Bio midterm 3

The development of a sexually reproducing species starts with a cell that multiplies, and the progeny differentiates into all cell types that form a multicellular organism. Organize the following stages from more potency to less potency Zygote Neuron Blastocyst Gastrula Ectoderm__1__Zygote __5__Neuron __2__Blastocyst __3__Gastrula __4__EctoderA strong radiation dose kills dividing cells. What would happen to the intestinal stem cells after strong radiation?Radiation kills stem cells- they would dieWhat would happen to the intestine's long-term regenerative capacity after strong radiation?Radiation decreases intestinal regenerative capacityLow radiation causes genomic DNA mutations. Some allow cells to divide rapidly and independently of the cellular tissue needs. What would be the consequence on stem cells of such mutations?The stem cell will divide, introducing more cells into the tissue, growing in a pathological size. Cancer/tumorCloning by somatic nuclear cell transfer has become a common practice. Please describe the "n number" (number of homologous chromosomes) of the following cells: Egg Enucleated egg Fibroblast Egg with a fibroblast nucleus Enucleated egg with a fibroblast nucleus1:1 2:0 3:2 4:3 5:2Which receptor (choose B or T cell receptor) requires the antigen to be presented by MHC?T cell receptorWhat triggers a secondary immunological response?A second exposure to the same epitope triggers a secondary responseCan a mature B Cell produce an epitope-specific antibody first and then switch to make an antibody against a different epitopeNo, B Cell receptor/antibody diversity is generated by DNA recombination, which is not reversible)What is transferred into an egg during cloning by somatic nuclear cell transferA somatic nucleusHow many B Cell receptors/antibodies would a mouse cloned by somatic nuclear cell transfer from a mature B Cell (after recombination) generate?one antibody, The B Cell rearranges the genome, deleting DNA. Thus, it cannot revert to the original state and re-generate antibody diversitySeveral variables in the human body are under homeostatic control. A given set value for a variable: It can change under acclimatization and stays at the new value for the life of the organism It can change under acclimatization and is passed to new generations It can change under acclimatization and is reversible during the life of the organism It is always fixed and never changes It results in adaptationsIt can change under acclimatization and is reversible during the life of the organismNegative feedback loops typically maintain homeostasis. Negative feedback control homeostasis because: The end product return a variable to a normal range Amply the signalThe end product return a variable to a normal rangeAn Ectothermic temperature conformer animal is conformer for all variables True FalseFalseConvergent evolution is: similar environmental pressures produce ________ adaptations in organisms from _________ evolutionary lineages. similar, different different, similar similar, similar different, differentsimilar, differentThe nervous and endocrine systems transmit information. Choose the answer that applies The nervous system is slower than the endocrine system. The endocrine system transmits information between specific locations. The nervous system transmits information between specific locations.The nervous system transmits information between specific locations.Water-soluble molecules are common hormones. Their receptor: Must be localized in the nucleus It is a receptor and a transcription factor Could be localized on the membrane Must be localized on the membraneMust be localized on the membraneThere is one type of receptor per hormone. True FalseFalseEndocrine signals are at the core of intercellular communication that maintains homeostasis. The endocrine system relies on: Signaling molecules traveling through solid tissue Signaling molecules traveling through the circulatory system Signaling molecules traveling through a skin cell Signaling molecules traveling through a neuronSignaling molecules traveling through the circulatory systemIn order for two cells to communicate, they need: A cell that produces the signal and a cell with any receptor A cell that produces the signal and a cell with the specific receptor for the signal A cell that produces the signal A cell with a receptorA cell that produces the signal and a cell with the specific receptor for the signalHormone receptors are not linked to the same signal transduction pathway across all cell types. True FalseTrueAn animal acclimatizes to a hot environment by increasing sweating. Would high sweating be maintained after placing this same animal in a cold environment for an extended time?No, Acclimatization is temporary and reverts within the individual's lifespan.You find an animal adapted to a hot environment with a high sweating efficiency. Do you expect to see its progeny sharing or not sharing this high