Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

patho ch. 1-3

Terms in this set (51)

Pathophysiology
the study of functional alterations at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ systems levels that are involved in disease states
Histology
the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues
Health
absence of disease
disease
situation that impairs functional ability
illness
the individual subjective experience with disease
etiology
cause of disease or injury
exogenous
from external environment
endogenous
from within the body
Idiopathic
cause undetermined
iatrogenic
caused unintentionally
Pathogenesis
the origin of the sequence of events to structural and/or functional alterations in cells, tissues, or organs resulting in disease; the underlying mechanisms responsible for the clinical manifestations of a disease
Clinical Manifestations
signs and symptoms
sign
objective indication of disease
symptom
subjective indication of disease
syndrome
-combination of signs and symptoms
-characteristic of a particular Disease
genetics
- study of individual genes
- role of specific genes
- familial inheritance of genetic variations
genomics
- study of structure, function, and analysis of human genome
- mediation of physiologic function by groups of genes
epigenetics
- external modification of DNA that affect gene expression
- all genetic variations or modifications that have influenced a particular cell
Epidemiology
study of how a disease is distributed in populations and identification of the factors influencing the distribution
incidence
number of new cases of a disease or condition within a defined period and for a defined population
prevalence
number of individuals of a defined population who already have a disease or condition
mortality
number of death in a given population
morbidity
departure from physiologic or psychologic well-being and encompasses disease, injury, and disability
evidence-based practice
practice decisions should be based on research studies that have been evaluated by using a set of consistent criteria
gene
- DNA segment
- Codes for production of specific protein
epigenomica
study of chemical compounds that instruct the genome where and when genes are expressed within a cell
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- building block of human genetic material
- contains thousands of genes
gene composition
sequence of nucleotides
- phosphate
- deoxyribose
- one of four main nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
dna structure
- two separate strands of consecutive nucleotides
- strands joined hydrogen bonds
- double helix formation
- purine bases and pyrimidine bases
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
egg and sperm cells contain how many chromosomes?
23 chromosomes
sex chromosomes is the _____ pair?
23rd pair
Females have what chromosomes?
XX
Males have what chromosomes?
XY
alleles
alternative form of an individual gene
Mitochondrial
own circular DNA
- always maternally inherited
- contain several important metabolic genes
(Mitochondrial mutations: hereditary disorders)
RNA
involved in protein synthesis for cellular replication; integral to creating tissues and organs
RNA's structure is...
RNA has a sugar component (ribose) of nucleotides
Gonadal cells are
sex cells: egg and sperm cells, must contain 23 chromosomes total
mitosis
- process of cell division
- forms identical copies of (regular) cells
Meiosis
- process of cell division of gonadal (sex) cells
mutation
Grammatical error in a gene
origin of genetic disorders
- chromosomal
- single-gene
-multifactorial
recessive inheritance
trait expression requires defect of both gene copies
dominant inheritance
disease manifests when just one copy of mutated gene is present
biological hazard
- allergens
- toxins produced by fish, microorganisms, plants, and algae
- exposures to microorganisms and parasites
chemical hazard
inorganic and organic agents
physical
- transfer of environmental energy
- electricity, kinetic forces, light, radiation, sound waves, thermal energy
psychosocial hazard
- due to interaction with social environment
- causes uncertainty, anxiety, or lack of control
- often referred to as stress
surveillance
uses of population health data
- design and implement interventions
- prevent and control health problems
- provide monitoring (screening)
sentinel health events
pose environmental health risk for multiple individuals
Other sets by this creator