Neuro Exam 2 practice qs

When testing a patient's vibration sense, you are targeting which somatosensory receptors?
A. Mechanoreceptors
B. Chemoreceptors
C. Thermoreceptors
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
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When testing a patient's vibration sense, you are targeting which somatosensory receptors?
A. Mechanoreceptors
B. Chemoreceptors
C. Thermoreceptors
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A. Mechanoreceptors
Which of the following is true about receptive fields for cutaneous innervation?
A. Distal receptive fields are larger and have a lesser density of receptors.
B. Distal receptive fields are smaller and have a greater density of receptors.
C. Proximal receptive fields are larger and have a greater density of receptors.
D. Proximal receptive fields are smaller and have a lesser density of receptors.
B. Distal receptive fields are smaller and greater density of receptors
Nociceptive and temperature information from the musculoskeletal system and skin is conveyed in which of the following diameter axons?
A. Large-diameter afferents
B. Medium-diameter afferents
C. Small-diameter afferents
D. All of the above
C. Smaller-diameter afferents
Your patient has recently had knee surgery and presents with inflammation. You perform a prolonged, passive stretch into knee extension. Which of the following joint receptors are activated while you are holding the stretch?
A. Ruffini's endings
B. Paciniform corpuscles
C. Free nerve endings
D. A and C
E. All of the above
D. A and C
When the raphespinal tract is active, which neurotransmitter is released at the axon terminal in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
A. Norepinephrine
B. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
C. Dopamine
D. Serotonin
D. Serotonin
Spinal axons conveying a signal for conscious somatosensation from the upper limb ascend in which of the following?
A. Ventral horn
B. Fasciculus gracilis
C. Fasciculus cuneatus
D. Internal arcuate fibers
E. Medial lemniscus
C. Fasciculus cuneatus
Cell bodies of second-order neurons conveying a signal for conscious proprioceptive information from the lower limb are located in which of the following?
A. Dorsal root ganglion
B. Fasciculus cuneatus
C. Somatosensory cerebral cortex
D. Nucleus gracilis
E. Medial lemniscus
D. Nucleus gracilis
The ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus is the site of synapse for
A. first-order neurons of the dorsal column/medial lemniscus system.
B. second-order neurons with their cell bodies in the nucleus cuneatus and/or nucleus gracilis.
C. third-order neurons with their cell bodies in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal cranial nerve.
D. second-order neurons with their cell bodies in the nucleus dorsalis (Clarke's nucleus).
E. third-order neuron with their cell body the lateral cuneate nucleus.
B. Second-order neurons with their cell bodies in the nucleus cuneatus and/or nucleus gracilis.
Rapidly turning the eyes and head toward a painful stimulus is a function of which one of the following tracts?
A. Trigeminoreticulolimbic
B. Spinoreticular
C. Spinomesencephalic
D. Trigeminospinothalamic
C. Spinomesencephalic
Which of the following statements is true about the homunculus for the somatosensory cortex?
A. The homunculus was developed by experimentally recording electrical potentials from cells in the somatosensory cortex during stimulation of various parts of the body.
B. The area of the homunculus that represents the foot is adjacent to the area for the hand.
C. The proportions of the homunculus are the same as the proportions of the physical body.
D. Somatotopic organization is only found in cellular organization of the somatosensory cortex.
E. The area of the homunculus that represents the torso is adjacent to the area for the face.
A. The homunculus was developed by experimentally recording electrical potentials from cells in the somatosensory cortex during stimulation of various parts of the body.
