Ecology Final Exam

Term
1 / 83
How do ecologists define and delineate communities?
a. They count all the species in a given area over a particular amount of time.
b. They count only some of the species in a given area but over an unlimited amount of time.
c. They use characteristics of the physical environment or biological environment or sometimes both.
d. They use characteristics of the physical environment or biological environment but not both.
Click the card to flip 👆
Terms in this set (83)
How do ecologists define and delineate communities?
a. They count all the species in a given area over a particular amount of time.
b. They count only some of the species in a given area but over an unlimited amount of time.
c. They use characteristics of the physical environment or biological environment or sometimes both.
d. They use characteristics of the physical environment or biological environment but not both.
c. They use characteristics of the physical environment or biological environment or sometimes both.
Why do ecologists use subsets of species to define and study communities?
a. Because they typically use plant species to delineate communities
b. Because it is essentially impossible to count all the species in communities
c. Because ecologists typically do not study microorganisms
d. Because it is difficult to study species within different taxonomic groups
b. Because it is essentially impossible to count all the species in communities
Which subset of species best describes a guild?
a. A group of species that all have the same taxonomic affinity, such as birds
b. A group of species that interact in a trophic web
c. A group of species that function in similar ways but may or may not use similar resources
d. A group of species that use similar resources but may be taxonomically distant
d. A group of species that use similar resources but may be taxonomically distant
Which description of a species accumulation curve would most likely represent an extremely rich tropical bacteria community?
a. It would rise curvilinearly and then level off after 50% of the individuals in the samples had been identified.
b. It would rise slowly and then level off after about 75% of the individuals in the samples had been identified.
c. It would rise in linearly and possibly never level off.
d. It would rise in linearly and then level off after 50% of the individuals in the samples had been identified.
c. It would rise in linearly and possibly never level off.
How does biodiversity differ from species composition?
a. Biodiversity is the same as species diversity while species composition is a measure of species evenness.
b. Biodiversity is the same as genetic diversity while species composition is the identity of the species present.
c. Biodiversity describes the diversity from genes to communities while species composition is a measure of species richness.
d. Biodiversity describes the diversity from genes to communities while species composition is the identity of species present.
d. Biodiversity describes the diversity from genes to communities while species composition is the identity of species present.
Which of the following is an abiotic agent of change that causes a disturbance?
a. Trampling that kills shrubs
b. A snowstorm that reduces the reproduction of a population of birds
c. A hurricane that kills trees
d. All of the above
c. A hurricane that kills trees
Which of the following is a biotic agent of change that causes a stress?
a. A woodpecker boring into a tree to eat insects, reducing the growth of the tree
b. A disease that reduces the reproduction of a tree
c. A parasite that eventually kills a group of frogs
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which best describes how the alpine meadows on Mount St. Helens were affected by the period of eruption that occurred in 1980?
a. The period created intense and frequent disturbances to the meadows.
b. The period created one intense disturbance to the meadows.
c. The period created mild but frequent disturbances to the meadows.
d. The period created multiple intense and frequent disturbances to the meadows.
b. The period created one intense disturbance to the meadows.
Which example best describes a community undergoing secondary succession?
a. The scorch zone on Mount St. Helens
b. The Pumice Plain on Mount St. Helens
c. The broken rocks left by the retreat of a glacier
d. A recent lava flow on Mount Kilauea, Hawaii
a. The scorch zone on Mount St. Helens
An ecologist is studying the succession of forest community by visiting sites that experienced glacial retreat at different times over a 200-year period. What is this method assuming?
a. The community acts like a "superorganism."
b. Animals play no role in succession.
