Created by
Terms in this set (472)
OEF
a. Operation Encouraging Factors
b. Operation Enduring Factors
c. Operation Enduring Freedom
d. Operation Encouraging Freedomc.OIF
a. Operation Iraqi Freedom
b. Operation Israel Freedom
c. Operation Idaho Freedom
d. Operation Illinois Freedoma.OND
a. Operation New Decade
b. Operation Nantucket Disaster
c. Operation New Disaster
d. Operation New Dawnd.Life-course perspectives conceptualize human development as comprising processes that unfold over time and emphasize that individuals shape (others/their own) life course through the choices they make and actions they take, within constraints imposed by historical and social contexts.
a. others
b. their ownb.What are the major concepts of the life course theory in connection to military families?
1. (Present/Historical) time
2. Transitions
3. Timing of transitions
4. Linked lives
a. Present
b. Historicalb.- Helps us understand events in larger contexts; major sociohistorical events
--> ;i.e, veterans today have different experiences compared to those during the Vietnam War
a. Timing of transitions
b. Linked lives
c. Historical time
d. Transitionsc.bring changes in roles and statuses to the individuals involved; can be common (like retiring) or rare (like deployment)
a. Timing of transitions
b. Linked lives
c. Historical time
d. Transitionsd.(Common/rare) transitions are typically easier to cope with because people generally have prior knowledge or experience and know what to expect
a. common
b. rarea.Why is the timing of a transition important?
- Even common transitions can cause (positive/negative) stress when they happen unexpectedly or at a time in life that does not conform to societal expectations; when transitions occur can impact stress/perceptions/etc.;
a. positive
b. negativeb.connections people have not only to one another but also to larger contexts such as other generations in their family, other people in the society, and historical events; emphasizes the connections between the transitions of one family member and the experiences of other family members.
a. Timing of transitions
b. Linked lives
c. Historical time
d. Transitionsb.True/False: Service members today experience longer separations from their families and greater risk of exposure to combat and injuries
a. true
b. falsea.The proportion of veterans in the general population is (smaller/bigger) than veterans of previous wars
- Veterans today may enter civilian communities with little familiarity with their experiences and may struggle to find support
a. smaller
b. biggera.The estimated survival rate from recent wars is (higher/lower) than for previous wars
a. Higher - 90% today versus 70% in Vietnam
b. Lower- 70% today versus 90% in Vietnama.Injuries sustained in recent wars are most often due to what? (causing multiple injuries)
a. gunshots
b. explosives
c. knives
d. swordsb.Injuries sustained in the Vietnam war were most often due to what?
a. gunshots
b. explosives
c. knives
d. swordsa.What are some examples of transitions that veterans may experience?
- Education
- Employment
- Wounds or injuries ( (including/excluding) suicide)
a. including
b. excludinga.True/False: Many veterans enter or return to colleges to continue their education
a. true
b. falsea.True/False: Veterans have historically been successful in pursuing higher education
a. true
b. falsea.prevention and intervention
What initiative for veterans includes educational benefits aimed at increasing educational attainment?
a. Families Overcoming Under Stress (FOCUS)
b. Veteran Jobs Mission
c. GI BILL
d. Basic Military Billc.What are some (challenges/resources) that student veterans may encounter?
- Navigating benefit procedures
- adjusting to nonmilitary environment (e.g. managing their own schedules and duties)
- age (e.g. being older than other students)
- Coping with others' insensitivity to war
a. challenges
b. resourcesa.Combat exposure and PTSD symptoms are (negatively/positively) related to educational performance and social functioning of student veterans
a. negatively
b. positivelya.Student veterans are (more/less) likely to engage in risky behaviors (i.e, alcohol/drugs) and violence
a. more
b. lessa.The unemployment rates of male OEF/OIF/OND veterans have been (higher/lower) than those of nonveterans
a. higher
b. lowera.The unemployment rates of female OEF/OIF/OND veterans have been (higher/lower) than those of nonveterans
a. higher
b. lowerb.Veterans of all ethnicity groups except _________ veterans had higher unemployment rates than their counterpart nonveterans
a. Asian
b. White
c. Black
d. Japanessec.(Younger/older) veterans are more likely to be unemployed compared to their nonveteran counterparts
a. younger
b. oldera.How does military service affect job performance and employment?
- job perfomance and employment can be (expressed/ hindered) by physical and psychological injuries related to military service
--> i.e, PTSD, employer hesitation, etc.
a. expressed
b. hinderedb.How can PTSD impact job performance and employment?
It has been linked to (deterioration/improvement) in work functioning and job loss
a. deterioration
b. improvementa.True/False: Employers may be hesitate to hire veterans with possible psychological problems like PTSD
a. true
b. falsea.Median earnings are higher for (veterans/nonveterans)
a. veterans
b. nonveteransa.True/False: Veterans of World War II outperformed nonveterans in education attainment and earnings
a. true
b. falsea.True/False: Vietnam War veterans did not outperform nonveterans in education attainment and earnings
a. true
b. falsea.structural injury and/or physiological disruption of brain function caused by an external force
a. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
b. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
c. Cancer
d. Lupusa.What are the long-term outcomes of TBI?
(production/impairment) in cognitive functioning such as attention, concentration, reaction time, memory, processing speed, and decision-making
a. production
b. impairmentb.TBI is also related to (increase/decrease) in aggressive behaviors, unemployment, and relationship problems.
a. increase
b. decreasea.Veterans with a TBI have a (higher/lower) risk of having other psychological problems
- this can delay recovery and make it hard to isolate the effects of TBI
--> Especially depression
a. higher
b. lowera.Depression (increases/decreases) the severity of TBI in veterans
a. increases
b. decreasesa.The rate of mental health problems is (lower/higher) in veterans who have experienced combat, severe injuries, and military sexual trauma
a. lower
b. higherb.True/False: PTSD is related to other mental disorders like depression and psychosocial problems like relationship/legal problems and violence
a. true
b. falsea.The chance of being diagnosed with major depression (increases/decreases) with combat exposure
a. increases
b. decreasesa.What are protective factors for both PTSD and depression?
a. disruption
b. death
c. resilience
d. social support
e. a and c
f. c and df.resilience is an individuals' ability to (preserve/adapt) to changes and stress
a. preserve
b. adaptb."The capacity of a dynamic system to adapt successfully * to disturbances that threaten system function, viability, or development."
a. divergence
b. resilience
c. boundaries
d. convergenceb.(multifinality/equifinality)- same event leads to different results
a. multifinality
b. equifinalitya.(multifinality/equifinality)- different events lead to the same result
a. multifinality
b. equifinalityb.resilience includes...
- resilience in at least one domain = 37-49%
- (lower/higher) rate of resilience for child maltreatment compared to other stressors such as parent drug abuse and poverty
a. lower
b. highera.What domains are measured to reflect resilience?
- Cognitive outcomes (academics)
- Emotional outcomes (depression)
- (Behavioral/Divorce) outcomes (delinquency)
- Social outcomes (making friends)
- Physical health outcomes (injuries)
a. behavioral
b. divorcea.True/False: A person may be resilient to some domains but not all; "domain specific"
a. true
b. falsea.True/False: An individual's capacity for resilience can change over time
a. true
b. falsea.What is the prevalence of resilience following child maltreatment?
-"(It depends/always)" on the definition/domain
- 37 - 49% children -> normative functioning / resilience in 1+ domain
- 11 - 14% resilient across all 3 domains at any point in time
- 2% resilient in all domains
a. It depends
b. alwaysa.(Most/few) children following maltreatment experience negative consequences in 1+ domain
a. most
b. fewa.When researchers use high thresholds for measuring resilient functioning, a (high/low) proportion of maltreated children meet the criteria
a. high
b. lowb.Rates of resilience in maltreated children tend to be (higher/the same/lower) than those for children who have experienced other adversity like parental drug use and poverty
- related to cumulative exposure to adversity (stress pileup)
a. higher
b. the same
c. lowerc.What factors influence the cumulative effects of child maltreatment?
- timing onset ((earlier in life/later in life) -> more detrimental)
- frequency (not an isolated event; often chronic/ongoing)
- Occurs in context of ongoing family relationships (perpetrator paradox)
- Attachment (maltx by parent threatens development of secure attachment -> building blocks for later relationships)
- multiple stressful experiences
- Absence of protective factors (not social relationships)
a. earlier in life
b. later in lifea.(supporter/perpetrator) paradox
- The person who is supposed to help you harms you
a. supporter
b. perpetratorb.Cumulative risk
- Stress pileup; accumulation of risks (cascading/contained effect)
- For example, children who experience maltreatment are also confronted with multiple stressors like poverty, parental drug abuse, etc.
a. cascading
b. containeda.Cumulative exposure to risk most strongly predicts (positive/negative) outcomes for children who experience maltreatment
a. positive
b. negativeb.True/False: An absence of protective factors can be a risk factor
a. true
b. falsea.More risk factors is related to (more/fewer) protective factors
a. more
b. fewerb.Variables that play a special role when risk or adversity is high; mitigate stress
a. Protective factors
b. Risk factors
c. Promotive influencesa.Exacerbate stress
a. Protective factors
b. Risk factors
c. Promotive influencesb.Factors with equally beneficial effects regardless of risk level
a. Protective factors
b. Risk factors
c. Promotive influencesc.What are child factors related to resilience following child maltreatment?
personality factor:
- positive emotion, good self-regulatory ability
- high self-esteem / self-worth
- internal perceptions of control
- meaning making (attributions that are not blaming of self, shaming of self, or hostile to others)
cognitive abilities:
- good cognitive ability and reading skills
- academic engagement and motivation
(social/physical) competence:
- (good emotion regulation, high sociability, prosocial skills)
- good social problem-solving ability
a. physical
b. socialb.- (Internal/external) attributions are related to resilience
-- (Internal/external) attributions are harmful and reduce resilience
a. internal, external
b. external, internalb."Is it my fault?" is an example of an (internal/external) attribution
a. internal
b. externala."It's not my fault" is an example of an (internal/external) attribution
a. internal
b. externalb.(Individual/relationship) factors often emerge as the more salient predictors of resilience following child maltreatment
- This is because youth may not have positive relationships to rely on -> ________ factors become more important
a. individual
b. relationshipa.A large proportion of maltreated children develop what attachment relationships with their caregivers?
a. disorganized
b. secure
c. insecure
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. a and cf.Maltreated children who had more adaptive peer relationships have what two distinct adaptive personality patterns?
