Myers Psychology for AP 3e - Development neal 2022

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Unit 09 - Developmental Psychology
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Unit 09 - Developmental Psychology
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Module 45 - Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn
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developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 24, 486)
zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 489)
embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 489)
fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 489)
teratogens
(literally, "monster makers") agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 490)
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 490)
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 271, 491)
Module 46 - Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
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maturationbiological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 494)Module 47 - Infancy and Childhood: Cognition Developmentcognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 365, 498)schemaa concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 498)assimilationinterpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 498)accommodation(1) in sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. (2) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 177, 498)sensorimotor stagein Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 499)object permanencethe awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 499)preoperational stagein Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 500)conservationthe principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 501)egocentrismin Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 501)theory of mindpeople's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 501)concrete operational stagein Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 502)formal operational stagein Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 502)scaffolda framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 503)autism spectrum disorder (ASD)a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 505)Module 48 - Infancy and Childhood: Social Developmentstranger anxietythe fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 509)attachmentan emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 509)critical periodan optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 510)imprintingthe process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 510)strange situationa procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child's reactions are observed. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 510)secure attachmentdemonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver's return. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 511)insecure attachmentdemonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 511)temperamenta person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 511)basic trustaccording to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 513)self-conceptall our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?" (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 515, 592)Module 49 - Gender Developmentsexin psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 520)genderin psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 520)aggressionany physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 521, 801)relational aggressionan act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 521)rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 525, 772)gender rolea set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 525)gender identityour sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 525)social learning theorythe theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 525)gender typingthe acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 525)androgynydisplaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 526)transgenderan umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 526)Module 50 - Parents, Peers, and Early ExperiencesModule 51 - Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Developmentadolescencethe transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 533)pubertythe period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 533)Module 52 - Adolescence: Social Development and Emerging Adulthoodidentityour sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 539)social identitythe "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 539)intimacyin Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 540)emerging adulthooda period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 542)Module 53 - Sexual DevelopmentX chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both males and females. Females typically have two X chromosomes; males typically have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 545)Y chromosomethe sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 545)testosteronethe most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 418, 545)primary sex characteristicsthe body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 546)secondary sex characteristicsnonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 546)spermarchethe first ejaculation. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 546)menarchethe first menstrual period. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 546)intersexa condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 547)AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 547)sexual orientationour enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of our own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation); variations include attraction toward both sexes (bisexual orientation). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 549)Module 54 - Adulthood: Physical, Cognitive, and Social Developmentmenopausethe time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 558)cross-sectional studyresearch that compares people of different ages at the same point in time. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 563, 640)longitudinal studyresearch that follows and retests the same people over time. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 563, 640)neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults, neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 563)Alzheimer's diseasea neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 563)social clockthe culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 565)