint spaces are closed. What error has occurred and what is the solution? the CR is perpendicular, angle the CR 10-15 degrees cephalic the CR is perpendicular, angle the CR 10-15 degrees caudal there is too much CR angulation, the CR should be perpendicular the foot is not truly AP, medially rotate the foot until the plantar surface is firmly contacting the IRthe CR is perpendicular, angle the CR 10-15 degrees cephalicAnother name for the axiolateral hip isdanielus-millerAll of the following are names of tunnel views EXCEPT holmblad settegast rosenberg beclere merchantmerchantsA less than optimal AP axial toe projection demonstrates more soft tissue width on the lateral side than on the medial side of the phalanges. Which of the following is true about this projection? The toe needs to be rotated laterally to obtain an optimal projection. If the patient is unable to move, the central ray angle needs to be adjusted medially to obtain an optimal projection. The projection will also demonstrate closed IP and MTP joint spaces. The projection will also demonstrate less midshaft concavity on the lateral side of the phalanges compared with the medial side.The toe needs to be rotated laterally to obtain an optimal projection.The adductor tubercle in profile on a lateral knee suggeststhe knee is underrotatedThe IP joint spaces on finger projections are open and demonstrated without distortion when the 1. central ray is aligned parallel with the IP joint spaces. 2. central ray is aligned perpendicular to the IP joint spaces. 3. IP joints are aligned parallel with the IR. 4. IP joints are aligned perpendicular to the IR.1. central ray is aligned parallel with the IP joint spaces. 4. IP joints are aligned perpendicular to the IR.A lateral finger projection obtained with the finger in a 45-degree PA oblique projection demonstrates 1. equal soft tissue width on both sides of the phalanges. 2. more midshaft concavity on one side of the phalanges than on the opposite side. 3. twice as much soft tissue on one side of the phalanges as on the opposite side. 4. convexity on one side of the phalanges and concavity on the opposite side.2. more midshaft concavity on one side of the phalanges than on the opposite side. 3. twice as much soft tissue on one side of the phalanges as on the opposite side.For an externally rotated AP oblique elbow projection with accurate positioning, the: 1. capitulum is in profile. 2. capitulum-radial joint space is open. 3. coronoid process is in profile. 4. ulna is demonstrated without radial head superimposition.1. capitulum is in profile. 2. capitulum-radial joint space is open. 4. ulna is demonstrated without radial head superimposition.What is the projection for the lateral finger? Phalanges demonstrate equal concavity. Phalanges demonstrate more concavity on one side than on the other. Phalanges demonstrate concavity on one side and convexity on the other.Phalanges demonstrate concavity on one side and convexity on the other.A less than optimal lateral hand projection demonstrating the longest of the second through fifth metacarpal midshafts situated anterior to the otherswas obtained with the hand internally rotated.For an AP oblique shoulder projection (Grashey method), the 1. patient's midcoronal plane is rotated to a 45-degree angle with the IR. 2. central ray is centered to the coracoid process. 3. patient is rotated toward the affected shoulder. 4. image is obtained with the patient in an upright position.1. patient's midcoronal plane is rotated to a 45-degree angle with the IR. 2. central ray is centered to the coracoid process. 3. patient is rotated toward the affected shoulder. 4. image is obtained with the patient in an upright position.The AP axial shoulder projection (Stryker method) 1. is performed to demonstrate the Hill-Sachs defect. 2. is obtained with the affected humerus vertical and the palm of the hand placed on top of the head. 3. uses a 10-degree caudal central ray angle. 4. is obtained with the patient in a supine position.1. is performed to demonstrate the Hill-Sachs defect. 2. is obtained with the affected humerus vertical and the palm of the hand placed on top of the head. 4. is obtained with the patient in a supine position.For an AP axial clavicle projection, 1. the patient's shoulders are positioned at equal distances from the IR. 2. the central ray is angled 15 to 30 degrees cephalad. 3. a compensating filter is positioned over or under the lateral clavicle. 4. the central ray is centered halfway between the medial and lateral clavicular ends.1. the patient's shoulders are positioned at equal distances from the IR. 2. the central ray is angled 15 to 30 degrees cephalad. 4. the central ray is centered halfway between the medial and lateral clavicular ends.For an AP scapular projection, the 1. patient's arm is abducted 90 degrees to the body. 2. image is exposed on expiration. 3. patient's upper midcoronal plane leans slightly away from the IR. 4. central ray is centered 2 inches (5 cm) inferior to the coracoid.1. patient's arm is abducted 90 degrees to the body. 2. image is exposed on expiration. 