- Gregarious and reserved
--> (compared to (rich/poor) relationships when labelled as dysphoric, undercontrolled, or overcontrolled)
a. rich
b. poorb.Are there genetic markers for resilience for maltreated children?
- the MAOA gene buffers against antisocial behavior
a. yes
b. noa.Are there neurobiological predictors for resilience for maltreated children?
- greater reward reactivity is a moderator / protective factor
a. yes
b. noa.(Failure/Success) in school and strong academic motivation is a protective buffer for maltreated children, and is correlated with:
- High self-esteem, feelings of self-efficacy, and vocational success
a. Failure
b. Successb.(Higher/lower) cognitive functioning in maltreated children has been linked with antisocial behavior and mental health difficulties
a. Higher
b. Lowerb.For those exposed to child abuse, college attendance and graduation predicted (higher/lower) rates of later violent offending
a. Higher
b. Lowerb.Child strengths play a more important role in distinguishing resilient outcomes for (boys/girls)
a. boys
b. girlsa.In adulthood following child abuse, more (women/men) met the criteria for resilience across more domains of functioning
a. women
b. mena.Maltreated children are more likely to develop (positive/negative) internalized schemes (view the world as hostile, biased/inaccurate, etc.)
a. positive
b. negativeb.Attributions may be (more/as/less) important as the abuse experience itself in the case of child maltreatment
a. more
b. as
c. lessb.What are protective parent factors related to resilience following child maltreatment?
True/False:
Parent - child relationship
- strong / positive parent-child attachment with 1+ parental figure
- positive parental perceptions of the child
Parenting characteristics
- parent knowledge of child development, parental competence
- high levels of positive parenting
- belief of child's disclose and support following disclosure
- no continuation of abuse
- warm, supportive interactions
Parent characteristics
- absence of psychopathology
- general personality
a. true
b. falsea.What are protective family factors related to resilience following child maltreatment?
(Negative/Positive) family communication and problem-solving
Adequate conflict resolution skills
Adaptability, flexibility, stability, and cohesion
Affective involvement and family engagement
Adequate income
a. Negative
b. Positiveb.What are protective peer and community factors related to resilience following child maltreatment?
Relationships outside family
- presence of a close reciprocal friendship
- presence of at least one supportive adult
- stable love relationship history
Neighborhood
- (weak/strong) educational system available
- opportunities for parental employment
- safe housing and recreational areas
- availability of and access to good medical and mental health care
- social and organizational support available to the family
a. weak
b. strongb.Individual strengths predicted increased resilience after child matlreatment only in the context of (few/many) stressors
a. few
b. manya.What are examples of how a strong parent-child relationship contributes to resilience after child maltreatment?
CSA survivors (loosely/strongly) attached to mothers -> lower rates of abuse in adult relationships
Affectionate/supportive nonabusing parent -> better school achievement
Caregiver closeness -> social competence
a. loosely
b. stronglyb.What are examples of parental positive perceptions of a child that are associated with resilience following child maltreatment?
Self-sufficient expectation -> goal setting, determination, academic achivement
Realistic expectations -> (resilience/weakness)
a. resilience
b. weaknessa.True/False: Attributing blame / using negative discipline has been associated with aggression, which reduces resilience
a. true
b. falsea.What type of parenting is a particularly salient protective factor for resilience after child maltreatment?
(Emotionally/financially) responsive caregiving
a. emotionally
b. financiallya.Parent support following disclosure may be a (better/worse) predictor of the child's later adjustment than the abuse experienced
a. better
b. worsea.Lower rates of parental psychopathology is related to (greater/lower) resilience among maltreated children
a. greater
b. lowera.More frequent moves or changes in foster care is related to (greater/lower) resilience in adolescence after child maltreatment
- physical stability is important (presence of 1+ stable caregiver in particular)
a. greater
b. lowerb.Are peer relationships always a good influence for maltreated children?
- delinquency, deviant/antisocial behaviors, social comparison, etc. can harm resilience
a. yes
b. nob.A positive neighborhood is more likely to have what qualities?
- (positive/negative) peer relationships, community events, reduced crime rates, etc.
a. positive
b. negativea.Adults who were continuously resilient following maltreatment were more likely to be:
- (Male/Female)
- Had lived with both parents or in long-term placement
- Had a supportive partner
- Had experienced a low number of additional stressful life events
a. Male
b. Femaleb.Children living in neighborhoods with high crime, low social cohesion, and low social control are (more/less) likely to be resilient, especially when also living within a maltreating family
a. more
b. lessb.What are the implications of cumulative risk for interventions for maltreated children?
(Focus on/Ignore) what you can adjust; tackle multiple risks (i.e, increasing self-esteem, positive parenting, etc.)
a. focus on
b. ignorea.What are interventions for child maltreatment that target (broad/specific) levels (i.e, the individual, parent, etc.)?
- Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Alternative for Families: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Child-Parent Psychotherapy
- Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
- Nurse-Family Partnership
- Incredible Years
a. broad
b. specificb.What are interventions for child maltreatment that target multiple levels/systems?
- Multisystemic therapy
- (Negative/Positive) Parenting Program
a. negative
b. positiveb.Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
- A cognitive-behavioral intervention for children ages 3 to 18 with emotional problems following significant traumatic experiences, such as child maltreatment
Primary target of services: the (parent/child)
- Children learn skills for processing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to the event itself
- Parents are instructed in specific parenting skills aimed at enhancing safety and improving family communication
a. parent
b. childb.Alternative for Families: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT)
a cognitive-behavioral intervention for maltreatment involving the child and parent(s); an (child/adult)-focused, family-centered therapy
Changes parent behavior by teaching skills; improves coping, etc.
Changes overall family environment by addressing communication and parent symptomatology
a. child
b. adultb.An intervention for child maltreatment based on attachment theory that considers the parent-child relationship as the main focus of therapeutic services
Uses reflective functioning, pyschoeducation, and explores parent's own maltreatment history
a. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
b. Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP)
c. Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)
d. Incredible Years (IY)
e. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
f. Multisystemic Therapy
g. Positive Parenting Program (Triple P)b.intervention for child maltreatment that considers the parent-child dyad as the target of clinical services and includes any important caregivers
Based on social learning theory
Parents taught alternative discipline/reward strategies to help them bond with and shape their child's behavior
a. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
b. Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP)
c. Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)
d. Incredible Years (IY)
e. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
f. Multisystemic Therapy
g. Positive Parenting Program (Triple P)a.A home-visitation model, based in attachment theory, targeting the parent-child dyad
Nurses provide information and guidance to help support families
Not specifically for maltreatment but helps maltreating and at-risk families
a. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
b. Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP)
c. Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)
d. Incredible Years (IY)
e. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
f. Multisystemic Therapy
g. Positive Parenting Program (Triple P)c.A set of programs aimed at children, parents, and teachers, that seeks to support child social, emotional, and behavioral development
Not specifically for maltreatment but targets common emotional problems that are the result of maltreatment
Promotes positive parenting behaviors
a. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
b. Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP)
c. Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)
d. Incredible Years (IY)
e. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
f. Multisystemic Therapy
g. Positive Parenting Program (Triple P)d.An intervention for maltreatment that targets multiple ecological systems, including the family, school, and other community groups
Developed for use with adolescents
a. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
b. Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP)
c. Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)
d. Incredible Years (IY)
e. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
f. Multisystemic Therapy
g. Positive Parenting Program (Triple P)f.Intervention for maltreatment that targets multiple ecological systems including the family, school, and wider community and is a tiered system of programs designed to support families and to prevent and treat child behavioral and emotional problems
a. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
b. Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP)
c. Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)
d. Incredible Years (IY)
e. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
f. Multisystemic Therapy
g. Positive Parenting Program (Triple P)g.Parent support following disclosure may be a (better/worse) predictor of the child's later adjustment than the abuse experienced
a. better
b. worsea.child maltreatment: family factors
(larger/smaller) family context
a. larger
b. smallera.child maltreatment: peer and community characteristics
- relationships with others outside of the family
- peers: social comparison, peer pressure)
- adults: positive examples
- (all/not all) relationships are good influences
- neighborhoods: community events, crime rates, SES
a. all
b. not allb.child maltreatment: interventions
- _____ : trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy
- ______: cognitive behavioral therapy
- _______: incredible years program
- positive parenting program helps target multiple systems!!
a. individual, families, school/community
b. school/community, individual, families
c. families, school/community, individuala.What is the third-leading cause of death among U.S. military members?
a. arson
b. murder
c. suicide
d. overdosec.Suicide rates have been (increasing/decreasing) for veterans
a. increasing
b. decreasinga.What are risk factors for suicide in veterans?
