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All of the following statements about organic molecules are true EXCEPT:
A) They have been created experimentally in settings that reflect the early atmosphere of Earth.
B) They are found in outer space
C) They are the basis of all life forms, as far as we know
D) They are always small molecules, consisting of only 2-3 atoms
A) They have been created experimentally in settings that reflect the early atmosphere of Earth.
B) They are found in outer space
C) They are the basis of all life forms, as far as we know
D) They are always small molecules, consisting of only 2-3 atoms
How does scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?
A) Theories are proposed to test scientific hypothesis
B) Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon with a lot of support; hypotheses typically address more specific issues to be tested
C) Hypotheses are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon with a lot of support; theories typically address more specific issues to be tested
D) Confirmed hypotheses become scientific laws; theories become hypotheses
A) Theories are proposed to test scientific hypothesis
B) Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon with a lot of support; hypotheses typically address more specific issues to be tested
C) Hypotheses are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon with a lot of support; theories typically address more specific issues to be tested
D) Confirmed hypotheses become scientific laws; theories become hypotheses
A controlled experiment is one that
A) Proceeds slowly enough that a scientist can make careful records of the results
B) Tests experimental and control groups in parallel
C) Is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurate
D) Keeps all variables constantB) Tests experimental and control groups in parallelFollowing a scientific method, which of the following is the correct order of steps?
A) Observation, Analysis, Hypothesis, Conclusion, Report, Experiment
B) Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Report, Analysis, Conclusion
C) Experiment, Hypothesis, Observation, Analysis, Conclusion, Report
D) Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, Conclusion, ReportD) Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, Conclusion, ReportIn an atom the electrons are located
A) In the nucleus
B) At a distance from the nucleus in something called an electron cloud
C) Attached to the nucleus by ionic attraction
D) Inside of the protonsB) At a distance from the nucleus in something called an electron cloudResearch indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that
A) Have identical chemical formulas but differ in the branching their carbon skeletons
B) Are mirror images of each other
C) Differ in the location of their double bonds
D) Differ in the arrangement of atoms around their double bondsB) Are mirror images of each otherWhy does ice float in liquid water?
A) The high surface tension of liquid water keeps the ice on top
B) The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the ice from sinking
C) Stable hydrogen bonds keep water molecules of ice farther apart than water molecules of liquid water, making ice less dense
D) The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid waterC) Stable hydrogen bonds keep water molecules of ice farther apart than water molecules of liquid water, making ice less denseThe atoms in a molecule are connected together by which of the following?
A) Electrostatic attraction
B) Hydrogen bonds
C) Hydrophobic interactions
D) Covalent bondsD) Covalent bondsWhich of the following fish has the best evolutionary fitness?
A) Fins (I'm Fins- I'm fit because I am the biggest.)
B) Jim Bob (I'm Jim Bob- I win since I have the most babies.)
C) Speedo (I'm Speedo- I am because I swim the fastest)
D) Romeo (I'm Romeo- I win since I mated with the most females.)B) Jim Bob (I'm Jim Bob- I win since I have the most babies.)Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are
A) Nonpolar substances that repel water molecules
B) Nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules
C) Polar substances that repel water molecules
D) Polar substances that have an affinity for waterA) Nonpolar substances that repel water moleculesConsider two atoms of equal electronegativity sharing a pair of electrons. Which of the following is a correct statement?
A) The atoms have formed an ionic bond.
B) The atoms have formed a non-polar covalent bond
C) The atoms are ionized
D) The atoms have formed a polar covalent bondB) The atoms have formed a non-polar covalent bondRefer to the following figure (first three rows of the periodic table) to answer the following question: Which pair of elements would likely have similar valence and thus similar chemical behavior?
A) Nitrogen and phosphorus
B) Carbon and nitrogen
C) Sodium and chlorine
D) Hydrogen and heliumA) Nitrogen and phosphorusBecause organisms are made primarily of water, they resist rapid temperature changes. This useful quality is based on which of the following properties of water?
A) Lower density in the solid phase
B) Cohesion
C) High specific heat
D) Ability to form iceC) High specific heatScience is a useful tool for helping us understand the natural world because it can:
A) Provide answers to all possible questions
B) Generate statements which are considered to be absolute truths
C) Deal with empirical (experimental) observations
D) Refute religious beliefsC) Deal with empirical (experimental) observationsNitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)?
A) Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge.
B) Ammonia has an overall positive charge.
C) Ammonia has an overall negative charge
D) The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge; each hydrogen atom has a partial negative chargeA) Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge.Which correctly orders the levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?
A) Cells, organelles, organ system, community, ecosystems
B) Molecules, organism, population, communities, biosphere
C) Molecules, cells, tissues, ecosystems, communities
D) Organelles, cells, population, biosphere, ecosystems
E) Cells, organs, population, ecosystems, communitiesB) Molecules, organism, population, communities, biosphereA substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is a(n)
A) Compound
B) Isotope
C) Element
D) MoleculeC) ElementEach bond in carbon dioxide in the molecule below represents O=C=O
A) One resonating electron
B) A pair of shared electrons
C) Two pairs of shared electrons
D) A pair of protonsC) Two pairs of shared electronsCotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should first
A) Test whether other traits in these males are also adaptive
B) Look for evidence of hair in ancestors of tamarins
C) Determine if hair length is heritable
D) Test whether males with shaved heads are still able to mate
E) Look to see if having long hair in other species of primates gives them a reproductiveC) Determine if hair length is heritableVariations in the reactive properties of different organic molecules are most closely associated with _____.
A) The presence or absence of double bonds
B) The presence or absence of functional groups
C) The number of asymmetric carbon atoms present
D) The number of carbon atoms comprising the molecule's skeletonB) The presence or absence of functional groupsVan der Waals interactions may result when _____.
A) Electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule
B) Molecules held by ionic bonds react with water
C) Two polar covalent bonds react
D) A hydrogen atom loses an electronA) Electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a moleculeLow humidity in the atmosphere on a hot day ________.
A) Helps in cooling because skin absorbs water from the atmosphere
B) Does not help in cooling because water evaporates from the skin faster
C) Helps in cooling because water evaporates from the skin faster
D) Does not help in cooling because skin absorbs water from the atmosphereC) Helps in cooling because water evaporates from the skin fasterAn ionic bond involves which of the following?
A) The unequal sharing of an electron pair
B) Water avoidance
C) No atoms other than sodium and chlorine
D) The sharing of two pairs of electronsA) The unequal sharing of an electron pairWhy isn't this insect drowning?
A) The insect is swimming
B) Surface tension
C) It is difficult to change the temperature of water
D) The insect is very lightB) Surface tensionAn acidic aqueous solution
A) Has a low pH number
B) Has a high pH number
C) Has many OH- ions in it
D) Repels waterA) Has a low pH numberWhy is a scientific topic best discussed by people of varying points of view, from different subdisciplines, and representing diverse cultures?
A) Robust and critical discussion between diverse groups improves scientific thinking, and different experiences and perspectives enhances creativity
B) It allows scientists to impose their opinions to others on the correct wat to do science
C) This is a way of ensuring that everyone gets the came results
D) People need to exchange their ideas with other disciplines and cultures because everyone has a right to an opinion in scienceA) Robust and critical discussion between diverse groups improves scientific thinking, and different experiences and perspectives enhances creativityWhat element is essential to the backbones of all large biomolecules?
A) Oxygen
B) Nitrogen
C) Phosphorous
D) CarbonD) CarbonUse the following figure to answer the following: The two molecules shown in the figures are best described as
A) Enantiomers
B) Structural isomers
C) Cis-trans isomers
D) Chain length isomersB) Structural isomersIn a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by which of the following?
A) Hydrogen bonds
B) Nonpolar covalent bonds
C) Polar covalent bonds
D) Ionic bondsC) Polar covalent bondsWhich of the following statements is true of a hypothesis?
A) A hypothesis can be proven
B) A hypothesis can be supported or rejected through experimentation
C)A hypothesis asks a question about an observed phenomenon
D) A hypothesis cannot be tested under controlled conditions
E) If the results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis that is tested, the experiment must be badly designedB) A hypothesis can be supported or rejected through experimentationCarbon Dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves with the raindrops. The causes the pH of raindrops to be
A) Slightly acidic
B) Slightly basic
C) Same as pure water
D) Higher in specific heatA) Slightly acidicA scientist, who wants to study the effects of nitrogen on wheat plants, sets up an experiment with 4 groups of wheat plants: group A gets 20 pounds pre acre, group B gets 40 pounds per acre, group C gets 60 pounds per acre, and group D gets 0 pounds per acre. Which of the following is the control group?