4. central ray is centered 2 inches (5 cm) inferior to the coracoid.An incorrectly positioned AP shoulder was obtained and the superior scapular angle is demonstrated superior to the midclavicle. What positioning error has occurred? The exam had too much kVp The upper midcoronal plane was tilted anteriorly The patient was rotated toward the affected shoulder The upper midcoronal plane was tilted posteriorlyThe upper midcoronal plane was tilted anteriorlyThe greater tubercle of the humerus is best seen on which view of the shoulder?external rotationThe thumb is in what position when the hand is PA?ObliqueThe scaphoid is best seen in what view of the wrist?ulnar deviationName the carpals on the proximal rowscaphoid, lunate, triquetral , pisiformWhat is the location on a histogram graph of air/gas?Far rightName 3 of the factors that affect the quality of detail sharpness.focal spot size distance motion double exposure spatial resolutionEffective radiation protection practices include which of the following 1. effective communication and immobilization devices. 2. maintaining minimum source to skin distances (SSD). 3. oscillating grids and contact shields. 4. collimation and minimizing technical factors.1. effective communication and immobilization devices. 2. maintaining minimum source to skin distances (SSD). 4. collimation and minimizing technical factors.Which side of the patient is positioned against the imaging table or cart for an AP-PA chest projection (lateral decubitus position) to rule out a left side pleural effusion?LeftThe IR is positioned ____ for a PA chest projection of a hypersthenic patient.crosswiseA supine AP abdomen projection with accurate positioning demonstrates the 1. outline of the psoas major muscles and kidneys. 2. symphysis pubis. 3. spinous processes aligned with the midline of the vertebral bodies. 4. long axis of the vertebral column aligned with the long axis of the collimated field.1. outline of the psoas major muscles and kidneys. 2. symphysis pubis. 3. spinous processes aligned with the midline of the vertebral bodies. 4. long axis of the vertebral column aligned with the long axis of the collimated field.Voluntary motion can 1. result from patient breathing. 2. be controlled by using a short exposure time. 3. result from peristaltic activity. 4. be identified as sharp bony cortices and blurry gastric and intestinal gases.1. result from patient breathing. 2. be controlled by using a short exposure time.To properly display extremity projections, display 1. finger, wrist, and forearm projections as if the patient were hanging from the fingertips. 2. elbow and humeral projections as if they were hanging from the patient's shoulder. 3. toe and AP and PA oblique foot projections as if the patient were hanging from the toes. 4. lateral foot, ankle, lower leg, knee, and femur projections as if they were hanging from the patient's hip.1. finger, wrist, and forearm projections as if the patient were hanging from the fingertips. 2. elbow and humeral projections as if they were hanging from the patient's shoulder. 3. toe and AP and PA oblique foot projections as if the patient were hanging from the toes. 4. lateral foot, ankle, lower leg, knee, and femur projections as if they were hanging from the patient's hip.A PA chest projection that demonstrates the vertebral column superimposing the left SC jointwas obtained with the patient rotated toward the left side.Histogram analysis errors for digital systems include all of the following except: off-centered CR. wrong part selection from the workstation menu. collimation within 0.5 inch (2.5 cm) of the skin line. exposure of less than 30% of the IR.exposure of less than 30% of the IR.Hypersthenicabdomen is broad and deep from anterior to posterior. The stomach is positioned high in the abdomen and lies transversely at the level of the T9 to T12, with the duodenal bulb at the level of T11 to T12.Asthenicabdomen is narrow; the stomach is positioned low in the abdomen and runs vertically along the left side of the vertebral column, typically extending from T11 to L5, with the duodenal bulb at the level of L3 to L4.Sthenicabdomen is less broad than the hypersthenic habitus, yet not as narrow as the asthenic. The stomach also rests at a position between the hypersthenic and asthenic habitus and typically extends from T10 to L2, with the duodenal bulb at the level of L1 to L2.Santa's spy=Elf on a shelflateral compartment of femorotibial jt is openVarus / Bow-leggedmedial compartment of femorotibial jt is open LLLLateral compartment more narrowValgus / knock-kneesIn a DR system, what factors affect the spatial resolution of the IR?-Size of the DELs -Spacing between the DELsThe histogram represents the ___________ and is determined by the ___________.subject contrast; total exposureCommon causes of Histogram Analysis Errors-Wrong part/projection selected -Wrong LUT -CR not centered on VOI -Insufficient collimation/excess background data -Film fog from not collimating, using correct grid *CR specific* -less than 30% IR covered -multiple projections on one IR set too close together