c. A time for space substitution
d. A space for time substitution
d. A space for time substitution
Which of the following does the tolerance model propose? a. The early colonizers modify the environment in positive ways for later species. b. The early colonizers modify the environment in negative ways for later species. c. The early colonizers do not modify the environment for themselves or other species. d. The early colonizers modify the environment but not in ways that benefit or inhibit later species.d. The early colonizers modify the environment but not in ways that benefit or inhibit later species.What was discovered in the primary succession study in Glacier Bay, Alaska? a. Species richness was highest in the oldest successional stage. b. Soil nitrogen and moisture was highest in the oldest successional stage. c. Spruce germination was lowest in the oldest successional stage. d. All of the aboveb. Soil nitrogen and moisture was highest in the oldest successional stage.What was one of the most important discoveries in the New England salt marsh succession experiment? a. The kinds of species interactions observed in succession depended on the intertidal zone of the experiment; thus, they are considered context dependent. b. In the middle intertidal zone, competitive interactions emerged under high salt stress. c. In the lower intertidal zone, positive interactions emerged under high stress. d. In the lower intertidal zone, competitive interactions emerged under high stress.a. The kinds of species interactions observed in succession depended on the intertidal zone of the experiment; thus, they are considered context dependent.How can the succession experiments presented in this chapter be summarized? a. The studies showed that the facilitation model is most supported. b. The studies showed that the inhibition model is most supported. c. The studies showed that competition tends to be more important early in succession and facilitation tends to be more important later in succession. d. The studies showed that facilitation tends to be more important early in succession and competition tends to be more important later in succession.d. The studies showed that facilitation tends to be more important early in succession and competition tends to be more important later in succession.Alternative stable states are communities that form in a. the same area under extremely different environmental conditions. b. the same area under similar environmental conditions. c. alternative areas and under unstable conditions. d. alternative areas and under stable conditions.b. the same area under similar environmental conditions.Even though a community is said to be stable when it remains in or returns to the original structure and function, why is it difficult to know when a community is stable? a. Because the judgment of stability depends on the spatial scale of the community and temporal scale in which it is followed b. Because the judgment of stability is made irrespective of the size of the community c. Because the judgment of stability does not depend on amount of time since the disturbance d. Because the judgment of stability depends on following the community for at least a lifetime of the researchera. Because the judgment of stability depends on the spatial scale of the community and temporal scale in which it is followedBased on the information in this chapter, which example experimentally shows that hysteresis is not present? a. Kelp forest communities in which sea otters have been reintroduced b. Black Sea pelagic communities in which non-native jellyfish have been removed c. Fouling communities in which fish have been excluded d. Seagrass communities in which Caulerpa has been removedc. Fouling communities in which fish have been excludedThe figure shows examples of possible disturbance intensity (y-axis) and frequency (x-axis) combinations. What type of succession occurs after the disturbance in A? a. Primary succession b. Secondary succession c. Climax d. Little succession occursa. Primary successionWhich statement best summarizes Elton's views on succession? a. Plant communities are like "superorganisms"—that is, groups of species that work together in a mutual effort toward some deterministic end. b. Each community has its own predictable life history; left undisturbed, the community will ultimately reach a stable, predetermined endpoint. c. Organisms and the environment interact to shape the direction that succession will take. d. Communities are like an organism with various interacting parts; responses to the prevailing conditions by individual species matter little.c. Organisms and the environment interact to shape the direction that succession will take.Suppose that following a lava flow, pine grass (a hypothetical species) is the first species to colonize the area. Chemicals produced by pine grass change the soil chemistry in the environment, but these chemicals promote subsequent colonization by later species. Which model would best explain this scenario of succession? a. Inhibition b. Tolerance c. Facilitation d. Compensationc. FacilitationPlants with bacterial symbionts that fix _______ are often important players in _______ stages of succession. a. nitrogen; early b. phosphorus; late c. carbon; early d. phosphorus; earlya. nitrogen; earlySuppose that you are in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and