sweating efficiencyThe progeny will share it because adaptations are heritable changesWhat is the order of the homeostatic loop control center response stimulus: change in internal variable sensor1. Stimulus 2. Sensory 3. Control center 4. ResponseIf a feedback loop was mutated in that it could only reach the control center but not generate a response, would it effectively control the range of a variable such as hormone levels or body temperature?This broken feedback loop will measure the variable change but will not return the variable to the set point because there is action to do so., This is a negative feedback loop lacking the "Response" componenYou measure your classmates' blood "Hormone C" levels every 2 hours for 7 days. Rather than a constant "Hormone C" level in the blood, you find it peaks at midnight and is low at around 9:00 AM. The "Hormone C" concentration curve looks almost identical for all 7 days; i.e., "Hormone C" concentration at 9:00 AM is practically identical every day. Hormone C concentration changes throughout the day. Is "Hormone C" under homeostatic control?Hormone C" is under homeostatic control because its blood concentration is tightly regulatedYou measure your classmates' blood "Hormone C" levels every 2 hours for 7 days. Rather than a constant "Hormone C" level in the blood, you find it peaks at midnight and is low at around 9:00 AM. The "Hormone C" concentration curve looks almost identical for all 7 days; i.e., "Hormone C" concentration at 9:00 AM is practically identical every day. Hormone C levels increase after sleep deprivation and go back to normal after recovery, but it always maintains daily oscillations. Is "Hormone C" under homeostatic control? Is this change acclimatization or adaptation?Hormone C" is under homeostatic and this is acclimatizationWould there be a complete "fight-or-flight" response if the adrenal medulla cells do not release hormones?There will be no systemic "fight-or-flight" response., Hormones coordinate a response across cells and tissues. If there is no epinephrine and norepinephrineFight-or-flight" response: Would an epinephrine injection trigger glycogen breakdown and glucose release from liver cells in a completely relaxed person who is not scared?Yes, because the hormone is the signal to the rest of the bodyWould liver cells with a mutant receptor that does not bind epinephrine release glucose during a "fight-or-flight" response?Liver cells will not respond to epinephrine; they behave like a cell that does not express the receptor. Concept: cells require a functional receptor to trigger a responseWould the intracellular cAMP concentration increase or decrease after the epinephrine receptor activation in liver cells?Epinephrine receptor activation increases cAMP levels. Concept: second messengers transduce informationWhat would happen if you treat liver cells with cAMP analog (increase cAMP intracellular concentration) without epinephrine?hese cells will release glucose. Increasing cAMP mimics epinephrine receptor activation. Concept: second messengers transduce informationYou have a culture of liver cells with a mutant receptor that does not bind epinephrine. Would these cells release glucose if you increase cAMP intracellular concentration artificially?These cells will release glucose. cAMP increase is downstream of the receptor. Concept: signaling cascade.The gastric gland produces: Hydrochloric acid and Pepsin Pepsinogen Pepsin Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid and PepsinogenHydrochloric acid and PepsinogenAn animal's diet must satisfy the following nutritional needs: Chemical energy for cellular processes Organic building blocks for macromolecules Essential nutrients All of the aboveAll of the aboveDigestive systems adapt to different diets by: Dental adaptations Stomach adaptations Adaptations across the whole digestive system Intestinal adaptationsAdaptations across the whole digestive systemEssential Nutrients are: Nutrients that an animal can produce from simple organic molecules. All fatty acids. Nutrients that an animal must obtain from the diet. Vitamins and minerals only.Nutrients that an animal must obtain from the diet.Amino acids and fats are both transported through the rich capillary network in the intestine. True FalseFalseDifferential water permeability is a crucial to nephron feature. The Loop of Henle limbs' permeability to water is: Descending impermeable, Ascending impermeable. Descending impermeable, Ascending permeable. Descending permeable, Ascending permeable. Descending permeable, Ascending impermeable.Descending permeable, Ascending impermeable.You just received a freshwater aquarium as a gift and decide to add more fish. When you get to the pet store, you find that the most beautiful fish are saltwater animals, but you decide to buy them anyway. What will happen when you put your saltwater fish in your freshwater aquarium? Nothing: the fish will live normally. The cells of the fish