A) Group A
B) Group B
C) Group C
D) Group DD) Group DIn an ethane (C2H6) molecule, each carbon atom is bonded to ___________ hydrogen atoms.
A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) SixB) ThreeWhich of the following is a primary function of the active site of an enzyme?
A) It binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme
B) It binds noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme
C) It catalyzes the reaction associated with the enzyme
D) It is activated by the presence of the end product of the metabolic pathway in which the enzyme is involvedC) It catalyzes the reaction associated with the enzymeWhich of the following requires an outside source of energy?
A) Simple diffusion
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Active transport
D) All of these require an outside source of energyC) Active transportWhat does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages?
A) Cellulose
B) Polypeptides
C) starch
D) GlucoseA) CelluloseA chemical reaction that has a positive triangle G is best described as
A) Endergonic
B) Enthalpic
C) Spontaneous
D) ExergonicA) EndergonicThe liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells?
A) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Nuclear envelopeB) Smooth endoplasmic reticulumWhich of the following is true about the fatty acid molecule illustrated in this figure?
A) It is a saturated fatty acid
B) It stores genetic information
C) It will be liquid at room temperature
D) It is a carbohydrateC) It will be liquid at room temperatureThylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in
A) Chloroplasts
B) Mitochondria
C) Lysosomes
D) NucleiA) ChloroplastsSome bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because
A) They are able to maintain a lower internal temperature
B) High temperatures make catalysis unnecessary
C) Their enzymes have high optimal temperatures
D) Their enzymes are completely insensitive to temperatureC) Their enzymes have high optimal temperaturesWhat level of protein structure describes an amino acid sequence such as Ala-Gly-Ser-Val-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-His...?
A) Primary structure
B)Secondary structure
C) Tertiary structure
D) Quaternary structureA) Primary structureHow do phospholipids interact with water molecules?
A) The polar heads avoid water; the nonpolar tails attract water (because water is polar and opposites attract)
B) Phospholipids do not interact with water because water is polar and lipids are nonpolar
C) The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not
D) Phospholipids dissolve in waterC) The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do notWhich of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
A) A nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
B) A nitrogenous base and a sugar
C) A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar
D) A sugar and a purine or pyrimidineC) A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugarIons can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through
A) Plasmodesmata
B) Tight Junction
C) Desmosomes
D) Gap junctionsD) Gap junctionsSuppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely malfunctioning in this disease?
A) Lysosomes
B) Golgi Apparatus
C) Mitochondria
D) Smooth endoplasmic reticulumC) MitochondriaWhich domains of life are classified as prokaryotes?
A) Bacteria and Eukarya
B) Bacteria and Archaea
C) Archaea and Fungi
D) Bacteria and ProtistaB) Bacteria and ArchaeaA membrane protein powered by ATP moves three Na+ out of the cell and two K+ into the cell. This process is referred to as
A) Phagocytosis
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Osmosis
D) Pinocytosis
E) Active transportE) Active transportCelery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a s0.15 M alt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that
A) The fresh water and the salt solution are both hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks
B) The fresh water is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks
C) The freshwater is hypertonic and the salt solution is hypotonic to the cells of the celery stalks
D) The freshwater is isotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalksB) The fresh water is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalksWhat is the name of the thermodynamic barrier that must be overcome before products are formed in a spontaneous reaction?
A) Entropy
B) Activation energy
C) The equilibrium point
D) Kinetic energyB) Activation energyThe force driving simple diffusion is _______________, while the energy source for active transport is____________.
A) A concentration gradient; ADP
B) A concentration gradient; ATP hydrolysis
C) Transmembrane pumps; an electrochemical gradient
D) Phosphorylated carrier proteins; ATPB) A concentration gradient; ATP hydrolysisWhich of the following is the most common pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
A) Rough ER, Golgi, Transport vesicle, Nucleus
B) Golgi, Rough ER, Lysosome, Transport vesicle, Plasma membrane
C) Rough ER, Golgi, Transport vesicle, Plasma membrane
D) Rough ER, Lysosome, Transport vesicle, Plasma membraneC) Rough ER, Golgi, Transport vesicle, Plasma membraneWhich of the following structures form cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells through the cell walls?