standing at a location that is dominated by Dryas. If you moved toward the edge of the glacier, you would most likely next encounter _______. If you moved in the opposite direction, away from the edge of the glacier, you would most likely next encounter _______. a. lichens and mosses; spruce b. lichens and mosses; alders c. alders; lichens and mosses d. alders; spruceb. lichens and mosses; aldersThe regime shift from kelp forests to urchin barrens along the west coast of the United States illustrates how human actions have caused communities to shift to alternate states. This particular shift was caused because of a decline in sea otters, most likely due to hunting. Why would the reintroduction or protection of sea otters not return the system to its original state? a. Hysteresis suggests that some regime shifts are incredibly difficult to reverse. b. Sea otters are not the only predator on sea urchins. c. The increase of orcas (a predator of sea otters) will continue to suppress otter populations. d. Urchin barrens are the climax community for coastal ecosystems.a. Hysteresis suggests that some regime shifts are incredibly difficult to reverse.Which early ecologist maintained that plant communities are analogous to "superorganisms"? a. Henry Cowles b. Fredrick Clements c. Henry Gleason d. F. Stuart Chapinb. Fredrick ClementsWhich best describes patterns of biogeography? a. Patterns of species diversity and composition at gamma diversity scales b. Patterns of species diversity and composition at beta diversity scales c. Patterns of species diversity and composition at global, regional, and local scales d. Patterns of species diversity and composition at global and regional scalesc. Patterns of species diversity and composition at global, regional, and local scalesWhat is an important process driving species diversity and composition at the global scale? a. Species interactions b. Speciation c. Local physical conditions d. Beta diversity or species turnoverb. SpeciationA plot of local species richness versus regional species richness for coral reefs showed that 75% of the variation in local species richness was explained by regional species richness. What does this suggest about coral reef communities? a. Local species interactions are important to coral reef species richness. d. Regional species interactions are important to coral reef species richness. c. Local water temperature is important to coral reef species richness. d. Dispersal from the regional species pool is important to coral reef species richness.d. Dispersal from the regional species pool is important to coral reef species richness.What is the main explanation for global biogeographic regions? a. Evolutionary isolation of biota as a result of ocean drift b. Evolutionary isolation of biota as a result of plate tectonics c. Evolutionary isolation of biota as a result of the formation of Pangaea d. Vicariance of biota as a result of changes in climateb. Evolutionary isolation of biota as a result of plate tectonicsWhat do the majority of taxonomic groups show in terms of the latitudinal gradient in species diversity? a. There is a negative relationship between species diversity and latitude. b. There is a positive relationship between species diversity and latitude. c. There is a unimodal relationship between species diversity and latitude. d. There is no relationship between species diversity and latitude.a. There is a negative relationship between species diversity and latitude.What does the species diversification time hypothesis propose? a. Tropical regions, because they are more climatically stable, have greater species diversification than temperate and polar regions b. Tropical regions, because they are less climatically stable, have higher productivity but longer evolutionary time than temperate and polar regions. c. Tropical regions, because they are more climatically stable, have longer evolutionary histories and thus greater accumulation of species than temperate and polar regions. d. Tropical regions, because they are more climatically stable, have higher productivity and thus support greater numbers of species than temperate and polar regions.c. Tropical regions, because they are more climatically stable, have longer evolutionary histories and thus greater accumulation of species than temperate and polar regions.Which of the following describes species-area relationships? a. Species richness decreases with the area sampled and decreases with distance from a source of species. b. Species richness increases with the area sampled and increases with distance from a source of species. c. Species richness decreases with the area sampled and increases with distance from a source of species. d. Species richness increases with the area sampled and decreases with distance from a source of species.d. Species richness increases with the area sampled and decreases with distance from a source of species.What does the theory of island biogeography predict for islands or island-like areas? a. Species richness on an island depends on a balance between speciation rate and extinction rate. b. Species richness on an island depends on a balance between immigration rate and extinction rate. c. Species richness on an island depends on a balance between extinction rates on small and large islands. d. Species richness on an island depends on a balance between