Vocabulary words for MTEL ELL/ESL
adaptation of content material for ELLs
graphic organizers, rewrite dense texts, books-on-tape, jigsaw reading, highlighting concepts for newcomers so they do not have to read the whole thing, marginal notes, outlines to help students take notes, teacher-created study guides that go with textbooks
adaptation of reading instruction
explicitly teach vocabulary, grouped reading, multiple assessments, culturally relavant instruction, age-appropriate instruction, teach phonemic awarness and phonics
approaches for teaching writing instruction
building background, modeling text type, guided practice and independent writing
Basic Inventory of Natural Language (BINL)
oral language test for tracking language development and progress; tests oral language proficiency
Bernstein Sociolinguistic Theory
language is part of class and people use certain codes when speaking
BICS
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills: surface skills students pick up in 1-2 years of being around native L2 speakers
BIlingual Syntax Measure II
tests oral skills for grade 3-12; can be used for placement and language development for IEPs
Chomsky Language Acquisition Theory
Chomsky says that children are born with a knowledge of the principles of the grammatical structure of all languages, and this inborn knowledge explains the success and speed with which they learn language.
cognitive processes needed to internalize language rules and vocabulary in L2
memorization; categorization and generalization (categorize and generalize vocabulary); metacognition
communicative competence
ability to understand appropriate behaviors and language for various situations
communicative language approach
focus on students communicating naturally in second language; conversation instead of grammar; teaching strategies: role play, games, interviews, negotiation
comprehensible input
way of speaking and explaining that the students can understand (modeling, visuals, hands-on activities, demonstrations, gestures,body language
effective strategies for oral skills
frequent testing and surveys, speaking and vocabulary games for practice, flashcards, commands, visuals
explicit instruction in academic language and vocabulary
KWL charts, vocab development, student experiences,illustrations, webbing
factors that affect L2 acquisition
age, motivation/attitude towards L2, learning style, environmental factors, personality, status of L1 and culture in L2
factors that affect L2 reading development
literacy and literate background in L1, learning disability, academic experience, cultural background knowledge
Gersten SEI Theory
Early Exit Bilingual: some initial instruction in L1, primarily for reading but also for clarification, instructions in L1 are phased out rapidly
IDEA
The IDEA Oral Language Proficiency Test assesses four basic areas of English oral language proficiency: Vocabulary, Comprehension, Syntax, and Verbal Expression which includes Articulation; testing for mainstreaming
informal methods to assess oral language
interviews, oral reports, summaries, descriptions, presentations, dialogue journals
informal writing assessments
teacher feedback, formative assessments (analytical-micro analysis and holistic analysis)
integrated language teaching
reading, writing and speaking are integrated; content and lanugage instruction are integrated; collaborative and supportive environment
integration of content and language objectives
practice strategies for marking up the text, review objective several times in class
interlanguage development
the emerging language system person creates based on L1 and L2 knowledge to communicate in L2
interpretation of oral language results
assess student in both language and see if the problem is just in on language, look for educational history and family history, pysch exam in L1
interpretations and use of assessment information
affects placement, focus on mechanics and content strategies, future lessons
knowledge of writing process for ELLs
brainstorming, outlining, drafting, revising and editing; teaching revision can be hard for students to rearrange and rephrase ideas
Krashen 2nd Language Acquisition Theory
requires natural interactions (not grammar drills), students will pick up grammar rules naturally by being immersed in L2; need to interact with language w/o worrying about being corrected
Labov Sociolinguistic Theory
created the term of ebonics, African American English has its own rules and should be respected
Lambert SEI Theory
Transitional Bilingual: initially instruction is 90% L1 then shifts towards English
Language Assessment Battery
tests speaking, reading listening and writing, used to place ESL students
Language Experience Approach
approach to writing instruction from personal experience; stories about personal experiences are written by teacher and read together until learner associates written form of word with spoken; can also be a group activity restating stories read by teacher
natural approach
natural genuine learning situations where they use both conscious understanding of a language and subconscious (take cues from visual and commands)
Piaget Language Acquisition Theory
children think before they speak; speaking just reflects this thinking; language is a way for children to represent their world
Pinker Language Acquisition Theory
we are predisposed to learn language; language is a human instinct
promotion of content area learning
using visuals, explicitly teaching cognitive strategies, permitting students to use dictionaries
Ramirez SEI Theory
Late Exit Bilingual: students continue to have 40% of instruction in L1 even after classified fluent in English
relationship and transfer of 1st language reading skills
rely on students'phonemic awareness in 1st language and make explicit the differences, effect on pronunciation and decoding strategies, mostly positive and helpful
role of 1st language on 2nd language
more academic understanding you have in L1, more you can apply to L2; cognitive development in L1 at home helps L2
Rossel and Baker SEI Theory
SEI: students of diff. L1s together; teachers use English and aids to focus on content rather than language
selection of purposeful writing activities
writing about personal experiences, writing for a purpose, KWL< word wall, text reconstruction, sequencing sentences, cloze reading and writing, jumbled sentences
sheltered strategies and reading intervention approaches
1) students should have access to early literacy programs in L1 2) early assessments in L1 for learning disabilities and literacy level 3) provide grade-level content in English by giving simple directions 4) comprehensible input 5) make connections and use clear baackground 6) teach reading strategies and focus on vocabulary 7) word webs and KWL charts
Stages of Language Acquisition in L2
silence, nonverbal, understands more than can produce; early speech production to speech emergence to intermediate fluency
strategies for teaching reading for literate ELLs
connections between reading strategies, teach alphabetic and phonemic differences, use read alouds, partner reading and modeling, and explicit instruction of vocabulary
strategies for teaching reading for non-literate ELLs
teach sight words, language orally, introduce written words, provide clues to remind, teach direction of reading,
strategies for teaching subject matter and for developing ELL CALP
1) providing comprehensible input 2) providing explicit instruction 3) integrating content and language objectives 4) supporting students' use of English to discuss and consider subject matter content
student discussion of subject matter content
group discussion, hands-on, engaging, partners, independently, students can apply content and language objectives, 4 corners, send a problem, jigsaw
Vygotsky Language Acquisition Theory
zone of proximal development: teach students one step from their mastery zone; students need interaction to learn a language; language does not exist in a vacuum (sociohistorial context)