Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Rangeland Management Exam 2

Terms in this set (62)

multi-species
grazing 2+ kinds of animal on same range, not necessarily at same time
multi-species grazing results in
more uniform utilization of plants& area
an inc. in stocking rates
dual-use grazing
2 species
optimum combination of animals depends on (3)
Economics
Personal Preference
Biology/Ecology of the system and herbivores
Economics (factor) (4)
Budgeting
Problems and costs
Spreads labor over the year and more enterprises
market availabilty
Personal Preference(factor) (5)
previous experience
managerial skills
community and social pressures
managment context (ex. fence for sheep)
predators
Biology/Ecology of the system and herbivores (factor) (5)
-Based on key species for multi-species grazing
-damage by dift kinds of animals
-more forage harvested with +1 kind of grazer
-takes into account forage allocation to dift grazers
-inc. likelihood of competition with wildlife
Cardinal Principles
-Graze at proper season of year
-Graze w/ proper kinds/class of animal
-Graze w/ proper # of animal
-Graze w/ proper distribution of animals
traditional grazing distribution
uniform use
Typical practices that promote uniform dist (6)
-uniform dist of focal points
-prescribed fire
-application of fertilizers and herbicides
-grazing systems
-constructing shade
-change types of livestock
What is lost when heterogeneity is reduced? (2)
-water
-biodiversity
Causes of heterogenous grazing dist. by cattle (5)
1. Cattle have knowledge and memory of grazing areas
2. preferences for terrain
3. feeding behaviour
4. Rxn to environment
5. attractants
Traditional Buring
burn everything, fence to fence; little heterogeneity
Patch Burning promotes___ and uses ___-
promotes heterogeneity (@ landscape level); uses natural boundaries (roads, waterways)
fire return interval
how often fire returns
seasonal burning
time of year burnt; usually in spring (late Feb-May)
why burn in summer?
Burning in summer opens up cool season grasses for cattle to eat in winter
gramanoids and 2 examples
grass-like plants; sedges (have edges), rushes
seral stages
different stages of a plant community
mature seral stage
as community returns to climax, leads to succession
what drives fire return interval
precipitation
which RL has shortest interval (tall, short, mixed)
tallgrass
Pros of Patch Burning (4)
-promotes heterogeneity
-mgmt of cattle w/o fences
-allows rest of previously burnt patches
-provides nesting for wildlife
Cons of Patch Burning (5)
-slightly more intensive
-dependent on precipitation
-no one has quantified long-term effects
-must be adaptive
result of grazers attracted to certain areas
-localized over and underuse
-areas in different seres (successional stages)
-adversely affects sensitive areas
-inc. habitat structural & compositional heterogeneity
>benefits certain wildlife
what is a key attractant foci?
water
typical pond mgmt allows for
open access, erosion of banks
ideal stock pond mgmt yields___, how
yields longer pond lifespan, dam &pipe from pond to livestock
difference between ecological site (ES) and ecological site description (ESD)
ES is a concept; ESD is the document that provides the info to support the concept
who coined the phrase "ecosystem"
A.G. Tansley
Rangeland (Dr. Brown definition)
land dom. based by herbacious plants and way to measure species composition and compare potential and actual composition
which model is the basis for a lot of programs?
linear change model
basis of ecological sites
spatial scales
what helps determine what kind of soils will emerge?
landscape position
Inventory
info. can be aggregated at larger scales
intervention
SpatioTemporal pattern detection
modeling
predicted responses to climatic socioeconomic factors
assessment
impacts of policy and program decisions
ES uses at scales __->__->___->___
Inventory->Intervention->Modeling->Assessment
state-and-transition models
diagrams, text descriptions, and assoc. data that describe possible changes in vegetation and soils w/i particular ES; a way to organize what we know based on mgmt
Reference community (state)
what everything inc. managing decisions is based on
at-risk community
close to threshold where ecology permanently changed
seeds produced are__in nutrition
high
ex of a grass that cures well
buffalo grass
"cures well"
keeps protein above ground
Factors impt to consider in the current season of grazing (4)
1. season, temp, drought, snow cover
2. phenology of plant
3. type of plants (grasses, forbs, woodies)
4. nutrients of importance
nutrients of importance (4)
-Energy (carbs)
-Protein
-Carotene
-Phosphorous
Energy (Carbs) % of plant
70-80% of plant
protein: stuff, higher __part of plant, lower__
varies widley in plants; higher in bud, lower in stem
carotene
important for growth, vision and development
phosphorous component of
component of AA, nucleotides, phospholipids
when is the most limiting time for complementary forage
winter
RL mgmt objectives (3)
-allows determent
-allows reduced stocking rate on RL
-value to wildlife
ranch mgmt objectives (2)
extends the period of high quality and quanity of forage
no grazing system can accomplish this, only fire-grazing
introduced forages - central &s. GPs (3)
Bermuda (summer)
Tall Fescue (Spr&Fall) - can have a fungus that causes problems
Wheat pasure (winter)
introduced forages - n. GPs (2)
Crested wheat (spr&fall)
Quackgrass (spr)
introduced forages - w. RLs (2)
Crested wheatgrass (C3)
Intermed. wheatgrass (C3)
overstocking
too many animals on an area for a certain planned grazing season
overutilization
too great a use by overstocking
overgrazing
an undesireable change in vegetation. Measured as a change in species composition, site protection or productivity
over__->over__->over__
overstock->overuse->overgrazing; a unit may be o.stocked and utilized and NOT be overgrazed
which RL type is most susceptible to overgrazing and why
Palouse Prairie; lack of a strong history of grazing
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...