- mental health problems including PTSD and substance abuse
- exposure to adversities during childhood
- stressful life experiences
- (Remains the same/Changes) over the life course of veterans
a. Remains the same
b. Changesb.What are (risk/protective) factors for suicide in veterans?
Social support and optimism
a. risk
b. protectiveb.Veterans of OEF/OIF/OND are at (greater/lower) risk of suicide than other veterans
a. greater
b. lowera.Why are recent veterans at greater risk for suicide?
- TBI is more common - risk for suicide
- Volunteer force -> general population lacks deep understanding and shared experiences -> lack of social and community support
(Less/More and (shorter/longer) deployments -> prolonged combat experiences -> suicide risk
a. less, shorter
b. less, longer
c. more, shorter
d. more, longerd.What are some individual transitions that military spouses/partners experience (particularly during deployment)?
- Frequent relocating / separations
- Additional household/parenting responsibilities
- Worrying about service member
- Challenges when service member returns
- (Positive/Negative) impacts on employment
a. Positive
b. Negativeb.Frequent relocations have (positive/negative) impacts on military spouses' careers
a. positive
b. negativeb.What are additional challenges spouses may experience during deployment?
- (Additional/less) household and parenting responsibilities
- May constantly worry about safety of deployed service member while trying to maintain intimate connections with them
a. additional
b. lessa.During deployment, spouses have been found to experience depression and anxiety disorders at rates (higher than/similar to/lower than) service members after deployment
a. higher than
b. similar to
c. lower thanb.During deployment, spouses have been found to experience depression and anxiety disorders at rates (higher than/similar to/lower than) spouses not experiencing deployment
a. higher than
b. similar to
c. lower thana.What new challenges can arise when service members return from deployment?
- Family tasks must be redefined, renegotiated, and redistributed
- Some spouses may (gain/struggle) to relinquish autonomy to make decisions
- Some couples may struggle to reconnect/communicate
- Some spouses report depression, anxiety, PTSD, and relationship difficulties
a. gain
b. struggleb.Challenges are (greater/lower) for spouses of injured service members
a. greater
b. lowera.What are the top (resources/barriers) to employment reported by spouses of deployed service members?
- Demands of military jobs
- Problems finding childcare
- Family responsibilities
a. resources
b. barriersb.How can deployment affect spouses' employment?
Can be a (resource/barrier) to employment
a. resource
b. barrierb.How can deployment affect spouses' employment?
True/False: Some spouses may leave paid employment because juggling work / family demands is too much
a. true
b. falsea.How can deployment affect spouses' employment?
True/False: Employers are hesitant to hire because they know the family may relocate
a. true
b. falsea.Military life brings several benefits to children, such as:
- Access to health care
- housing
- subsidized childcare
- (friend/parental) income
a. friend
b. parentalb.Military children report (higher/similar/lower) rates of psychological and physical health problems as civilian children
a. higher
b. similar
c. lowerb.Military and civilian adolescents are (similar/not similar) in the likelihood of using alcohol
a. higher
b. similar
c. lowerb.Children's well-being is (positively/negatively) related to cumulative duration of deployments
a. positively
b. negativelyb.When are the negative effects of deployment on children's overall adjustment and academic performance the strongest?
a. During adolescence (12 - 18 years)
b. During middle childhood (6 - 11 years)b.When are the negative effects of deployment on children's overall adjustment and academic performance the weakest?
a. During adolescence (12 - 18 years)
b. During middle childhood (6 - 11 years)a.Military adolescents are (more/less) likely to have had suicidal thoughts, used cigarettes/substances, and have more experiences of violence / harassment
a. more
b. lessa.Children's emotional, social, and academic problems during deployment/reintegration depend on what?
- The well-being of the (deployed/nondeployed) parent
a. deployed
b. nondeployedb.When nondeployed parents experience higher levels of distress, their children often exhibit (more/fewer) social and emotional problems
a. more
b. fewera.What are new challenges children may experience after deployed parents return home?
- Fitting the returning parent back into the family routine
- Re-establishing closeness in the parents' relationship
- Dealing with returning parents' mood changes
- (Ignoring/Reconnecting) with the returning parent
a. ignoring
b. reconnectingb.(Younger/older) children have more difficulties during reintegration
a. younger
b. olderb.Research on the effects of parental deployments on children has mostly examined (short/long) - term outcomes
a. short
b. longa.Military service has positive long-term effects on families, but especially for ethnic ________ families
a. majority
b. minorityb.order these...
1. deployment
2. sustainment
3. post deployment
4. pre deployment
5. re deployment
a. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
c. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
d. 4, 2, 5, 1, 3
e. 4, 1, 2, 5, 3
f. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5f.when SM receives orders to deploy
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentc.- family anticipates loss and experiences denial
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentc.- service member spends periods away preparing
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentc.family works to get affairs in order
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentc.- couple undergoes some mental and physical demands as they prepare for time apart
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentc.- arguments and pushing away from one's partner are common
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentc.1st month apart
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymente.- family experiences mixed emotions including sadness SM is gone, but relieved that the goodbye is over
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymente.- sleep difficulty, sadness, and loneliness are common for partners
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymente.- family works to create ways to connect with SM
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymente.2nd month apart
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymenta.- family establishes new routines without the SM
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymenta.- family finds new sources of support to handle daily life stressors
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymenta.- partners tend to feel more in control, independent, and confident in their ability to manage their home
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymenta.- communication patterns between the family and SM are negotiated continuously
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymenta.found out they will return home, 1 month left
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentb.- family is filled with immense anticipation
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentb.- conflicting emotions are common (excited for SM to return home, but worried SM won't support changes in the family)
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentb.- partners may experience a burst of energy to prepare home and complete to do lists
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentb.up to 6 months after return
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentd.- frustration if homecoming is delayed
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentd.- families experience a honeymoon phase filled with joy and unity
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentd.- partners may feel they are losing some independence
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentd.- family negotiation requires communication and time
a. sustainment
b. re deployment
c. pre deployment
d. post deployment
e. deploymentd.True/False: Deployment does not affect every marriage in the same way
a. true
b. falsea.True/False: The first deployment may be especially important for couple relationships
a. true
b. falsea.What are the 5 different trajectories of marital satisfaction across the deployment cycle?
- Steady
- decreasing
- (increasing/decreasing)
- turbulent
- dipped
a. increasing
b. decreasinga.Besides deployment, what is associated with lower relationship quality in military couples?
True/False: Exposure to traumatic experiences and symptoms of posttraumatic stress
a. true
b. falsea.What marriage qualities are important to marital relationships after deployment?
- Marital quality ______ to deployment
a. after
b. during
c. priorc.What marriage qualities are important to marital relationships after deployment?
- Ability to exchange (mutual/exclusive) support during deployment
a. mutual
b. exclusivea.What marriage qualities are important to marital relationships after deployment?
- (Financial/Religious) beliefs
a. financial
b. religiousb.True/False: During deployment, both spouses and service members struggle between the need to communicate to feel connected and the need to limit information they share with their spouse in order to protect the other from worrying
a. true
b. falsea.Wives of deployed service members who limited information sharing to protect their husbands reported (higher/lower) physical and mental health
a. higher
b. lowerb.Wives of deployed service members who disclosed stressful situations to their husbands reported (higher/lower) marital satisfaction after deployment
a. higher
b. lowera.The benefits of frequent communication during deployment depends on what?
Marital quality _______ to deployment
a. prior
b. during
c. aftera.Service members who communicated daily with their spouses reported (higher/lower) marital satisfaction after deployment than those who communicated with their spouses less than once per week
a. higher
b. lowera.Traditional mail is the method of communication that is related to (lower/higher) marital satisfaction during deployment?
a. lower
b. higherb.The rate of reported child maltreatment in military families is (higher/lower) compared to civilian families- the rate has fluctuated though
a. higher
b. lowerb.What is a significant risk factor for child maltreatment in military families?
- Parental deployment - departures to and return from deployments (decrease/increase) the risk of child maltreatment (esp neglect)
a. decrease
b. increaseb.In a study of Air Force families, there were (more/fewer) maltreatment cases by deploying parents prior to than following deployment
a. more
b. fewera.In a study of Air Force families, when was the rate of child maltreatment by at-home parents the highest?
a. during deployment
b. prior to deployment
c. after deploymenta.In most cases, what is the primary source of practical support and emotional support for injured veterans?
a. career
b. friends
c. family members
d. booksc.What unique challenges do military family caregivers face?
- Dealing with multiple injuries
- navigating (simple/complex) care systems
- providing constant care
- Caring for mental / physiological injuries
a. simple
b. complexb.True/False: Spouses of injured veterans often become the primary caregiver, placing them at risk for Caregiver burden
a. true
b. falsea.Caregiver burden is (simples/diverse) stresses related to providing care
a. simple
b. diverseb.True/False: Spouses of injured veterans report higher levels of distress and (esp with PTSD) physical and psychological intimate partner violence
a. true
b. falsea.How do service members' injuries affect children?
- Prevents parents from actively participating / joining in family activities -> spend less time with children
- Children may feel (certain/uncertain) about their parents or avoid them
- Children have to deal with the loss of the parents they used to know
- Children may experience sadness/confusion
a. certain
b. uncertainb.The effects of parental injury on children depends on what?
- The developmental status of the children:
--> (younger/older) children may exhibit behavior problems or revert to outgrown behaviors
a. younger
b. oldera.The effects of parental injury on children depends on what?