immigration rates and speciation rates.b. Species richness on an island depends on a balance between immigration rate and extinction rate.Given the theory of island biogeography, which island would have the highest species richness? a. An island that is small and far from the mainland b. An island that is small and near the mainland c. An island that is large and far from the mainland d. An island that is large and near the mainlandd. An island that is large and near the mainlandWhich process or event is most responsible for current species losses in the Amazon? a. Global climate change b. Habitat Fragmentation c. Hunting d. Invasive speciesb. Habitat FragmentationThe fly species Drosophila santomea is found only on a single small island. Thus, this fly is considered to be ___ on this island. a. endemic b. invasive c. exotic d. extincta. endemicWhich statement about species richness and composition is true? a. Species richness is usually higher at low latitudes than at high latitudes. b. At a given latitude, species composition is almost always very similar across different continents. c. If species composition changes substantially, then species richness must also change. d. Species richness shows a generally consistent longitudinal gradient across Earth.a. Species richness is usually higher at low latitudes than at high latitudes.Which scientist conceptualized Earth as divided into six biogeographic regions and is considered the father of biogeography? a. Alfred Russel Wallace b. Robert MacArthur c. Edward O. Wilson d. Charles Darwina. Alfred Russel WallaceAt the end of the Permian period (about 250 mya), Earth's land masses a. mostly made up a single large continent. b. were split into two major continents. c. were split into four major continents. d. resembled the continents we now have.a. mostly made up a single large continent.Suppose that a new river cuts through a landmass, separating populations of mice on either side. These mice then evolve into new species on the two sides of the landmass. This is an example of evolution by _____. a. continental drift b. gene flow c. extinction d. vicarianced. vicarianceWhich group shows greater species richness in the temperate regions than in the tropics? a. Mammals b. Seed plants c. Insects d. Seabirdsd. SeabirdsWhat is the meaning of the statement: "The tropics are a museum of species diversity"? a. The tropics have high diversification rates. b. The tropics have high extinction rates. c. The tropics have low extinction rates. d. The tropics have low carrying capacities.c. The tropics have low extinction rates.Which of the following is a finding of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP)? a. It has shown that edge effects do not have a large impact on species diversity within fragments. b. It is a controlled experiment that probably provides a conservative estimate of species losses. c. It has shown that most of the forest fragments created by human activities are large enough to maintain most of their original species diversity. d. It demonstrated that although conserving large areas of forest might be desirable from an ecological perspective, this approach is too expensive, so protecting a large number of small fragments is a more practical way to avoid large-scale extinctions.b. It is a controlled experiment that probably provides a conservative estimate of species losses.Which statement about plate tectonics is true? a. Sections of Earth's crust, known as plates, drift across Earth's surface due to currents generated deep within Earth's mantle. b. In some areas where plates meet, known as faults, one plate is pushed downward under the second plate. c. In some areas where plates meet, known as subduction zones, plates slide sideways past each other. d. Mid-ocean ridges occur in areas where plates are being pushed together.a. Sections of Earth's crust, known as plates, drift across Earth's surface due to currents generated deep within Earth's mantle.Which statement about global biogeographic patterns is true? a. All groups of organisms show more diversity at the tropics than at higher latitudes. b. Most groups of organisms show more diversity at the tropics than at higher latitudes. c. For any given latitude, the diversity of species is roughly constant for all longitudes. d. Broad species diversity patterns are better explained by differences in longitude than differences in latitude.b. Most groups of organisms show more diversity at the tropics than at higher latitudes.Ballast water carried by ships is released near ports. Why has this activity increased the potential for non-native aquatic species invasions? a. It has given the non-native aquatic species a competitive advantage. b. It has given the non-native aquatic species a physiological advantage. c. It has increased the non-native aquatic species regional species pool. d. It has increased the native aquatic species pool.c. It has increased the non-native aquatic species regional species pool.How do abiotic factors influence the membership of a species within a community? a. Species must be able to tolerate the environmental conditions. b. Species must have beneficial species present. c. Species must exist in the regional species pool. d. Species must not have competitors present.a. Species must be able to tolerate the environmental conditions.A community contains three species of birds. Then, a