Biology Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny

What is systematics?
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What is systematics?
The study of biodiversity, this helps in the understanding of evolutionary relationships between species
What is taxonomy?
The science of naming and classifying organisms
How are animals classified?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What is a taxon?
A general name for a group containing an organism or group of organisms that have a set of shared traits
What is binomial nomenclature?
The system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet
Bacteria Domain
Prokaryotes, cell walls have peptidoglycan, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, lack a nucleus
Archaea Domain
Prokaryotic, single-celled, live in extreme environments, hetero and autotrophic, lack a nucleus
What is the difference between Archaea and Bacteria?
Archaea differ in the fact that their cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan and cell membrane uses ether linked lipids as opposed to ester linked lipids in bacteria
Eukarya Domain
Photosynthetic, Heterotrophic, Single or multi celled
What is Phylogeny?
Evolutionary history of a species
Whats the difference in ancestral traits and derived traits?An ancestral trait is what we think was present in the common ancestor of the species of interest. A derived trait is a form that we think arose somewhere on a lineage descended from that ancestorExample of ancestral traitsMammory glands and notochordExample of derived traitsOpposite thumbs and antlersWhat is cladistics?Uses shared derived traits to develop a hypothesis of evolutionary historyWhat is a cladogram?A branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of speciesHow do you trace phylogeny?Fossil Traits, Morphological Traits, Behavioral Traits, Molecular TraitsWhat are morphological traits?Physical characteristics of an organismWhat are some examples of behavioral traits?Frog mating calls, parental behaviorWhat are molecular traits?DNA, RNA, Proteins - Cytochrome c, Mitochondrial, DNA , Mutations