- The developmental status of the children:
--> (younger/older) children may help take care of the injured parent -> caregiving challenges
a. younger
b. olderb.The effects of parental injury on children depends on what?
- Teenagers may (withdraw/unite) from the family
a. withdraw
b. unitea.Family life disruptions have been related to (higher/lower) distress in children
a. higher
b. lowera.What are some unique aspects of military death which may make grief more complicated?
1. Death may occur during or following deployment
2. Families are constantly aware of danger
3. Families may not receive any / all of the remains
4. Families may have to (stay/move away) from military installations (social support/friends)
a. stay
b. move awayb.True/False: Military families do receive some supports after the injury or death of a service member
a. true
b. falsea.True/False: Family members may take great pride / meaning in their loved one's combat death
a. true
b. falsea.Children seem to adjust better after service member parents' death when the surviving parent is doing (worst/better) and parenting more effectively
a. worst
b. betterb.What are examples of prevention and intervention initiatives for (non-military/military) families?
- GI Bill
- Veteran Jobs Mission
- Families Overcoming Under Stress
- Some family readiness programs (i.e, personal finance)
a. non-military
b. militaryb.Provides financial support for the pursuit of higher education; allows veterans to transfer their benefits to their spouses or children
a. Families Overcoming Under Stress (FOCUS)
b. Veteran Jobs Mission
c. GI BILL
d. Basic Military Billc.- Effort led by civilian employers to help veterans successfully reintegrate into civilian society
- help veterans and employers with resources / tools / connections
a. Families Overcoming Under Stress (FOCUS)
b. Veteran Jobs Mission
c. GI BILL
d. Basic Military Billb.- Originally developed to help children / families dealing with high stress; adapted for military families dealing with deployment
- Prevention program with training focused on psychoeducation, emotional regulation skills, goal setting/problem-solving skills, techniques for managing stress reminders, and communication
a. Families Overcoming Under Stress (FOCUS)
b. Veteran Jobs Mission
c. GI BILL
d. Basic Military Billa.What are the benefits of the FOCUS program?
- Improves psychological distress of both service members and non-service member parents
- family functioning
- children's behavioral problems and prosocial behaviors
- children's use of (positive/negative) coping strategies.
a. positive
b. negativea.True/False: A college diploma is the big distinguishing factor between an enlisted soldier and an officer.
a. true
b. falsea.How often do military families relocate on average?
a. Every 7 - 8 years
b. Every 5 - 6 years
c. Every 10 + years
d. Every 2 - 3 yearsd.Military service members are (more/less) likely to have families now compared to earlier eras
a. more
b. lessa.True/False: About 10% of military families are "dual military families" where both parents serve
a. true
b. falsea.The prevalence of suicide is highest for (Active Duty/Reserve/Guard) veterans
a. Active Duty
b. Reserve
c. Guarda.Military children typically rebound from the negative impacts of deployment after __ months
a. 4
b. 2
c. 6
d. 8c.Children maltreatment rates in military families are highest during ____
a. post deployment
b. deployment
c. pre-deployment
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. a and ce.True/False: "Family readiness is mission readiness" - incentive to help military families
a. true
b. falsea.True or false ? The "Family Stress Model" described in the Conger et al. paper predicts that when economic pressures and stressors rise, so also does the risk of emotional and behavioral problems in relationships.
- how family stress influences children across development in physical, social-emotional, and cognitive domains.
a. true
b. falsea.broader economic hardship to what crisis people face:
economic hardship--->(leads to, effects) economic pressure
a. Family Stress Model
b. Double ABC-X
c. Intersectionality
d. Mundane Everyday Environmental Stress (MEES) Modela.True/False: The family economic stress model attributed to Conger and Elder (1994) predicts that economic hardship will lead to child and family outcomes through adverse changes in personal mental health, marital quality, and parenting
a. true
b. falsea.True/False: Accepting influence is a process through which couples allow themselves to be influenced by their partners
a. true
b. falsea.Accepting influence involves both ____________ in relationships and overall ___________ to relationships
a. Actions
b. Behaviors
c. Approaches
d. all of the aboved.What are the actions/behaviors of ______ influence?
Involves behaviors such as:
- Communication
- Extending consideration to a partner
- Perspective-taking
- Mutuality
a. being
b. disregarding
c. ignoring
d. acceptingd.considering what you need and what your partner needs, and trying to meet both needs
a. Communication
b. Extending consideration to a partner
c. Perspective-taking
d. Mutualityd.Accepting influence approaches involve:
- How someone views their partner and their relationship; being (closed/open) to your partner's perspectives and opinions
- Shared power
a. closed
b. openb.True/False: Power (in a relationship) has the ability to influence partner's decisions / outcomes / access to relationship resources
a. true
b. falsea.There are better relationship outcomes if power is shared (equally/unequally)
a. equally
b. unequallya.True/False: Accepting influence is interactional
a. true
b. falsea.How was accepting influence discovered?
- It was discovered by Gottman in the 'Love Lab' observing what accepting influence (is/is NOT) using the specific affect coding system
a. is
b. is NOTb.What do escalations in negativity between couples characterize?
a. accepting influence
b. NOT accepting influenceb.What are the theoretical roots / associations of accepting influence?
It is grounded in (exclusive/mutual influence (all members and subsystems influence each other) from FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY
a. exclusive
b. mutualb.True/False: Family of origin may shape accepting influence
a. true
b. falsea.What are the associations between accepting influence and family outcomes?
- (lower/higher) relationship satisfaction
- (lower/higher) communication satisfaction
- (lower/higher) family satisfaction
- Potential intervention for couples (especially with IPV -> lowered aggression)
a. lower
b. higherb.What are the associations between NOT accepting influence and family outcomes?
- (Less/More) intense forms of intimate partner violence
- Divorce
a. less
b. moreb.What percent of marriages where couples do not accept influence end in divorce? ___%
a. 25
b. 60
c. 40
d. 80d.Accepting Influence & IPV: Abusers (esp Type I where violence calms then down) (accept/reject) all influence
a. accept
b. rejectb.Gottman's findings emphasize the importance of (men/women) accepting influence from their partners in heterosexual couples
a. men
b. womena.categories assigned to individuals based on shared phenotypic characters
--> e.g. skin color
a. race
b. religion
c. ethnicity
d. cultural competencea.groups of people that share common origin and culture
--> e.g. African Americans born in Jamaica vs. born in the United States
a. race
b. religion
c. ethnicity
d. cultural competencec.Briefly walk through the model
- A represents the stress event
- B represents family resources to respond to the event
- C represents the family's perception of the event
- X represents the crisis the family experiences as a result of the original stress event.
a. ABC-X
b. Sociocultural Family Stress
c. Ecological Systems
d. Systems Theorya.True/False: A major limitation of the ABC-X model is the assumption that families only experience one crisis at a time
a. true
b. falsea.The (ABC-X/Double ABC-X model) accounts for the multiple stressors families experience over time (i.e, stress pileup)
a. ABC-X
b. Double ABC-Xb.a model designed to help us understand the effects of the accumulation of stresses and crises and how families adapt to them
a. Sociocultural Family Stress Model
b. Double ABC-X
c. Intersectionality
d. Mundane Everyday Environmental Stress (MEES) Modelb.The intersecting of multiple identities that combined produce unique stressors (i.e, being a single-parent Asian American woman)
a. Sociocultural Family Stress Model
b. Double ABC-X
c. Intersectionality
d. Mundane Everyday Environmental Stress (MEES) Modelc.- An extension of the ABC-X model that includes mundane everyday environmental stress (MEES); allows researchers to examine context-specific stressful events that impact families
- abc-x factors are different depending on outside factors
a. Sociocultural Family Stress Model
b. Double ABC-X
c. Intersectionality
d. Mundane Everyday Environmental Stress (MEES) Modela.common day to day experience
a. mundane
b. environmental
c. extreme
d. stressa.stressors in Asian American families:
What are two major stereotypes that produce unique challenges for Asian American families?
a. Divorce Fluctuation
b. The Perpetual Foreigner Stereotype
c. The Model Minority Myth/Stereotype
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. a and ce.- Being mistaken as a foreigner even though individuals were born in the United States or multigenerations of their families have resided in the United States
--> "Where are you really from?"
a. The Perpetual Foreigner Stereotype
b. Solo Status
c. Colorism
d. The Model Minority Myth/Stereotypea.The perpetual foreigner stereotype is most commonly reported by whom?
a. White, Latin, and especially African Americans
b. Asian Americans, and especially East Asian Americansb.How is Asian American parenting often represented as?
- A product of hierarchical, authoritarian, and collectivistic cultural values with a high emphasis on academic success
- The term 'tiger parenting' reiterates the (undergeneralized/overgeneralized) stereotype
a. undergeneralized
b. overgeneralizedb.True/False: Asian American youths do not always experience negative outcomes in Asian familial cultural contexts that mirror Eurocentric authoritarian parenting styles
a. true
b. falsea.Families with sustained ties between members who are dispersed across multiple borders
a. transnational family
b. blended family
c. divorced family
d. broken familya.What are resources for ______ families?
- Strong commitment to family -> social support and belonging
- Technology -> can stay connected to distant loved ones; allows you to access information in your local language
a. Asian American
b. African American
c. Latinxa.What strong values do many Asian Americans share regarding family & parenting?