fourth species is introduced. The fourth species eventually becomes extinct. Which factor(s) could be important in the membership of the fourth species? a. Biotic interactions b. Environmental conditions c. Biotic interactions and environmental conditions d. Biotic interactions, environmental conditions, and dispersal abilityc. Biotic interactions and environmental conditionsWhich best describes the definition of resource partitioning? a. Resource partitioning predicts that species must use resources slightly differently if they are to avoid competitive exclusion. b. Resource partitioning predicts that species must use resources in the same way if they are to avoid competitive exclusion. c. Resource partitioning predicts that species must use resources slightly differently if they are to avoid competitive coexistence. d. Resource partitioning predicts that species must use resources in the same way if they are to coexist.a. Resource partitioning predicts that species must use resources slightly differently if they are to avoid competitive exclusion.resource partitioning theory envisions that resources vary along a resource spectrum. Suppose two communities have the same resource spectrum but Community A has three more species that use the resources. Given resource partitioning theory, what explains the difference? a. The species in Community B show greater specialization and less overlap in their resource use. b. The species in Community B show greater generalization and less overlap in resource use. c. The species in Community A show more specialization and more overlap in their resource use. d. The species in Community A show greater specialization and less overlap in resource use.d. The species in Community A show greater specialization and less overlap in resource use.Two plant species are given different ratios of limited nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus. The two species outcompete one another under certain ratios but coexist under other ratios. This example fits what model and why? a. Resource distribution hypothesis because both species were able to coexist by having different distributions b. Resource ratio hypothesis because both species needed the same set of unlimited nutrients and thus were able to coexist by using those nutrients in similar ratios c. Resource ratio hypothesis because both species needed the same set of limited nutrients but were able to coexist by using those nutrients in different ratios d. Resource ratio hypothesis because both species needed the same set of limited nutrients but were able to coexist by using those nutrients in similar ratiosc. Resource ratio hypothesis because both species needed the same set of limited nutrients but were able to coexist by using those nutrients in different ratiosWhat is the best explanation for why disturbance, stress, or predation can promote species diversity? a. Disturbance, stress, or predation allows the dominant competitor to reach its carrying capacity such that competitive exclusion occurs, and competitive coexistence is maintained. b. Disturbance, stress, or predation keeps the dominant competitor from reaching its own carrying capacity such that competitive exclusion cannot occur, and competitive coexistence is maintained. c. Disturbance, stress, or predation keeps the subordinate species from reaching its own carrying capacity such that competitive exclusion cannot occur, and competitive coexistence is maintained. d. Disturbance, stress, or predation keeps the dominant and subordinate species from reaching their carrying capacities such that they both become extinct.b. Disturbance, stress, or predation keeps the dominant competitor from reaching its own carrying capacity such that competitive exclusion cannot occur, and competitive coexistence is maintained.How does the inclusion of positive interactions modify the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? a. At low levels of disturbance, positive interactions increase species diversity by benefiting the competitive dominant species. b. At intermediate levels of disturbance, positive interactions increase species diversity by benefiting the competitive dominant species. c. At high levels of disturbance, positive interactions increase species diversity by benefiting species experiencing that disturbance.c. At high levels of disturbance, positive interactions increase species diversity by benefiting species experiencing that disturbance.Why did the example of a reef fish community on the Great Barrier Reef of Australia best fit the lottery model of species diversity? a. Because coexistence of the fishes could be explained by resource partitioning b. Because the fishes had very different diets and territory needs c. Because the fishes occupied vacant sites in a competitive manner d. Because the fishes occupied vacant sites in a random mannerd. Because the fishes occupied vacant sites in a random mannerWhat are community functions?The processes that control community structure and include plant production, water availability, and disease resistanceSpecies diversity and ecosystem function relationships have been experimentally tested. These experiments have shown a. mostly negative relationships. b. mostly positive relationships. c. equally positive and negative relationships. d. mostly no relationship.c. equally positive and negative relationships.There are multiple