A) Desmosomes
B) Gap junctions
C) Plasmodesmata
D) Tight junctionsC) PlasmodesmataA newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that an inexpensive toy microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for this price difference?
A) The toy microscope does not have the same fine control for focus of the specimen
B) The toy microscope magnifies a good deal but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images
C) The toy microscope produces less contrast in the specimens
D) The toy microscope usually uses a different wavelength of light sourceB) The toy microscope magnifies a good deal but has low resolution and therefore poor quality imagesHow does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
A) By binding to the active site of the enzyme, thus preventing binding of the normal substrate
B) By binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzyme
C) By decreasing the free-energy change of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme
D) By binding to the substrate, thus changing its shape so that it no longer binds to the active site of the enzymeB) By binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzymeWhich of the following are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells?
A) Mitochondria
B) Ribosomes
C) Chloroplasts
D) Endoplasmic reticulumB) RibosomesWhat kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
A) Large and hydrophobic
B) Small and hydrophobic
C) Large polar
D) Small and ionicB) Small and hydrophobicThe nuclear lamina is an array of intermediate filaments that line the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a chemical treatment caused the lamina to disassemble, what would you expect to be the most likely immediate consequences?
A) Closing of nuclear pores
B) The inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division
C) A loss of genetic information from chromosomes
D) A change in the shape of the nucleusD) A change in the shape of the nucleusWhich two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
A) Carbonyl and amino groups
B) Carboxyl and amino groups
C) Amino and sulfhydryl groups
D) Hydroxyl and carboxyl groupsB) Carboxyl and amino groupsIn plant cells, the middle lamella
A) Glues adjacent cells together
B) Prevents dehydration of adjacent cells
C) Connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
D) Prevents excessive uptake of water by plant cellsA) Glues adjacent cells togetherExamination of a cell by transmission electron microscopy reveals a high density of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This observation suggests that this cell is actively producing large amounts of which of the following molecules?
A) Polysaccharides
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acidsB) ProteinsCells such as bacteria are taken up by other cells such as white blood cells by which process?
A) Pinocytosis
B) Exocytosis
C) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) Phagocytosis
E) Facilitated diffusionD) PhagocytosisOne of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to
A) Transmit genetic information to offspring
B) Function in the synthesis of proteins
C) Make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity
D) Act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNAB) Function in the synthesis of proteinsWhich structure is not part of the endomembrane system?
A) Nuclear envelope
B) Chloroplast
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Plasma membraneB) ChloroplastFor a protein to be integral membrane protein, it would have to be
A) Hydrophilic
B) Hydrophobic
C) Amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region
D) Exposed on only one surface of the membraneC) Amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic regionWhich of the following would be most appropriate method to observe the three-dimensional structure and organization of microvilli on an intestinal cell?
A) A hand lens (magnifying glass)
B) Standard light microscopy
C) Scanning electron microscopy
D) Transmission electron microscopyC) Scanning electron microscopyThe central dogma of molecular biology states that
A) DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into proteins
B) DNA is translated into proteins
C) DNA is translated into RNA, which is transcribed into proteins
D) RNA is transcribed into proteinsA) DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into proteinsWhy is it incorrect to say that the mitochondrion creates energy for the cell?
A) Energy is neither created nor destroyed in biological systems; it is transformed
B) Most ATP synthesis takes place outside of the mitochondrion
C) Energy is not important in biological systems
D) It is actually the chloroplasts that create energy for the cellA) Energy is neither created nor destroyed in biological systems; it is transformedProteins perform a variety of functions in living organisms. The protein maltase, present in salvia and pancreatic juice, works by catalyzing the breakdown of maltose to the simple
sugar glucose. Maltose is found in foods such as potatoes, pasta, and beer. To which functional class of proteins does maltase belong to?
A) Storage protein
B) Transport protein
C) Hormonal protein
D) Structural protein
E) Enzymatic proteinE) Enzymatic proteinGated channels are associated with
A) Simple diffusion
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Osmosis
D) Activation of ATPB) Facilitated diffusionWhich of the following is true about saturated fats?
