Repair/Restoration TheorySleep serves as a recuperative function, allowing organisms to repair or replenish key factorsEvolutionary/ Circadian TheorySleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators; also serves as a part of the circadian cyclePonsA brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. Sleep and ArousalSleep Stages 1-4aka NREM sleep, required for basic biologiacal funcitioningBeta, Alpha, and Delta wavesRapid Eye Movement (REM)the fourth stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high frequency brain waves, paralysis of large muscles, and dreamingNon-Rapid eye movement (NREM)stages 1-3 of sleep during which a sleeper does not show rapid eye movementsActivation-Synthesis HypothesisHobson's theory that dreams are by-products of random stimulation of brain cells; the brain attempts to combine this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns, known as dreamsCognitive Approachdreams are simply another way to process informationPsychoanalytic Approachdreams reveal hidden wants of the unconscious through symbols and manifestsSymbolsthe disguised forbidden needs of the unconsciousManifest contentthe surface content of a dream contains dream symbols that distort and disguise the dream's true meaningId, Ego and SuperegoRepressionBalanceShadowCollective UnconsciousArchetypesNeo-FreudianSelf-ConceptInsomniapersistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too earlySleep Apnearepeated interruption of breathing during sleep because air passages to the lungs are physically blocked or the brain stops activating the diaphragmNight Terrorsabrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panicNight Eatingoccurs during NREM sleepSleepwalkingoccurs during NREM sleepSleep TalkingIt can consist of a few words or coherent sentences. It can occur during any time in sleep but is most common during NREM sleepNarcolepsysudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hoursHallucinogensdrugs that produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinationsOpiatesdrugs derived from opium that numb the senses and relieve painStimulantsdrugs that act on the brain and other parts of the nervous system to increase overall activity and general responsivenessDepressantsdrugs that act on the brain and other parts of the nervous system to decrease bodily processes and overall responsivenessAddictionbroad term describing a compulsion to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activityPsychological Dependencedesire or craving to achieve a drugs affectTolerancebodily adjustments to higher and higher levels of a drug, which leads to decreased sensativityWithdrawaldiscomfort and distress, including physical pain and intense craving, experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugsDaydreamyou are awake yet unaware of surroundings; this typically happens during automatic processesHypnosisTrance like state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focusMeditationgroup of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an alternate state of consciousnessLatent Contentthe true, unconscious meaning of a dreamPhysical Dependencechanges in bodily processes that make a drug necessary for minimal functioning