will take up too much water and the fish will die. In the better conditions of freshwater, the fish adjust and do better than in salt water The fish will dehydrate and die. The fish will get larger more quickly in the healthier conditions of fresh water.The cells of the fish will take up too much water and the fish will die.Osmoregulation and excretion are _________________ ways that animals control their external environment chemical processes that completely stop during torpor and hibernation mechanisms that maintain volume and composition of body fluids mechanisms for the homeostatic control of body temperature mechanisms that require continual water lossmechanisms that maintain volume and composition of body fluidsIn animals with a closed circulatory system, gas exchange occurs in the: Lung capillaries Lung and systemic capillaries Veins Arteries and Veins AortaLung and systemic capillariesThe hemoglobin delivers a lot of O2 to active tissues because: Its saturation curve is constant throughout all O2 partial pressures Its saturation curve is relatively steep at high O2 partial pressures Its saturation curve is relatively flat at high O2 partial pressures Its saturation curve is negative at high O2 partial pressuresIts saturation curve is relatively flat at high O2 partial pressuresDiffusion and exchange are favored by: Small surface area and long diffusing distances Small surface area and short diffusing distances Large surface area and long diffusing distances Large surface area and short diffusing distancesLarge surface area and short diffusing distancesThe medulla oblongata regulates breathing depth and frequency in response to: pH changes in the cerebrospinal fluid CO2 levels in the blood O2 levels in the blood O2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid pH changes in the bloodpH changes in the cerebrospinal fluidEpithelial tissues line body cavities across the body, but they are specialized for specific functions. True FalseTrueEach environment poses specific osmotic challenges. Please match fresh and saltwater fishes challenges: 1. Marine fish 2. Freshwater fish Osmotic water loss Excretion of small amounts of water Osmotic water gain Excretion of large amounts of water1: Osmotic water loss 1: Excretion of small amounts of water 2: Osmotic water gain 2: Excretion of large amounts of waterIn insects and mammals, the circulatory and respiratory systems are not part of the same organ system. True FalsetrueFreshwater and Saltwater fish are exposed to opposite osmotic problems. Are Freshwater fish hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic to their environment? Please also explain water and salt diffusion direction by simple osmosis in freshwater fish.Freshwater fish are hyperosmotic to their environment., Freshwater fish take water from and lose salt to the environmentWhy do marine fish and terrestrial vertebrates produce relatively small urine volumes?Both types of animals must conserve water because they lose water to the environment.Does sweating increase or decrease blood osmolarity? Would sweating result in more or less ADH in blood?Sweating increases blood osmolarity which induces ADH release in blood.Would human urine be less or more concentrated if we block Aquaporin molecules in the descending Loop of Henle?Urine will be less concentrated, The body will reabsorb less water from urine, and thus, urine will contain more water (larger volumeWould human urine be less or more concentrated if we inject ADH but block cAMP production in the nephron's collecting duct cells?There will be more water in the urine, and therefore it will be less concentrated., Blocking cAMP blocks the signal transduction cascade responsible for inserting aquaporin into the cell membrane.Would aquaporin localize to the cellular membrane or stay in vesicles if we inject ADH, but block cAMP production in the nephron's collecting duct cells?Blocking cAMP will keep aquaporin in vesicles even at high ADH levels., cAMP is downstream of the ADH receptor.Would the single or double closed circulatory system have more blood pressure in the artery taking blood to systemic capillaries?The Double circulatory systemWhat is the evolutionary advantage of a three-chambered heart?The three-chambered heart allows redirecting blood away from the pulmonary system into the body when the lungs are not being usedWhat would happen to the cerebrospinal fluid pH during an intense physical exercise session?Cerebrospinal fluid pH will decrease/become acidicPulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that occurs when lung tissue thickens after damage. Why do patients feel "short of breath" even when resting?Diffusion decrease with distance., Thus, a ticker lung epithelium makes it difficult for gas exchange, reducing O2 blood contentGills have several adaptations for extracting O2 from water. Which critical gill feature will be affected if fish cannot circulate water in a single direction through the