A) They are more common in plants that in animals
B) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chain of their fatty acids
C) They are generally liquid at room temperature
D) They contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats that consist of the same number of carbon atomsD) They contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats that consist of the same number of carbon atomsWhich of the following statements is true for all exergonic reactions?
A) The products have more total energy than the reactants
B) The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy
C) A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed
D) All of these options are correctB) The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energyThe enzyme hexokinase catalyzes the first step in glycolysis. This enzyme cannot function unless it has a magnesium ion attached to it. We would call the magnesium ion _____________ for hexokinase.
A) An inhibitor
B) A cofactor
C) A substrate
D) A productB) A cofactorWhich polysaccharide is an important component in the structure of many insects and fungi?
A) Chitin
B) Cellulose
C) Amylopectin
D) AmyloseA) ChitinWhich of the following categories includes all others in the list?
A) Disaccharide
B) Polysaccharide
C) Starch
D) CarbohydrateD) CarbohydrateWhich of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?
A) Water rushing over Niagara Falls
B) Light flashes emitted by a firefly
C) A molecule of glucose
D) A crawling beetle foraging for foodC) A molecule of glucoseThe organelle that typically takes up the most volume in a plant cell is the___________Central vacuolesAccording to the __________ ___________ model of cell membranes, phospholipids can move laterally along the plane of the membraneFluid mosaic modelThe _______________ _______________ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cellPlasma membraneThe bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. In addition to mutations, how might genetic diversity be generated in this species?
A) Crossing over only
B) Independent assortment only
C) Crossing over and random fertilization
D) Nothing else can contribute to genetic diversityC) Crossing over and random fertilizationHow does the toxin of Vibrio cholerae cause profuse diarrhea
A) It modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion
B) It modifies adenylyl cyclase and triggers excess formation of cAMP
C) It signals IP3 to act as a second messenger for the release of calcium
D) It modifies a ligand-gated ion channelB) It modifies adenylyl cyclase and triggers excess formation of cAMPWhich of the following statements best describes the primary role played by oxygen in cellular respiration?
A) It yields energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the electron transport chain
B) It oxidizes glucose to form two molecules of pyruvate
C) It serves as an acceptor for carbon, forming CO2 in the citric acid cycle
D) It serves as the final acceptor for electrons from the electron transport chainD) It serves as the final acceptor for electrons from the electron transport chainIn which of the following ways do plant hormones differ from hormones in animals?
A) Plant hormones frequently travel through the air as a gas
B) Animal hormones are only local regulators
C) Plant hormones commonly travel through the soil from one plant to another
D) Animal hormones typically travel from hormone producing cell to an adjacent responding cell through gap junctionsA) Plant hormones frequently travel through the air as a gasApproximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 18-24
D) 30-32D) 30-32What is the function of the pigment molecules in a light=harvesting complex in the thylakoid membranes?
A) They split water and release oxygen from the reaction-center chlorophyll
B) They absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
C) They synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi-
D) They transfer electrons to NADP+B) They absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyllBinding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?
A) Receptor tyrosine kinase
B) G protein-coupled receptor
C) Ligand-gated ion channel
D) Steroid receptorC) Ligand-gated ion channelBesides the ability of some cancer cells to over-proliferate, which of the following situations might logically result in a tumor?
A) Changes in the order of cell cycle stages
B) Lack of appropriate cell death
C) Inability to form spindles
D) Failure of cells to enter S phaseB) Lack of appropriate cell deathWhich of the following characteristics do homologous chromosomes exhibit?
A) They carry information for different traits
B) They carry information for the same traits
C) They carry the same alleles
D) They align on the metaphase plate in meiosis IIB) They carry information for the same traitsWhat effect does light have on the chlorophyll molecule?
A) It causes it to synthesize glucose
B) It stimulates it to produce ATP
C) It causes it to flip form one side of the phospholipid bilayer to the other
D) It elevates electrons to higher energy statesD) It elevates electrons to higher energy statesA molecule that is released by one cell in order to send a message to another cell is called
A) A receptor
B) A signal transductor
C) A G protein
D) A signaling moleculeD) A signaling moleculeWhat is the purpose of fermentation reactions?
A) To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
B) To make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions
C) To make additional ATP when respiration can't make ATP fast enough
D) To slow down cellular oxygen consumption when oxygen is scarceA) To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continueWhich of the following can be controlled by cellular signaling?