Which of the following is a function of the primary somatosensory cortex? A. Discrimination of the texture of an object B. Discrimination of the shape of an object C. Stereognosis D. Both A and B E. A, B, and CD. Both A and BWhich of the following pathways brings sensory information to the brain? A. Conscious relay B. Divergent C. Unconscious relay D. All of the above E. None of the aboveD. All of the aboveWhich of the following is the general name for a bundle of axons with the same origin and a common termination? A. Tract B. Pathway C. Linea D. Lamina E. All of the aboveA. TractThe pathways for light touch and conscious proprioception use a three-neuron relay. Which one of the following describes the role of the secondary neuron? A. Conveys information from the receptors to the medulla B. Conveys information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex C. Conveys information from the thalamus to the medulla D. Conveys information from the medulla to the thalamusD. Conveys information from the medulla to the thalamusAll of the following are true about Golgi tendon organs, except: A. They are sensitive to very slight changes in tension on a tendon. B. They respond to changes in tension caused by active muscle contraction. C. They do not respond to changes in tension caused by passive stretch of a muscle. D. They transmit information into the spinal cord by type Ib afferents.C. They do not respond to changes in tension caused by passive stretch of a muscle.Spinothalamic pain is A. fast. B. throbbing. C. well-localized. D. Both A and C E. All of the aboveD. Both A and CThe role of Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) in movement is to A. protect muscles from excess loading injury. B. adjust muscle contractions, together with other proprioceptive inputs and motor signals from the brain. C. ensure muscle relaxation following maximal muscle contraction. D. provide input isolated from the input of other proprioceptors. E. All of the aboveB. Adjust muscle contractions, together with other proprioceptive inputs and motor signals from the brainWhich one of the following involuntary muscle contractions is always abnormal? A. Muscle spasms B. Cramps C. Fasciculations D. Fibrillations E. All of the aboveD. FibrillationsClonus is characterized by which one of the following? A. Involuntary, repetitive, and rhythmic muscle contractions in response to muscle stretch B. Decrease in resistance to passive stretch of a hypertonic muscle C. Excessive resistance to both passive and active muscle stretch D. Prolonged contraction of antigravity muscles E. Brief, involuntary contraction of a single muscle fiberA. Involuntary, repetition, and rhythmic muscle contraction in response to muscle stretchThe automatic control of posture and gross movement occurs via which of the following: A. Medial corticospinal tract B. Reticulospinal tract C. Medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts D. Lateral corticospinal tract E. A, B, and CB. Reticulospinal tract (p. 262)Fractionated movement A. is controlled by the lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal tract. B. is the ability to activate individual muscles independently of other muscles. C. is never affected by stroke. D. A and B E. A, B, and CD. A and BSigns of MT lesions include which of the following? A. Abnormal reflexes and muscle tone B. Paresis and paralysis C. Myoplasticity D. Abnormal cocontraction E. All of the aboveE. All of the aboveIn a motor neuron lesion a patient may demonstrate ______________, whereas in an MT lesion there will be ___________. A. decreased or absent reflexes; hyperreflexia B. increased muscle tone; increased velocity-dependent hypertonia C. hyperreflexia; decreased or absent reflexes D. increased velocity-dependent hypertonia; decreased or absent muscle tone E. None of the aboveA Decreased or absent reflexes; hyperreflexiaSigns of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) include which of the following? A. Paresis, hyporeflexia, and hypotonia B. Atrophy, fasciculations, and Babinski's sign C. Emotional lability D. Difficulty eating, swallowing, and speaking E. All of the aboveE. All of the aboveMajor roles of the cerebellum are to A. compare actual movement to intended movement. B. adjust movements to existing conditions. C. provide conscious awareness of proprioceptive information. D. Both A and B E. A, B, and CD. Both A and BWhich one of the following pathways relay high-fidelity, somatotopically arranged information to the cerebellar cortex? A. Posterior spinocerebellar pathway B. Anterior spinocerebellar tract C. Cuneocerebellar pathway D. Rostral spinocerebellar tract E. Both A and CE. Both A and C (The anterior spinocerebellar tract transmits information from which of the following? A. Arms and upper half of the body B. Legs and the lower half of the body C. Cervical spinal cord D. Thoracolumbar spinal cordD. Thoracolumbar spinal cord (p. 295)A referral comes to you with the diagnosis of "spinocerebellar lesion." You can expect to see which of the following during your evaluation? A. Wide-based, unsteady gait B. An inability to rapidly pronate and supinate the arm C. Normal speed toe tapping D. A and B E. All of the aboveE. All of the aboveThe cerebellum receives information regarding activity of spinal reflex circuits and proprioceptive input