Strong values toward (interdependence/disassociation)
Strong parenting expectations - Confucian ideology emphasizes obligation between parents and children
- Providing instrumental and strategic support for children's social achievements
- Children responsible for their parents' physical and emotional well-being by respecting, honoring, and caring for their parents (builds strong bonds)
a. interdependence
b. disassociationa.What are some coping strategies for Asian American families?
- (Filipino/Chinese) Americans -> stronger behavioral controls to protect their children from colorism
- (Filipino/Chinese) Americans -> increasing family time and being an emotional/physical safety net for the children
- Lower SES families -> strong family ties and support from their co-ethnic commmunities helps prevent children's lower educational achievement
a. Filipino/Chinese
b. Chinese/Filipinoa.Asian Americans who have experienced the PFS & MMM stereotypes are (less/more) likely to report higher levels of:
- Parenting stress, identity malformation, acculturative stress, family conflicts, gender discrimination, mental health issues, and limited access to social support and resources
a. less
b. moreb.Chinese Americans who have experienced PFS & bicultural maintenance difficulties are (more/less) likely to experience marital and parent-child conflicts- this can result in children's negative psychological, behavioral, and academic adjustment
a. more
b. lessa.True/False: Ignoring the existence or impacts of stereotypes is harmful and irresponsible for the well-being of children & families
a. true
b. falsea.South East Asian Americans generally display (higher/lower) educational achievement relative to East and South Asian American groups
a. higher
b. lowerb.True/False: Some Asian American parents believe that strict removal of themselves from the educational authorities shows their respect toward them, resulting in low involvement at schools.
a. true
b. falsea.- The stereotype that describes Asian Americans as high-achieving, hardworking, and rule-following model minorities, mainly based on high overall income/education and lower utilization of social welfare programs
- Overlooks intra-group differences and can cause political/racial frictions
- Somewhat accurate but not for everyone
- Can impact perspectives
a. The Perpetual Foreigner Stereotype
b. Solo Status
c. Colorism
d. The Model Minority Myth/Stereotyped.What resources can strong co-ethnic groups provide?
- economic opportunities, information, or resources for their own members, whereas weak or dispersed ethnic groups are (more/less) dependent on each other and do not have power to generate such social capitals
a. more
b. lessb.Weak or disperse social networks are often linked with (higher/lower) educational achievement and parental involvement in education among South East Asians
a. higher
b. lowerb.What are some unique stressors that Latinx families face?
a. Solo Status
b. Colorism
c. Transnational families
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. a and ce.- Discrimination that favors light skin over dark skin
- Views lighter skin as better and more desired
a. The Perpetual Foreigner Stereotype
b. Solo Status
c. Colorism
d. The Model Minority Myth/Stereotypec.True/False: Colorism exists in societies and within families
a. true
b. falsea.Families can deal / cope with colorism by relying on
- ____ parenting -> can educate them about colorism and stress behavioral control as a protective mechanism
a. reverse
b. differential
c. inter
d. communicationb.What are (barriers/resources) for Latinx families?
- Differential parenting (educating children)
- Technology
- Infrastructure perception: individual might feel lesser bc of skin tone and parents might feel that their children is being discriminated against, who is "in" and "out" of the family
a. barriers
b. resourcesb.True/False: Latinx youth may be unaware of their "lower" racial status until they interact within social settings
a. true
b. falsea.How do perceptions play into colorism for Latinx families?
- Latinx members who are of (lighter/darker) tone are perceived to hold a more favorable status both outside and within the home
- Parent could perceive that their child will face discrimination
- Child may perceive themselves differently based on their skin tone
a. lighter
b. darkera.refers to families that live in separate countries thus causing fragmentation or disruption in composition, dynamics, and communication, between the members who leave for a new country and the members who remain in the country of origin
a. transnationalism
b. blended family
c. divorced family
d. broken familya.How can Latinx transnational families (loose/maintain) contact?
- Sending money
- traveling back and forth
- communicating through phone / social network
a. loose
b. maintainb.What are some technological (advantages/constraints) for transnational Latinx families?
- Power and access to the Internet
- Technology infrastructure (cell phones, electricity)
- Operational knowledge
a. advantages
b. constraintsb.How are perceptions affected in transnational Latinx families?
- "Who is in and out of the family?"
- A family member's perceived importance in the family may depend on the (misconceive/perceived) level of communication / connection
a. misconceive
b. perceivedb.The level of contact between transnational families is a reflection of what?
The sociopolitical climate in the (host/guest) country
a. host
b. guesta.The level of contact between transnational families is a reflection of what?
The level of attachment to the US as a (host/guest) country
a. host
b. guesta.What unique stressors do African American families experience?
- Single-parent (esp. single-(father/mother) households
- Interactions with law enforcement
a. father
b. motherb.What race/ethnicity group has the highest percentage of single-parent households?
a. Asian
b. White
c. African American
d. Japanessec.The majority of African American children in single-parent households live with their single (mother/father)
a. mother
b. fathera.True/False: 70% of African American children are BORN to single mothers
a. true
b. falsea.What kind of stressors do single mothers experience?
- 24/7 care, (lack/gain) of sleep, etc.
- Household tasks, childcare responsibilities, struggling to afford childcare or economic difficulties
a. lack
b. gaina.What are resources for single-parent African American families?
(_________) Familial support by extended relatives - affected by geographical proximity
- child care is huge
- _______ (emotional)
- _______ (financial)
civil rights organizations & peers/community perception impacts stress!!!!
a. informal, instrumental, expressive
b. formal, expressive, instrumental
c. formal, instrumental, expressive
d. informal, expressive, instrumentald.What is an important buffer against great psychological distress for African American single mothers?
(Friend/Family) support - improves parenting behaviors
a. friend
b. familyb.(expressive/instrumental) A service or tangible goods, such as helping with childcare or providing clothes
a. expressive
b. instrumentalb.(expressive/instrumental) Emotional support, such as giving advise or venting about daily problems
a. expressive
b. instrumentala.What is the primary type of support received by extended family members for African American mothers?
- _______ - followed by financial support and emotional support
a. house care
b. childcare
c. dog-care
d. financial careb.How can perceptions impact single African American mothers?
- A mother's perception of control / self-efficacy can have (negative/positive) impacts on her ability to cope and reduce stress
- Macro-level stressors affect the ability to have (negative/positive) perceptions (i.e, institutional racism, poverty)
a. negative
b. positiveb.Single African American father households are (increasing/decreasing)
a. increasing
b. decreasinga.Single African American (fathers/mothers) tend to be more financially secure
a. fathers
b. mothersa.Single mothers are at (greater/lower) risk for poverty- "feminization of poverty"
a. greater
b. lowera.Black Americans are shot and killed at ___ X the rate of White Americans- Hispanic Americans also disproportionately affected
a. 3
b. 5
c. 2
d. 1c.A guide book used to inform readers of locations safe to drive or be as a Black person in America
a. black books
b. yellow books
c. green books
d. purple booksc.How do some African American families cope with law enforcement?
- ______ books
- "Driving while black" socialization practices
a. black books
b. yellow books
c. green books
d. purple booksc.(White/Black) Americans account for 29% of violent crime perpetrators
a. white
b. blackb.(White/Black) Americans account for 52% of violent crime perpetrators
a. white
b. blacka.An African American individual having a negative experience with law enforcement may lead to ______ and ______ for the whole family
a. spillover
b. death
c. crossover
d. a and c
e. a and b
f. b and cd.Do African Americans typically view police as a resource?
a. yes
b. nob.African Americans' negative views toward law enforcement is described as feelings of terror
a. true
b. falsea.What resources do African Americans use to deal with law enforcement?
(formal/informal)
- filing a complaint through law enforcement or coat
-- unlikely to reduce stress if fears of retaliation or apathy follow
a. formal
b. informala.What resources do African Americans use to deal with law enforcement?
(formal/informal)
- avoiding law enforcement, socializing children to take certain actions when with law enforcement
a. formal
b. informalb.What are the consequences of law enforcement (resources/stressors) for African American families?
- Preparing kids for future discrimination
- Stress affects academics, relationships, health, etc
a. resources
b. stressorsb.The net number of fatal interactions by law enforcement officials is higher among (White/Black) Americans
a. white
b. blacka.What is the prominent theme from Chapter 12 on Race/Ethnicity?
- The same event can have (same/different) meanings and perceptions depending on one's race or ethnicity and historical experiences
- This has implications for family interactions, parenting, stress, and more
a. same
b. differentb.MEES model (intersectionality) stressors
Being the "one" representing an entire race or ethnicity
a. Microaggressions
b. Solo Status
c. John Henryism
d. Fictive kin
e. Superwoman complex
f. Collective griefb.MEES model (intersectionality) stressors
Racial minorities extend who's family to non-family
a. Microaggressions
b. Solo Status
c. John Henryism
d. Fictive kin
e. Superwoman complex
f. Collective griefd.MEES model (intersectionality) stressors
Brief, common; communicates hostility and slight
a. Microaggressions
b. Solo Status
c. John Henryism
d. Fictive kin
e. Superwoman complex
f. Collective griefa.MEES model (intersectionality) coping strategies
Black women feeling obligation to manifest, not complain, and suppress emotions
a. Microaggressions
b. Solo Status
c. John Henryism
d. Fictive kin
e. Superwoman complex
f. Collective griefe.MEES model (intersectionality) stressors
External stress can spillover or crossover; stress to one individual can lead to stress for one family / community
a. Microaggressions
b. Solo Status
c. John Henryism
d. Fictive kin
e. Superwoman complex
f. Collective grieff.MEES model (intersectionality) coping strategies
A belief that hardwork and determination to succeed will lead to good outcomes
a. Microaggressions
b. Solo Status
c. John Henryism
d. Fictive kin
e. Superwoman complex
f. Collective griefc.What are examples of MEES stressors?