gills?Gills countercurrent system requires water and blood running in opposite directions., Thus, gills will lose the countercurrent systemIn associative learning, animals: Learn the consequences of their actions Associate two environmental features Responds intuitively to a stimulusAssociate two environmental featuresMembrane permeability at the falling phase of an action potential is dominated by: Chemically-gated Channels Na Voltage-gated Channels K Voltage-gated Channels Non-gated Channels Co-transportersK Voltage-gated ChannelsAction potentials propagate in one direction because: K Voltage-gated Channels become inactive for a while Na non-gated Channels become inactive for a while K non-gated Channels become inactive for a while Na Voltage-gated Channels become inactive for a whileNa Voltage-gated Channels become inactive for a whileSummation of post-synaptic potentials can be: Between inhibitory and excitatory synapses Between temporal excitatory synapses All the options Between spatial excitatory synapsesAll the optionsNervous system structures and systems specialize in specific functions. Please associate the peripheral nervous system division with the response: 1. Parasympathetic 2. Sympathetic Rest-and-digest response Fight-or-flight response1: Rest-and-digest response 2:Fight-or-flight responseAt resting membrane potential, Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) are not equally distrusted across the neuronal membrane because of the: Non-gated Channels Chemically-gated Channels Voltage-gated Channels Na/K Pump Unassisted passive diffusion across the membraneNa/K PumpA charged ion molecule will cross the membrane without needing a channel, transport protein, or pump. True FalseFalseThe equilibrium of a charged molecule across a semipermeable membrane depends on: Relative solute concentration and electrical gradient across the membrane Relative electrical gradient across the membrane Relative solute concentration gradient across the membraneRelative solute concentration and electrical gradient across the membraneMembrane permeability at the rising phase of an action potential is dominated by: Co-transporters Non-gated Channels Na Voltage-gated Channels K Voltage-gated Channels Chemically-gated ChannelsNa Voltage-gated ChannelsThe Na+/K+ pump moves Na and K ions across the membrane: Against Na+ and K+ gradients without energy. Following the Na+ gradient. Against Na+ and K+ gradients using energy from ATP. Following the K+ gradient.Against Na+ and K+ gradients using energy from ATP.Adult stem cells are: Totipotent like the zygote Uncommitted cells Committed to a specific tissue/organCommitted to a specific tissue/organWhat would happen (short term) if all adult stem cells divide, and all daughter cells will differentiate? Nothing The tissue/organ will grow The tissue/organ will shrinkThe tissue/organ will growWould it be possible to have patient-specific embryonic stem cells?NoOct4 is transcribed in the inner cell mass: Which cells will be green (contain green fluorescent protein)? All cells Fibroblast Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) Cells similar to ESCs The inner cell massEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) Cells similar to ESCs The inner cell massA pathogen that resists or blocks phagocytosis will: Evade the innate immune response Enhance the innate immune response Will not affect the innate immune responseEvade the innate immune responseTo produce antibodies, you inject mice with your protein of interest. Then you need to extract those antibodies from the blood. You will choose to do it: Before the first injection Immediately after the first injection A few days after the first injection A few days after the second injectionA few days after the second injectionAre the genotypes of different B cells (of V region) identicalNo because they undergo DNA recombination (deletion of genetic information- not alternative splicing)- irreversibleAre the genotypes of the same B cells (V region) identicalYes- it goes to memory and does not change- stays there for decadesThe total metabolic rate of two animals of the same endothermic species is: Dependent on size and activity levels Dependent only upon the size Independent of size but depends on the activity Independent of size and activityDependent on size and activity levelsChoose a communication system to signal all cells in an organism: Cytoplasmic determinant Organizer center Endocrine system Nervous systemEndocrine systemThe limb ZPA organizing center is likely to be: Endocrine signaling Paracrine signaling Synaptic signaling Neuroendocrine signalingParacrine signaling Because there is no blood and no use of neuronsMuscle contraction during running is most likely to be: endocrine paracrine synaptic neurondocrineSynapticA molecule released into the bloodstream as part of a negative feedback loop controlling homeostasis is likely to be: Endocrine signaling Paracrine signaling Synaptic signaling