A) Mating in yeast
B) Biofilm formation in bacteria
C) Transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another
D) All of these are correctD) All of these are correctWhat are scaffolding proteins?
A) Microtubule arrays that allow lipid-soluble hormones to get from the cell membrane to the nuclear pores
B) Large molecules to which several relay proteins attach to facilitate cascade effects
C) Relay proteins that orient receptors and their ligands in appropriate directions to facilitate complex formation
D) Proteins that enter the nucleus of a cell to regulate transcriptionB) Large molecules to which several relay proteins attach to facilitate cascade effectsWhat is the best explanation for the disappearance of cells between segments of a palm leaf during leaf development?
A) Action of a G protein
B) Amplification
C) Apoptosis
D) A steroid receptorC) ApoptosisWhich of the following statements correctly describes a distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
A) Cellular respiration in unique to heterotrophs
B) Only heterotrophs have mitochondria
C) Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic
D) Only heterotrophs require oxygenC) Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganicA cell goes into cell cycle arrest in G1 because it is not receiving growth factor signals. This is an example of___________________.
A) The effects of starvation on cells
B) checkpoint control
C) A cell waiting for DNA synthesis to be complete before proceeding to mitosis
D) A cell waiting for metaphase chromosome alignment to be complete before progressing to anaphaseB) checkpoint controlWhich is the best example of amplification of signal?
A) Production of many molecules by many signal molecules
B) Activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding event
C) Activation of a specific gene by a transcription factor
D) Activation of a receptor by a hormoneB) Activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding eventWhich of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
A) Cellular respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse
B) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; cellular respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules
C) Photosynthesis occurs only in plants; cellular respiration occurs only in animals.
D) Photosynthesis is catabolic; cellular respiration is anabolicB) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; cellular respiration releases energy from complex organic moleculesProtein kinase is an enzyme that functions in which of the following ways?
A) As a second messenger molecule
B) As a receptor for various signal molecules
C) Activates or inactivates other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them
D) Activates a G proteinC) Activates or inactivates other proteins by adding a phosphate group to themWhich of the following metabolic processes take place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
A) Glycolysis and fermentation
B) Fermentation and chemiosmosis
C) Oxidation of pyruvate of acetyl CoA
D) Citric Acid CycleA) Glycolysis and fermentationWhich of the following statements is true of steroid receptors?
A) The receptor molecules are themselves lipids or glycolipids or glycolipids
B) The receptor may be inside the nucleus of a target cell
C) The unbound steriod receptors are quickly recycled by lysosomes
D) Steroid receptors are typically bound to the external surface of the nuclear membraneB) The receptor may be inside the nucleus of a target cellWhat are the products of linear electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
A) Heat and fluorescence
B) ATP and P700
C) ATP and NADPH
D) ADP and NADP+C) ATP and NADPHP680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Given its function, why is this necessary?
A) It is the receptor for the most excited electron in either photosystem of photosynthesis
B) It is the molecule that transfers electrons to plastoquinone (Pq) of the electron transfer system
C) It transfers its electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH
D) It obtains electrons from the oxygen atom in a water molecule, so it must have a stronger attraction for electrons than oxygenD) It obtains electrons from the oxygen atom in a water molecule, so it must have a stronger attraction for electrons than oxygenHormones are chemical substances produced in one organ that are released into the bloodstream and affect the function of a target organ. Which of the following conditions is required for the target organ to be able to respond to a particular hormone?
A) Cells in the target organ must modify their plasma membranes to allow the hormone to enter the cytoplasm
B) The target organ must be the same as the organ that produced the hormone
C) The target organ must have the opposite mating type of the organ that produced the hormone
D) The target organ must have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone moleculeD) The target organ must have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone moleculeThrough a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely__________
A) An animal cell in the process of cytokinesis
B) A plant cell in the process of cytokinesis
C) A bacterial cell dividing
D) A plant cell in metaphaseB) A plant cell in the process of cytokinesisCAM plants keep stomata closed in the daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they_________________>
A) Fix CO2 into organic acids during the night
B) Fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells
C) Fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells
D) Use photosystem I and photosystem II at nightA) Fix CO2 into organic acids during the nightHow does natural selection apply to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?
A) Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction success
B) Sexual reproduction results in the greatest number of new mutations
C) Sexual reproduction allows the greatest number of offspring to be produced
D) Sexual reproduction utilizes far lass energy than asexual reproductionA) Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction successWhy are the reaction centers of photosystems composed of several structurally different pigments?
A) Excited electrons must pass through several pigments to pick up energy before they can be transferred to electron acceptors of the electron transport chain
B) This arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy of a variety of wavelengths
C) This arrangement enables the plants to absorb more photons from light energy, all of which are at the same wavelength
D) This arrangement enables the reaction center to excite electrons to a lower energy levelB) This arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy of a variety of wavelengthsCrossing over of chromosomes takes place during which of the following processes?
A) Meiosis II
B) Meiosis I
C) Mitosis
D) Mitosis and Meiosis IIB) Meiosis IThe activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by______________________.
A) Dimerization and phosphorylation
B) Dimerization and IP3 binding
C) A phosphorylation cascade
D) GTP hydrolysisA) Dimerization and phosphorylationWhat is a primary function of transcription factors?
A) They regulate the synthesis of DNA in response to a signal
B) They convert ATP into cAMP
C) They control gene expression
D) They regulate the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulumC) They control gene expressionIn what phase of the cell cycle does Anaphase occur?
A) G1
B) G2
C) S
D) MD) MWhich of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
A) The breakdown of glucose into six carbon dioxide molecules
B) The breakdown of an acetyl group to carbon dioxide
C) The harnessing of energy from high-energy electrons derived from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
D) Substrate- level phosphorylationC) The harnessing of energy from high-energy electrons derived from glycolysis and the citric acid cycleThe mitotic spindle plays a critical role in which of the following processes?
A) Splitting of the cell (cytokinesis) following mitosis
B) Triggering the compaction and condensation of chromosomes
C) Dissolving the nuclear membrane
D) Separation of sister chromatidsD) Separation of sister chromatidsFor a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes based on the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis?
A) 23
B) 46
C) About 1,000
D) About 8 millionD) About 8 millionPut the steps of the process of signal transduction in the order they occur:
1. A conformational change in the signal-receptor complex activated an enzyme.
2. Protein kinases are activated.
3. A signal molecule binds to a receptor.
4. Target proteins are phosphorylated.
5. Second messenger molecules are released.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5
C) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
D) 1, 2, 5, 3, 4C) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4Somatic cells of roundworms have a total of four individual chromosomes pre cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum (egg) from a round worm?
A) Four
B) Two
C) Eight
D) SixteenB) TwoDuring intense exercise, muscles lack sufficient oxygen, so which process will these muscles mainly use?
A) Alcoholic fermentation
B) The citric acid cycle
C) Lactic acid fermentation
D) ChemiosmosisC) Lactic acid fermentationWhich phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes in the center of the cell?
A) Prophase
B) Metaphase
C) Anaphase
D) TelophaseB) MetaphaseATP synthase can produce ATP using as a direct energy source as the result of__________________________.
A) Energy from the conversion of glucose to pyruvate
B) Energy from the oxidation of pyruvate producing CO2 and H2O
C) Energy from a photon (H+) gradient established in mitochondria
D) Energy derived from the breakdown of NADH and FADH2C) Energy from a photon (H+) gradient established in mitochondriaPrivet shrubs and humans each have a diploid number of 46 chromosomes per cell. Why are the two species so dissimilar?
A) Privet chromosomes undergo only mitosis
B) Privet chromosomes are shaped differently
C) The two species have different gene expression
D) Privets do not have sex chromosomesC) The two species have different gene expressionWhat is the correct order of the phases of mitosis?
A) Anaphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase
B) Anaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Metaphase
C) Prophase, Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase
D) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, TelophaseD) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, TelophaseStarting with one molecule of glucose, glycolysis results in the net production of which of the following sets of energy-containing products?
A) 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
B) 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
C) 4 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP
D) 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATPB) 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATPA hormone attaches to a receptor on the surface of a target cell. The receptor experiences a shape change on the inside of the cell membrane that molecules in the cytoplasm can detect. We call this______________________.
A) A kinase cascade
B) Hormone synthesis
C) Signal transduction
D) Cellular responseC) Signal transduction
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