- Solo status
- Discrimination (PFS & MMM)
- Microaggression
- Collective grief
- (Same/Differential) access to resources
a. same
b. differentialb.What are examples of MEES resources?
- Religious / spiritual orientation
- (Extended/immediate) family networks / kin (fictive kin)
- Commitment to the family
- Racial identity
a. Extended
b. Immediatea.What are examples of MEES (barriers/coping) strategies?
- John Henryism
- Superwoman Complex
a. barriers
b. copingb.What are MEES perceptions?
- (Easiest/Hardest) leverage point for change
- 3 levels:
-- events
-- family identity
-- family worldview
a. easiest
b. hardesta.Family Stress Model:
- Low income or negative financial events (job loss, a recession)
- Part A of the ABC-X model
a. Economic Hardship
b. Parent Psychological Distress
c. Child and Adolescent Adjustment Problems
d. Economic Pressure
e. Disrupted Parenting
f. Interparental Relationship Problems
g. Risk or Protective Factors (Main and Interactive Effects)a.- Day-to-day strains and hassles that unstable economic conditions create for families; give psychological meaning to financial hardship
- Can't afford basic necessities, struggling to pay bills, etc.
a. Economic Hardship
b. Parent Psychological Distress
c. Child and Adolescent Adjustment Problems
d. Economic Pressure
e. Disrupted Parenting
f. Interparental Relationship Problems
g. Risk or Protective Factors (Main and Interactive Effects)d.- Decrease in overall parent's functioning / emotional state; somatisation
- Depression, anxiety, hostility, mental health concerns, hopelessness, etc.
a. Economic Hardship
b. Parent Psychological Distress
c. Child and Adolescent Adjustment Problems
d. Economic Pressure
e. Disrupted Parenting
f. Interparental Relationship Problems
g. Risk or Protective Factors (Main and Interactive Effects)b.(Ethereal/Somatisation) physical manifestation of psychological stress
a. Ethereal
b. Somatisationb.- problems that exist between mom and dad; 2 partners;
- ex. disagreements over chores; maternal gatekeeping; hostility; lack of warmth
a. Economic Hardship
b. Parent Psychological Distress
c. Child and Adolescent Adjustment Problems
d. Economic Pressure
e. Disrupted Parenting
f. Interparental Relationship Problems
g. Risk or Protective Factors (Main and Interactive Effects)f.- Decrease in positive parenting (for all ages of children/universal)
- Maltreatment, neglect, harsh or insensitive parenting, etc.
a. Economic Hardship
b. Parent Psychological Distress
c. Child and Adolescent Adjustment Problems
d. Economic Pressure
e. Disrupted Parenting
f. Interparental Relationship Problems
g. Risk or Protective Factors (Main and Interactive Effects)e.- Decrease in overall child's well-being and mental/physical health, etc.
- Adolescent drinking, conduct disorders, internalizing symptoms like depression, truancy, externalizing disorders (aggression), poor physical health, lower literacy/math performance, etc.
a. Economic Hardship
b. Parent Psychological Distress
c. Child and Adolescent Adjustment Problems
d. Economic Pressure
e. Disrupted Parenting
f. Interparental Relationship Problems
g. Risk or Protective Factors (Main and Interactive Effects)c.Family or community influences that may exacerbate or mitigate family stress
a. Economic Hardship
b. Parent Psychological Distress
c. Child and Adolescent Adjustment Problems
d. Economic Pressure
e. Disrupted Parenting
f. Interparental Relationship Problems
g. Risk or Protective Factors (Main and Interactive Effects)g.In the Family Stress Model, _________ helps to explain (i.,e mediates) the association between economic hardship and parents' psychological distress
a. Economic pressure
b. Risk management
c. Low income
d. Hostility Lossa.What are some examples of how economic pressure is a mediator between economic hardship and parents' psychological distress?
True/False:
- For African-American caregivers -> negative financial events predicted economic pressure -> depressive symptoms, discouragement, hopelessness
- Mothers in rural poverty -> low-income-to-needs predicted economic pressure -> depression, somatization, anxiety, hostility
a. true
b. falsea.Parents' psychological distress is expected to (increase/decrease) the likelihood that they will experience problems in the interparental or marital relationship
a. increase
b. decreasea.Shows how economic hardship ultimately affects child and adolescent adjustment problems
a. Family Stress Model
b. Double ABC-X
c. Intersectionality
d. Mundane Everyday Environmental Stress (MEES) Modela.What order do the components of the Family Stress Model go in?
1. Parent Psychological Distress
2. Disrupted Parenting
3. Child and Adolescent Adjustment Problems
4a. Risk or Protective Factors (Main and Interactive Effects)
4b. Economic Hardship
5. Interparental Relationship Problems
6. Economic Pressure
a. 4a, 1, 4b, 2, 3, 5, 6
b. 6, 5, 2, 4b, 4a, 1, 3
c. 4b, 6, 1, 5, 2, 3, 4a
d. 4a, 6, 1, 5, 2, 3, 4b
e. 3, 2, 1, 3, 4a, 6, 4b
f. 4b, 6, 2, 5, 1, 3, 4ac.In African American couples/caregivers, European American couples, and retired couples, economically influenced parental distress (depression, anxiety, hostility) was associated with what?
____ conflict and ______ support
a. more, less
b. less, morea.True/False: Depressive symptoms (as influenced by stress / economic pressure) predicted negative perceptions of the marriage and lower relationship satisfaction for couples
a. true
b. falsea.Psychological distress is linked to what 6 disruptive parenting practices?
(A) Insensitive and unsupportive parenting
(B) Reductions in both the quality & quantity of time spent interacting
(C) Harsh parenting
(D) (More/Less) provision of social and cognitive enrichments
(E) Punitive and over-controlling behaviors
(F) Increased risk for child abuse and neglect
a. more
b. lessb.What are examples of mediators on the association between parents' psychological distress and disruptive parenting?
(paternal/maternal) psychological distress and acculturative stressors for ethnic minority mothers
a. paternal
b. maternalb.What are examples of moderators on the association between parents' psychological distress and disruptive parenting?
Conflict between parents -> (exacerbates/reduces) disruption in parenting
a. exacerbates
b. reducesa.Disruptive parenting is linked to what child and adolescent adjustment problems?
(A) Externalizing problems in early childhood / adolescence
(B) Adolescent drinking problems
(C) (Increases/Decreases) in conduct disorders
(D) Problems with preschoolers' literacy and math performance
(E) Internalizing symptoms
(F) Poor physical health
a. Increases
b. Decreasesa.True/False: Positive or adaptive parenting practices are linked to child well-being, even with economic stress
a. true
b. falsea.True/False: The relationship between interparental relationship problems and disrupted parenting is bidirectional
a. true
b. falsea.What outcomes are positive parenting behaviors associated with?
- Securely attached / self-regulated preschoolers -> (better/worst) cognitive outcomes
a. better
b. worsta.What outcomes are positive parenting behaviors associated with?
- Child and adolescent (increases,decreases) in mastery, prosocial behavior, optimism, and health eating
a. increases
b. decreasesa.What outcomes are positive parenting behaviors associated with?
- (Increase/ Reductions) in internalizing symptoms, delinquency, and risky health behaviors
a. increases
b. reductionsb.What are main effects in the FSM?
- (Indirect/ Direct) effects on variables
a. Indirect
b. Directb.What is an example of a main effect in the FSM?
(Parental social support, Effective coping)
- less parenting stress, more effective parenting, positive child outcomes
a. Parental social support
b. Effective copinga.What is an example of a main effect in the FSM?
(Parental social support, Effective coping)
- fewer depressive symptoms
a. Parental social support
b. Effective copingb.What are interactive or moderation effects in the FSM?
- Affect the (speed/strength) of an association
a. speed
b. strengthb.What had the strongest impact on depressive symptoms in low-income families relative to middle income families?
a. financial stress
b. divorce
c. emotions
d. income gapa.Neighborhood adversity, along with harsh parenting, predicted (increases/decreases) in what for adolescents?
- externalizing and internalizing symptoms
a. increases
b. decreasesa.What are recent advances in researching the FSM?
- Utilizing longitudinal data ( (hurts/helps) you see changes over time)
- Examining diverse samples ( (hurts/helps) show the nuances of risk and protective factors)
- Strengths-based approach (focus on what's going well)
a. hurts
b. helpsb.What are the origins of the Family Stress Model?
- Research on rural Midwestern farm families in the 1980s during a farming crisis
- used (cross-sectional/longitudinal) data to examine these families going through an economic crisis
a. cross-sectional
b. longitudinalb.Mediation effects in the FSM
True/False:
- Explanatory pathways for an association
- I.e, economic pressure mediates economic hardship and parental psychological distress
a. true
b. falsea.Stephan snaps at his boss after his wife Jeung-Yen received a poor evaluation at work
a. stress crossover
b. stress spillovera.What are examples of moderation effects in the FSM?