hypotheses used to explain the relationship between species diversity and community function. Which hypothesis relies on species partitioning their resources? a. The idiosyncratic hypothesis b. The redundancy hypothesis c. The complementarity hypothesis d. The intermediate disturbance hypothesisc. The complementarity hypothesisA weed that is ordinarily invasive is unable to establish itself in a meadow community because the roots of other plant species produce chemicals that retard its growth. This is an example of _____. a. resource partitioning b. competitive displacement c. intermediate disturbance hypothesis d. biotic resistanced. biotic resistanceAccording to the concept of resource partitioning, which combination of attributes of a community would tend to lead to higher species richness? a. Low specialization of species across a narrow resource spectrum b. Low specialization of species across a broad resource spectrum c. High specialization of species across a narrow resource spectrum d. High specialization of species across a broad resource spectrumd. High specialization of species across a broad resource spectrumWhat is the "paradox of the plankton"? a. The number of phytoplankton species increased after zebra mussels invaded the Mississippi river basin. b. There are many more species of phytoplankton in temperate freshwater lakes than would be expected given the limited types of resources. c. Disturbance seems to decrease the number of species of phytoplankton in temperate freshwater lakes. d. The species of phytoplankton found in temperate freshwater lakes is remarkably constant across North America despite their apparently limited dispersal ability.b. There are many more species of phytoplankton in temperate freshwater lakes than would be expected given the limited types of resources.According to Hutchinson's model for coexistence of plankton species, coexistence is likely when environmental change takes place _______ the process _______. a. much more quickly than; of competitive exclusion b. at about the same rate as; by which natural selection fixes new alleles c. at about the same rate as; of competitive exclusion d. much more slowly than; of competitive exclusionc. at about the same rate as; of competitive exclusionIn Wayne Sousa's tests of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, he found that boulders in the intertidal fields of California varied in how frequently they were rolled over by waves. Which statement about boulder size in relation to disturbance is true? a. Small boulders experienced the lowest levels of disturbance. b. Large boulders experienced the lowest levels of disturbance. c. Intermediate sized boulders experienced the lowest levels of disturbance. d. Boulder size did not vary in relation to disturbance.b. Large boulders experienced the lowest levels of disturbance.According to the Menge-Sutherland model, predation affects species richness most significantly at _______ levels of environmental stress or disturbance, and competition is the most important factor at _______ levels of environmental stress or disturbance. a. high; medium b. medium; high c. low; high d. low; mediumd. low; mediumWhich of the following is not a prediction of the idiosyncratic hypothesis of diversity-function relationships? a. Dominant species should have larger effects on community function than other species. b. Different species should have a high degree of overlap in their ecological function. c. The relationship between community function and species diversity should vary dramatically, depending on which species are present. d. Keystone species should contribute more to community function than other species.b. Different species should have a high degree of overlap in their ecological function.Which of the following taxonomic groups has the highest percentage of described (named) species that are threatened with extinction? a. Mammals b. Birds c. Gymnosperms d. Amphibiansc. GymnospermsConservation biology focuses on preserving a. genetic diversity. b. species richness. c. landscape diversity. d. All of the aboved. All of the aboveWhich of the following would not be a justification for conserving biodiversity? a. Genetic diversity enhances the capacity of a population to adapt to unique environmental conditions. b. Species richness can provide ecosystem services such as enhanced pollination of crops. c. The spread of invasive species can enhance species richness. d. Humans receive aesthetic enjoyment from biodiversity.c. The spread of invasive species can enhance species richness.The development of the field of conservation biology was primarily prompted by a. ecologists' realization that species were being lost at an accelerating rate. b. molecular techniques that facilitated the identification of microbial species. c. the movement of species across dispersal barriers by humans, leading to increasing diversity. d. a decline in the rate of speciation leading to lower levels of diversity.a. ecologists' realization that species were being lost at an accelerating rate.Which of the following best describes the current rate of species extinction? a. The same as the long-term extinction rate based on the fossil record b. Double the long-term extinction rate c. Lower than the long-term extinction rate d. 100 to 1,000 times higher than the long-term extinction rated. 