to the spinal cord from which of the following? A. Anterior spinocerebellar tract B. Cuneocerebellar pathway C. Posterior spinocerebellar pathway D. Rostrospinocerebellar tract E. A and DE. A and DFunctions of the cerebrocerebellum include all of the following, except: A. Planning of movements B. Coordination of voluntary movements C. Cognitive functions D. Managing spinal reflex circuitsD. Managing spinal reflex circuits (p. 297)The paravermal section of the spinocerebellum receives input from __________ and sends output to___________. A. cerebral cortex; red nucleus B. vestibular apparatus; vestibular nuclei C. spinal cord; red nucleus D. spinal cord; vestibular nuclei E. vestibular nuclei; motor cortexC. Spinal cord; red nucleusDamage to this specialized region of the cerebellum will result in jerky limb movement when reaching for an object. A. Vestibulocerebellum B. Spinocerebellum C. Flocculonodular lobe D. CerebrocerebellumB. SpinocerebellumA lesion to the vestibulocerebellum will present with which of the following signs? A. Unsteadiness, ataxia, and nystagmus B. Intention tremor, dysmetria, and movement decomposition C. Finger ataxia and dysarthria D. Dysdiadochokinesia and ataxic gaitA. Unsteadiness, ataxia, and nystagmusThe cerebellar peduncles are composed of axons that connect the cerebellum with the brainstem. Which of the following connections is correct? A. Superior cerebellar peduncle connects to the midbrain B. Middle cerebellar peduncle connects to the medulla C. Inferior cerebellar peduncle connects to the pons D. All of the above E. None of the aboveA. Superior cerebellar peduncle connects to the midbrainHow does motor information from the basal ganglia reach spinal lower motor neurons? A. Neurons in the basal ganglia that have axonal connections directly to spinal lower motor neurons B. Neural connections with the cerebellum C. Output to the thalamus and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), which synapse with cortical and brainstem motor neurons that project to the spinal lower motor neurons D. Direct connections from the striatum to lower motor neurons E. Neurons from the subthalamic nucleus directly synapse with spinal lower motor neuronsC. Output to the thalamus and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), which synapse with cortical and brainstem motor neurons that project to the spinal lower motor neuronsThe cortico-basal ganglia-thalamus motor loop contributes to A. regulation of muscle force. B. sequencing of movements. C. regulation of multijoint movements. D. regulation of muscle contraction. E. All of the aboveE. All of the above (p. 305-306)Deep-brain stimulation of which structure is safe and effective for reducing tremors in PD? A. Putamen B. Caudate C. Thalamus D. Substantia nigra E. Red nucleusC. ThalamusThe basal ganglia are important for influencing motor movements but are also involved in other types of behavior. Which of the following nonmotor loops involves the basal ganglia? A. Goal-directed behavior loop B. Social behavior loop C. Emotion loop D. All of the aboveD. All of the above (p. 303)The postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD) PD subtype is characterized by A. hypokinesia. B. freezing during movement. C. resting tremor. D. mask-like facial expression. E. All of the aboveE. All of the aboveWhich of the following is a potential treatment option for individuals with PD? A. L-dopa B. Deep-brain stimulation C. Physical and occupational therapy D. All of the aboveD. All of the aboveParkinson-Plus syndromes are the collective name for primary neurodegenerative diseases that cause signs similar to PD and include which one of the following diseases? A. Progressive supranuclear palsy B. Alzheimer's disease C. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy D. Huntington's diseaseA. Progressive supranuclear palsyMSA is characterized by which of the following? A. Akinetic-rigid syndrome B. Cerebellar signs C. Autonomic dysfunction D. Corticospinal tract dysfunction E. All of the aboveE. All of the aboveHuntington's disease causes degeneration of the striatum and cerebral cortex. This results in subsequent A. disinhibition of the motor thalamus and PPN. B. decreased motor output. C. hypokinesia. D. All of the above E. None of the aboveA. Disinhibition of the motor thalamus and PPNAll of the following contribute to episodes of freezing in persons with PIGD subtype of PD except: A. Excessive basal ganglia inhibition of the midbrain locomotor region B. Stress and anxiety C. Intentional cessation of gait D. Visuoperceptual impairments which result in visual movement blocksC. Intentional cessation of gaitWhat is the function of muscle spindle receptors?information about the length and rate of change in length of the muscleNociceptive and temp info from musculoskeletal system and skin is conveyed in which of the following nerve fibers for the spinothalamic tract?AdeltaWhich spinal tract carries sensory information that increases arousal and attention?spinoreticularT/F: The internal feedback tracts, Dorsal (Posterior) Spinocerebellar tract, and fasciculus cuneatus/cuneocerebellar tract send proprioception info to the cerebellumTrueIncreased arousal, increased attention and disrupted sleep/wake cyles due to painful stimuli is a function of which one of the following tracts?Spino-reticular