- Mexican American mothers with optimism -> fewer internalizing problems
- Endorsement of familism values -> parental warmth despite economic pressure
- Effective problem solving -> (increased/decreased) hostility and angry behaviors between couples
- Neighborhood support helped reduce the association between harsh parenting and children's behavioral problems
a. increased
b. decreasedb.Samantha yells at her husband Kelvin after she hears rumors about layoffs at work.
a. crossover
b. spilloverb.couples and families are interdependent and their actions affect one another's outcomes, so stress affecting one member may be transmitted to other members. stress affects the other partner too.
a. crossover
b. spillovera.Intraindividual (within an individual);
- bring stress home
- ..... typically next step but not always
a. crossover
b. spilloverb.Interindividual; starts to affect other individuals
- Doesn't always follow or require spillover first
-'Between individuals' - what happens to one affects another
--> i.e, working 12 hours affects your partner
a. crossover
b. spillovera.Does spillover always lead to crossover?
a. yes
b. nob.includes both experimental and regular use
a. substance misuse
b. substance overdose
c. substance seperation
d. substance used.A prominent approach to the study of alcohol and families involves a (prosocial/biopsychosocial) focus?
a. prosocial
b. bipsychosocialb.refers to the excessive consumption of a substance
a. substance misuse
b. substance overdose
c. substance seperation
d. substance usea.What are are clinical designations involving serious and persistent problems with substances. These are the only two in DSM 5 ?
a. substance misuse
b. substance overdose
c. substance abuse
d. substance dependence
e. a and b
f. c and df.True or False ? The major distinction between substance abuse and substance dependence is the level of usage and presence of tolerance/withdrawal
a. true
b. falsea.True or False ? Cognitions about alcohol use do not appear in children as young as 3 to 6 years old particularly among children in alcoholic families
a. true
b. falseb.True or False ? Parental influence on children are conceptualized into two categories, alcohol-specific effects and non-alcohol-specific effects
a. true
b. falsea.The characteristics that have been found to be related to childhood substance abuse include:
- (less, more) competence
- (less, more) deviant self-image
- (less, more) susceptibility to peer pressure
- (lesser, greater) reported peer use.
a. more, less, less, greater
b. more, more, less, greater
c. less, more, more, lesser
d. less, more, more, greaterd.the operation of such influences as parenting practices related to supervision, discipline, and nurturance of children; communication with children; parental divorce and remarriage; and clear family rules and monitoring
--> e.g. Related strictly to the environment
a. alcohol-specific effects
b. non-alcohol-specific effectsb.Aspects of NON-ALCOHOL-SPECIFIC EFFECTS ?
- Supervision
- Discipline
- Nurturance of children
- (Communication/miscommunication) with children
- Parental Divorce/remarriage
a. communication
b. miscommunicationa.True or False ? In the U.S the period of adolescence, roughly ages 13 to 19 are characterized by dramatic increases in substance use
a. true
b. falsea.True or False ? The period of youth or young adulthood, up to age 25 is generally the time during which substance use and abuse peak where they hit that maximum point
a. true
b. falsea.Yes or No ? From the late 1990s to 2007, substance use among adolescents generally declined
a. yes
b. noa.Adolescent's high sensation seeking / impulsivity is linked to substance use, but is moderated by _______
a. gender
b. nationality
c. income
d. factorsa.For adolescents and substance use, early adverse events are linked to:
True/False:
- Impulsivity, poor mood regulation, antisocial characteristics, and substance use risk; especially in families with history of alcoholism
a. true
b. falsea.Conduct disorder or behavioral problems in adolescence are (strong/weak) predictors of substance abuse
a. strong
b. weaka.Adolescents who lack self-control are (more/less) vulnerable to alcoholism
a. more
b. lessa.There is (solid/weak/mixed) evidence that negative emotions affect adolescent substance use
- different ages -> different perceptions / coping mechanisms
a. solid
b. weak
c. mixedc.What coping styles are linked to greater substance misuse / externalizing behaviors?
- Avoidance, denial, or suppression; avoidant coping
- Motives vary by SES (i.,e (high/low SES -> drink for confidence, (high/low) SES -> drink to cope)
a. high, low
b. low, higha.Rates of substance use have been (higher/lower) for African American youth than for White or Hispanic youth
a. higher
b. lowera.What are substance use (protective/risk) factors for rural African American youth?
- Having family members with SUDs, being raised by nonfamily members, low SES, social maladaptation
a. protective
b. riskb.What are substance use (protective/risk) factors for rural African American youth?
- Being raised by family members
- Having parents who talk about the dangers of substance use
a. protective
b. riska.Although immigrants to various countries often live in challenging conditions, they experience lower levels of substance abuse
a. ethnic minority youth
b. immigrant paradoxb.- A strong sense of ethnic identity
- Provides social support, group of peers, shared culture, etc.
a. ethnic minority youth
b. immigrant paradoxa.Sexual minority youth are at an (increased/decreased) risk for substance use - why?
- depression, victimization, negative family interactions
- family rejection key risk factor for gender nonconforming individuals
a. increased
b. decreaseda.What are mediators for substance use in childhood/adolescence?
Parents have SUD -> low supervision ->(decreased/ increased) risk
Parents act as source of information for kids on alcohol
Parental communication, provision, approval (providing alcohol, parental drinking, parents' favorable attitudes)
a. decreased
b. increasedb.AUDs are approximately __% heritable
a. 15
b. 25
c. 50
d. 75c.True/False: Parental drinking has a causal effect on offspring drinking offspring drinking
a. true
b. falsea.Can siblings influence each other's drinking habits?
- co-drinking by siblings increases positive expectancies for alcohol use
- Older siblings can influence younger siblings and vice versa, especially with high sibling companionship & shared friends
a. yes
b. noa.Sibling conflict was a (stronger/weaker) predictor than sibling warmth in predicting internalizing, externalizing and drinking behaviors
a. stronger
b. weakera.The greater the number of parents, siblings, and friends who drink, the (greater/lower) the regular drinking risk
a. greater
b. lowera.True/False: The effectiveness of parental communication about substance use varies depending on whether or not the children have already began to use
a. true
b. falsea.Parental communication typically makes the situation (better/worse) if the adolescent is already using substances
a. better
b. worseb.Parent-child communication about drug use (increases/decreases) the likelihood of marijuana use
a. increases
b. decreasesa.When should parents begin communicating with their children about substance use?
- ______- the child initiate use - refrain from talking fondly about the experience
a. after
b. during
c. beforec.True/False: Beliefs about risk for alcoholism could be a target for intervention in adolescents
a. true
b. falsea.Parental provision of alcohol and access to alcohol (increases/decreases) the risk of the adolescent using alcohol
a. increases
b. decreasesa.Parental approval of drinking / drug use is associated with (increased/decreased) adolescent drinking behavior
a. increased
b. decreaseda.What are moderators on child/adolescent substance use?
- Gender (including gender of the drinking parent)
- (Paternal/Maternal) drinking
- Expectations, peer orientations, ethnicity, family functioning, family structure, family cohesion, personality of the offspring, and family roles of the offspring
a. paternal
b. maternalb.What are strong predictors of drinking for boys?
Emotional distress and depressed mood in adolescence
Drinking is a (harder/easier) coping mechanism than dealing with emotions
a. harder
b. easierb.What are strong predictors of drinking for girls?
(Positive/Negative) family functioning (esp. family conflict)
Mediated by depressed mood
a. positive
b. negativeb.Maternal (divorce/AUD) has a significant effect on what?
Children's relationships with siblings and friends
(cascade effect -> increased negative relationships with other people if parent-child relationship is negative)
a. divorce
b. AUDb.What mediates the association between maternal problem drinking and adolescent alcohol use?
Maternal (separation/closeness) - protective if there is maternal problem drinking
a. separation
b. closenessb.True/False: Although a good parent-child relationship is important to positive child adjustment, it may not always be protective in situations in which parents use substnaces
a. true
b. falsea.What are protective parenting factors against child/adolescent substance use?
Parental monitoring
Parent - child relationship quality (maternal warmth protective)
Parental support
Parental involvement
- bonding, consistency, family cohesion, attachment -> protective
- help (gain/reduce) stress, increase resources, and encourage active coping
a. gain
b. reduceb.Stricter parental rules (increase/decrease) adolescent's self control and led to (higher/lower) alcohol use only in families with high qualitative parent-child communication about alcohol
a. increase, higher
b. decrease, lowera.Parental rules were (insignificant/significant) predictors distinguishing abstainers, moderate drinkers, and problem drinkers
a. insignificant
b. significantb.Parental overprotection has been linked to (regular/irregular) alcohol use in adolescence
a. regular
b. irregulara.Parental support is (ignored/mediated) by factors like:
- Religiosity, peer alcohol use, school grades, work schedule, etc.
a. ignored
b. mediatedb.What parenting style is a particularly important factor in reducing the use of substances?
a. authoritarian
b. permissive
c. authoritative
d. neglectfulc.What contextual factors affect substance use?
True/False:
Neighborhood influence
Parental / familial
Childhood stress / adverse life experiences / Trauma
a. true
b. falsea.How does your neighborhood influence substance use?
(Decreased/Increased) risk if you are in a neighborhood with more trouble-making / antisocial outh - who you're around matters
Perceptions of increased disorganization, reduced social cohesion
a. Decreased
b. Increasedb.How can childhood stress / adverse life experiences influence substance use?