100 to 1,000 times higher than the long-term extinction rateCurrently, the extinction of species is primarily related to a. natural processes such as competitive exclusion and predation. b. increases in volcanic activity leading to the cooling of Earth's climate. c. human activities leading to habitat loss, pollution, and the overharvesting of species. d. increasing ultraviolet radiation due to natural changes in the radiation emitted by the sun.c. human activities leading to habitat loss, pollution, and the overharvesting of species.What is meant by the term "extinction vortex"? a. The simultaneous rapid decline of species' populations leads to the extinction of the species. b. Populations gradually decline in size to a point where they can't recover due to genetic and stochastic factors that lower growth rates. c. Species that have mutualistic relationships with another species both decline, leading to the extinction of both species. d. As a result of habitat loss, whole communities of species go extinct.b. Populations gradually decline in size to a point where they can't recover due to genetic and stochastic factors that lower growth rates.What has contributed the most to the observed extinction of terrestrial organisms over the past five decades? a. Habitat loss b. Climate change c. Pollution d. Invasive speciesa. Habitat lossThe greatest extinction threat to marine mammal species is associated with a. pollution. b. accidental mortality (bycatch in fishing nets). c. habitat loss. d. climate changeb. accidental mortality (bycatch in fishing nets).Invasive species can lead to the loss of native species diversity through a. competitive exclusion. b. predation. c. changing the environment to make it unsuitable. d. All of the aboved. All of the aboveWhich of the following threats to diversity is predicted to increase the most in the next 40 years? a. Habitat loss b. Climate change c. Pollution d. Invasive speciesb. Climate changeWhich of the following is not a benefit for conservation biology from the development of molecular genetic techniques? a. Determination of the genetic variation in a population b. Identification of maladaptive genes in populations c. Estimation of the population growth rate d. Identification of the species from which a trade item (e.g., meat, ivory) was derivedc. Estimation of the population growth rateThe development of population viability analysis has facilitated conservation efforts by providing a. dentification of endangered species based on rarity. b. projection of population growth based on demographic properties of a population. c. determination of the genetic variation needed for viable populations. d. the population size at which the extinction vortex occurs.b. projection of population growth based on demographic properties of a population.When should removing endangered species from the wild and captive rearing be considered as a conservation tool? a. Never, as it rarely works b. As soon as it is determined that a species population is declining c. Before any decrease in population size is detected d. When demographic models suggest the species has a high probability of going extinct in the wildd. When demographic models suggest the species has a high probability of going extinct in the wildWhich of the following would provide the best assessment of a species' endangerment status? a. How abundant (rare) its populations are b. The growth rate of its populations c. Its geographic distribution d. Both the abundance and population growth rated. Both the abundance and population growth rateWhich of the following species would you predict would be most susceptible to extinction? a. A species with a wide distribution but rare in the areas where it occurs b. A species with a narrow distribution (endemic) but with a high population density where it occurs c. An endemic species with a low population density where it occurs d. A species with a wide distribution and a high population density where it occursc. An endemic species with a low population density where it occursSurrogate species are often used as targets for conservation because they are keystone species, performing important ecosystem functions. a. their protection results in the protection of many other species and associated habitat. b. they are usually the most endangered species, regardless of how appealing c. they are to the general public. d. they are the species most likely to benefit from conservation efforts.a. their protection results in the protection of many other species and associated habitat.The red-cockaded woodpecker in the North Carolina Sandhills has been severely reduced in numbers in the last 100 years due to a. fire b. invasive species c. loss of habitat d. huntingc. loss of habitatCurrently, about one percent of all known species of organisms are threatened with extinction. This percentage is likely to be an underestimate because many species a. have not yet been identified or evaluated. b. have high populations but are actually endangered. c. have been inaccurately evaluated by non-scientists. d. are naturally rare, and therefore endangered, but have not been listed.a. have not yet been identified or evaluated.The activity of an earthworm species increases the fertility of soils in an agricultural field. This is an example of a. ecosystem management b. an ecosystem service c. restoration management d. a keystone speciesb. an ecosystem service