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AP Earth and Environmental Science, Ecosystems and biochemical cycles test
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Gravity
AP Earth and Environmental Science, Ecosystems and biochemical cycles test
Terms in this set (73)
Organization in nature...
Subatomic particles-> atoms-> compounds-> protoplasm-> cells-> tissues-> organs-> organ systems
Organism
Any living thing
Population
All members of a certain species living in an area
Community
All populations in an area
Ecosystem
Community and environment (physical surroundings)
Habitat
Where an organisms home/life is
Range
Geographical area in which a species lives
Stratosphere
The layer of the atmosphere that is above the troposphere and helps the troposphere
Troposphere
where everything lives
Goes up to 50,000 feet
Crust
the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle
Upper Mantle
Layer of the earth directly below the crust that is made up of a mixture of elements which makes it soft and plastic.
Lithosphere
The name for the crust and the upper mantle
The sun helps with...
Heat and light
Photosynthesis
Matter Cycling
Weather and climate
% of the sun's energy reflected into space
34% (a third)
% of the sun's energy used for photosynthesis
Less than 10%
% of the sun's energy degraded into low quality heat
66%
Global warming
A little is good
Too much is bad (Greenhouse effect)
Biotic factors
Anything alive
Abiotic factors
Anything not alive
Tolerance Limit
Level of a factor above which organisms die
ex: Cold temperatures cause frost and kill some plants
Autotrophs
Organisms that produce their own food
Also called producers
Formula for Photosynthesis...
6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen
Heterotrophs
Feed on other organisms; do not produce their own food
Herbivores
Organism that eats plants
Are primary consumers
On the 2nd trophic level
Carnivore
Organism that eats meat
Are secondary Consumers
On the 3rd trophic level
Top Carnivore
Organism that eats other carnivores
Are tertiary consumers
On the 4th trophic level
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both meats and plants
Biomass
The dry weight of all organic matter contained in certain organisms on a certain trophic level
Clay as a soil
Has the smallest particles, most porous, least workable, least permeable, most water nutrient holding capacity
Sand as a soil
Has the biggest particles, least porous, most workable, most permeable, least water nutrient holding cycle capacity
Silt as a soil
Medium sized particles
Loam as a soil
Is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay
Evaporation
The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
(part of the water cycle)
Transpiration
The loss of water from a plant through its leaves
(part of the water cycle)
Condensation
The process of changing from a gas to a liquid state
(part of the water cycle)
Precipitation
Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface
(part of the water cycle)
Percolation
The downward flow of water through soil and rock
(part of the water cycle)
Runoff
Surface movement of excess water
(part of the water cycle)
What 2 processes power the water cycle?
1) Solar energy (evaporation and transpiration)
2) Gravity (precipitation and percolation)
The water cycle replenishes...
Groundwater
Wetlands
Streams
Lakes
Oceans
Erosion
Is the process of water shaping the landscape (water cycle)
The water cycle...
Transports and provides nutrients
Dilutes waste
Water is purified in the hydrologic (water) cycle by...
Evaporation
Chemical and biological processes as it percolates
Humans impact the water cycle by withdrawing too much (called overdraft). This leads to
Depletion
Saltwater intrusion
When we remove vegetation and replace it with asphalt, it...
Increases runoff=increased flooding and erosion
Reduces refilling (recharging of aquifiers/groundwater)
Leads to cultural Eutrophication
Cultural Eutrophication
Algae grows rapidly-> Algae dies-> Aerobic (with oxygen) Decomposition-> Low dissolved oxygen-> Fish die
carbon...
Is a basic building block
0.038% is the concentration of it in the troposphere
Found in water and rocks
What 4 processes add carbon dioxide to the troposphere?
Aerobic Respiration
Volcanoes going off
Weathering of carbonate rocks
Burning of fossil fuels and plants
How is carbon dioxide removed from the troposphere?
Plants get rid of it via photosynthesis
Carbon trapped in fossil fuels can be released into the troposphere by...
Fire burning
Carbon dioxide gets into the ocean by...
Dissolving from the air
Aerobic Respiration of aquatic organisms
Carbon dioxide is released into the troposphere from the ocean by...
The ocean heat "undissolving" it into the air
Humans impact the carbon cycle by...
Vegetation removal which causes less CO2 absorption and the vegetation decay produces more CO2
Humans burning fossils fuels...too much CO2=global warming
Nitrogen fixation
N2 from air in the soil is converted to NH3 (ammonia) and upon reaction with water it turns to NH4+ (ammonium) by bacteria
This occurs in the legumes in bean plants
Nitrification
NH4+(ammonium)-> NO3- (nitrate) by bacteria in soil
Assimilation
Plants take NH4+ (ammonium), NO3- (nitrate), and NH3 (ammonia) through their roots and make proteins.
Ammonification
decomposer
Detritus------------> NH3(ammonia)-- >NH4+
bacteria
Bacteria, the formation of ammonia compounds in the soil by the action of bacteria on decaying matter
Dentrification
Bacteria convert NH3(ammonia) and NH4+ (ammonium) into NO3-(nitrate) and then N2+N20 which seep into the air, the
Process by which bacteria cause nitrogen gas to be released back into the environment
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle...
When we burn fuel it turns to smog/acid rain
Bacterial action on livestock waste and inorganic fertilizer causes...
Greenhouse gas (global warming)
Ozone depletion
When forests, wetlands, and grasslands are destroyed...
Nitrogen is released from the soil
Carbon dioxide and Phosphorous are also released
Excess of nitrates come from...
Agriculture: Fertilizer runoff and livestock waste
Municipal sewage (same for phosphorous)
Nitrogen can be removed from topsoil by...
Clearing land
Over harvesting
Over irrigating (leaching)
Nitrogen loving crops
Produce more food for us and are used a lot by humans but they take up a lot of nitrogen
The Phosphorous Cycle
Does not have gas as a phase of matter
Is slow
Phosphorous typically found in rocks
Is released through weathering
Animals get phosphorous from food
Plants get phosphorous from the soil
Is a limiting factor due to its low supply and insolubility (This is why we mine for P)
Guano is bird poop
Additional phosphorous comes from...
Agriculture: fertilizers+ livestock waste
Municipal Sewage (same for nitrate)
The Sulfur Cycle
Most sulfur is in sulfate salts and rocks
Comes from Volcanoes and anaerobic bacteria in swamps, wetlands, etc
Humans get Sulfur from industry
H2S
H2S(hydrogen sulfide) is an obnoxious foul gas and is poisonus
S02
Colorless obnoxious gas
Comes from volcanoes
Humans get it from industry
Sulfate particles get into the atmosphere from...
Sea spray, dust storms, fires
DMS
Dimethyl sulfide
Produced by marine algae
Does condensation
S02 and Sulfate salts cause...
Acid rain
S02->S03->H2S04
Humans add sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by...
Burning sulfur containing fossil fuels (coal + oil)
Refining petroleum
Smelting Metallic Ores MS->M+S02^
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