Family alcohol problems
Having been a witness to violence
Being a victim of physical assault
Trauma
Increased familial SUD -> increased stress -> (increased/decreased) risk
a. increased
b. decreaseda.Adolescents experience current abuse show (more/fewer) problems with substances than adolescents with a history of prior abuse
a. more
b. fewera.True/False: Homelessness is a risk factor for adolescent substance abuse
a. true
b. falsea.For adolescents in intact families, (higher/lower) socioeconomic status is a consistent risk factors for increased substance use
a. higher
b. lowera.True/False: Discrimination is a risk factor for substance use in minority youth
a. true
b. falsea.In adolescence, there is a dramatic (increase/decrease) in substance use
a. increase
b. decreasea.__ out of 10 adolescents have consumers more than a few sips of alcohol by the end of high school
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 1c.__ out of 4 adolescents have drank by 8th grade
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 1d.Is substance use a bidirectional process?
a. yes
b. noa.How do adoptive parents' risk of substance abuse highlight this bidirectional process?
True/False
- Adoptive parents with a child who has biological parents with alcohol, antisocial, depressive, or other psychotic disorders experience double the risk of developing their own alcohol or psychiatric problems compared to adoptive parents with a child without that predisposition
a. true
b. falsea.What are strong predictors of drinking for boys?What are mediators for substance use in childhood/adolescence?There is a stronger association between sensation seeking and substance use for (males/females)
a. males
b. femalesa.What are protective factors against substance use that (males/females) have?
- Societal pressures and expectations
a. males
b. femalesa.Adolescent (males/females) have higher exposure to substance use risks
a. males
b. femalesa.the behaviors of the parents with respect to alcohol and how these are related to the child's behavior and cognition
e.g--> monkey see monkey do these are the specific behaviors the parent is teaching the child with what they say or do
a. alcohol-specific effects
b. non-alcohol-specific effectsa.True/False: The risks associated with parental alcohol use disorder are likely additive
a. true
b. falsea.Children with two parents with AUDs were found to be at (higher/lower) risk than those with only one parent with an AUD
- who were at higher risk than those with no parental AUDs
a. higher
b. lowera.What are adolescent characteristics that increase the risk for developing AUDs?
- Risk factors (increased sensitivity to neurotoxic effects of alcohol, rapidly developing reward system, slow developing cognitive control system, family history, etc.)
- Adolescent behavioral disinhibition
- Gender differences
- Deviance proneness -> conduct disorders/behavioral problems
- (Positive/Negative) emotions
a. positive
b. negativeb.Adolescents have (increased/decreased) sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol
a. increased
b. decreaseda.Adolescents have a (rapidly/slowly) developing reward system
a. rapidly
b. slowlya.Adolescents have a (rapidly/slowly) developing cognitive control system
a. rapidly
b. slowlyb.Familial alcoholism has been linked to ____________ and ___________ in children, but this relationship is moderated by ________________
a. Behavioral disinhibition; conduct problems; positive parenting practices
b. Behavioral disinhibition; conduct problems; negative parenting practicesa.What are protective factors against familial alcoholism increasing behavioral disinhibition / conduct disorders in children?
- Positive parenting practices
- another supportive adult
- family (cohesion/diffusion)
- SES
a. cohesion
b. diffusiona.What mediates the effects of parental psychopathology on adolescent externalizing behaviors?
a. family functioning
b. family income
c. family form
d. family barriersa.in adolescence there is a (weak/strong) predictor of later alcohol abuse and dependence.
a. weak
b. strongb.Parental alcoholism (alcohol-specific) with parental antisocial behavior (nonalcohol-specific) predicts what behavior in children?
a. Child externalizing behavior
b. Child internalizing behaviora.Is focusing prevention and treatment efforts on the individual in the family with the SUD sufficient?
- must address multiple levels of factors and treat the family as a whole
- Need 2-way treatment
- May need to deal with family background issues
a. yes
b. nob.What is a key factor in preventing / treating SUDs?
(early/late) diagnosis and treatment
a. early
b. latea.Children from antisocial alcoholic families would benefit from interventions that begin in what life stage?
- pathways that children follow are sorted out in middle childhood
a. adolescence
b. early adulthood
c. infancy
d. middle childhoodc.What is important for children and adults who are dually diagnosed (i.e, alcohol abuse with PTSD)?
Treating (both/one/no) conditions
a. both
b. one
c. noa.True/False: For SUD recovery, programs need to address changes in family dynamics to prevent relapse and to prevent children in the family from experiencing additional difficulties
a. true
b. falsea.What are common factors among three family therapy programs for adolescents with SUDs?
- Focusing on (interactional/disconnection) change
- Having a relational reframe
- Engaging the adolescent
- Having a relational emphasis
a. interactional
b. disconnectiona.What are 5 key factors in settings beyond the family for preventing and treating SUDs?
(A) Effective aftercare services
(B) Safe havens for children of addicted parents
(C) School, college, and community policies
(D) Cultural and subcultural norms and behaviors
(E) (Neglect/Support) for recovery
a. neglect
b. supportb.Explain the process through which 2 variables are related; the link the chain; the why
a. Mediators
b. Moderatorsa.(Mediators/moderators) explain WHY an association exists
a. Mediators
b. Moderatorsa.Affect the strength and direction of an association or relationship between 2 variables
a. Mediators
b. Moderatorsb.(Mediators/moderators) explain FOR WHOM and UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS an association exists
a. Mediators
b. Moderatorsb.True or False? Adolescents who began drinking at 12 years or younger were at increased risk for developing later abuse and dependency when compared to who did not drink until age 16 or older. ?
a. true
b. falsea.True or False? Not only is there a greater risk for alcohol problems among children of alcoholics, but such children have shorter time frames from first use of alcohol to the development of alcohol disorders.
a. true
b. falsea.Many researchers have documented associations between parental drinking and adolescent drinking.
- there is a (positive/negative) relationship between the two
a. positive
b. negativea.Within this population, the peek age for first signs of an alcohol disorder is ?
a. 24
b. 13
c. 16
d. 18d.- Considering the important transitions at this age (e.g. graduating, employment, romantic involvements etc)
- an alcohol disorder could (disrupt/help) the timing and success of these milestones.
a. disrupt
b. helpa.True or False? Researchers have found that a family history of alcoholism is an important element in adolescent development of substance use problem
a. true
b. falsea.True or False? Although children are thought to imitate behaviors modeled by their parents, a family history of alcoholism does NOT inevitably produce an offspring with alcohol abuse or other problems.
a. true
b. falsea.True or False ? Alternatively a family without alcoholism does not necessarily protect offspring from developing substance use problems.
--> e.g. MONKEY SEE MONKEY DO
a. true
b. falsea.Supervision and Support are (not important/important) parenting variables that operate regardless of parental substance use or abuse to influence adolescent outcomes
a. not important
b. importantb.True or false ? For a young person to remain free from substances, it is advantageous if parents set clear behavioral limits and maintain inter-personally satisfying relationships with their children.
a. true
b. falsea.Parenting practices have been found to (gain, reduce) stress, increase resources, and encourage active coping.
a. gain
b. reduceb.True or false ? Abstaining youth have parents who do not use punishment to maintain control but instead clarify appropriate behavior and reinforce that behavior
a. true
b. falsea.True or false ? Variables such as parent unavailability, family quality, peer acceptance/self-esteem, and deviant peer involvement serve as mediators between parental divorce and adolescent alcohol use.
a. true
b. falsea.True or false ? Regardless of intactness of family of origin, parental support is not an important factor in adolescent alcohol use?
a. true
b. falseb.Other important Factors of PARENTAL (DISAPPROVAL/SUPPORT) are
- peer alcohol use
- religiosity
- school grades.
a. disapproval
b. supportb.True or false ? Some scholars believe that single-parent family structure does not create distress in adolescents which increases their chances of substance use.
a. true
b. falseb.What are 4 areas of behavior to assess for all substance use disorders?
1. Impaired control
2. (social/financial) impairment
3. risky use
4. pharmacological criteria (tolerance/withdrawal)
a social
b. financiala.What percentage of fourth through sixth graders have consumed alcohol, used marijuana, or used tobacco? ___-___%
a. 10-12
b. 1-2
c. 5-7
d. 8-9c.Previous research on substance abuse prior to adolescence focused on childhood predictors of (earlier/later) use rather than substance use in (childhood, adulthood)
a. earlier, adulthood
b. later, childhoodb.Early alcohol initiation is strongly predicted by what factors?
- Conduct disorders
- Externalizing disorders
- ADHD
- Parental alcohol dependence
- Being (male/female)
a. male
b. femalea.True/False: Age of drinking onset is a strong predictor of later alcohol abuse and disorder
a. true
b. falsea.What are child characteristics that are related to child/adolescence substance abuse?
- (early/late) alcohol initiation
- Precursors of later problems (behavioral undercontrol or disinhibition, thrill-seeking)
- Cognitions (personal beliefs/values)
- Substance use
a. early
b. latea.Behavioral undercontrol or disinhibition, especially among (females/males) is an important precursor of later adolescent substance use / abuse
a. females
b. malesb.(High/low) socialization and (high/low) boldness / thrill-seeking is linked to later substance abuse
a. high, low
b. low, highb.Alcohol expectancies become more (positive/negative) during the transition from childhood to early adolescence
a. positive
b. negativea.(Positive/negative) alcohol expectancies predict alcohol use initiation and drinking patterns
a. positive
b. negativea.Expectancies, beliefs, and values
a. resilience
b. boundaries
c. attachment
d. cognitionsd.What factors influence the development of alcohol expectancies in childhood?
Psychopathology, genetics, environmental factors, parent and peer influences, and media
- (Exclusive/Reciprocal) effects between expectancies influencing use and use influencing expectancies
a. Exclusive
b. Reciprocalb.Developmental cascade model
Snowball effect
(High/Low) child self-regulation in preschool -> externalizing behaviors -> early drinking and higher engagement with deviant peers
a. high
b. lowb.
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