Neuroendocrine signalingEndocrine or neuroendocrineGiven this signaling cascade, what would happen if you artificially increase cAMP without epinephrine? Nothing G protein activation Adenylyl cyclase activation Glycogen breakdownGlycogen breakdownEssential nutrients are: Nutrients produced by animals Nutrients produced by plants Nutrients that must be obtained from the diet Water-soluble NutrientsNutrients that must be obtained from the dietYou find a person with no active pepsin. This patient will suffer from: A hard time digesting small polysaccharides in the stomach A hard time digesting proteins in the mouth A hard time digesting proteins in the stomach Basic (high pH) gastric juicesA hard time digesting proteins in the stomachThe gastric gland is: Endocrine Neuroendocrine Paracrine Autocrine ExocrineExocrineA mutant mouse with an inactivated leptin gene would look: Normal Skinny FatFatMarine and freshwater fish are Both are isosmotic to their habitat Both are hyperosmotic to their habitat Fighting different osmotic challengesFighting different osmotic challengesHow would you know if an animal is a desert animal by looking at its nephronIf it is deeper than usual (longer)- more time to return water to the bodyWhat would happen if you increase the osmolarity of the filtrate? will you pee more or less?More because there is a decrease in osmolarity difference between that and the blood therefor it will need to loose less water to equilibrate (retain water in the filtrate to pee out)Activating the ADH receptor in the collecting duct cells will: Increase cellular water permeability Decrease cellular water permeability Block cellular water permeability It does not affect cellular water permeabilityIncrease cellular water permeabilityActivating the ADH receptor in the collecting duct cells while blocking cAMP production in collecting duct cells will will: Increase cellular water permeability Decrease cellular water permeability Block cellular water permeability It does not affect cellular water permeabilityIt does not affect cellular water permeabilityActivating Protein kinase A without ADH in collecting duct cells will: Increase cellular water permeability Decrease cellular water permeability Block cellular water permeability It does not affect cellular water permeabilityIncrease cellular water permeabilityWhich artificial lung will work better? Small surface area and few blood vessels Small surface area and a lot of blood vessels large surface area and a few blood vessels Large surface area and a lot of blood vesselsLarge surface area and a lot of blood vesselsWhat would be the consequence thickening alveoli walls? From smoke or scarring for exampleReduced gas exchange efficiencyDo gasses easily diffuse through bloodNo because blood=water need hemoglobinSoon after a small injury to a specific motor cortex region, a patient is likely to: Present no motor defects Lose the ability to perform particular motor functions Lose the ability to perform all motor functionsLose the ability to perform particular motor functionsCocaine acts by inviting the re-uptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. After cocaine exposure, dopamine will: Be removed faster from the synapse Remain at the synapse for a longer time Be indifferent to cocaineRemain at the synapse for a longer timeThe protein that maintains this disequilibrium is: Voltage-gated channels Non-gated channels Chemically-gated Channels Active transport by the Sodium-potassium pump All the aboveActive transport by the Sodium-potassium pumpWhich channels are mainly responsible for the resting potential voltage? Non-gated channels Na+ Voltage-gated channels K+ Voltage-gated channels Sodium-potassium pump All the aboveNon-gated channelsA Voltage-gated Sodium Channel is always open if the membrane potential is above the threshold. True FalseFalseWhich channels are responsible for the falling phase of the action potential? Non-gated channels Na+ Voltage-gated channels K+ Voltage-gated channels Sodium-potassium pump All the aboveK+ Voltage-gated channelsFor a successful chemical synapse we need: Signaling neuron, and receiving cell Signaling neuron, and receiving cell with a receptor Signaling neuron, and receiving cell with the appropriate receptorSignaling neuron, and receiving cell with the appropriate receptorHow would a neuron transmit information about stimulus intensity? Modulating action potential height (more or less depolarized) Modulating action potential length (longer or shorter time depolarized) Modulating action potential frequencyModulating action potential frequencyThe communication between two neurons using a neurotransmitter is: Endocrine exocrine Neuroendocrine synapticSynapticAre ions at equal concentration across the neuronal membrane?NoWhy doesn't K+ Reach equal concentration on both sidesBecause it will try to reach both electrical and chemical gradient

Bio midterm 3

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