JC geography: Maps and photographs key terms, Junior Cycle Geography The earth's surface, The Earth's Surface, Earth's Seasons, New Junior Cert Rock Cycle, Counties of Ireland, Types of Plate Boundaries, Tectonic Plates, Solar System, The Earth's Sur...

JC geography: Maps and photographs key terms, Junior Cycle Geography The earth's surface, The Earth's Surface, Earth's Seasons, New Junior Cert Rock Cycle, Counties of Ireland, Types of Plate Boundaries, Tectonic Plates, Solar System, The Earth's Sur...
Terms in this set (318)
Map
A scaled down drawing of part or all of the earths surface
Scale
The ratio between a distance on a map
Can be shown as a representative fraction, a linear scale or a statement of scale
Image: Scale
Legend/key
Where the symbols of the OS maps are found
Image: Legend/key
OSI
Ordance survey of Ireland
Image: OSI
Area
The amount of space shown within a map
Image: Area
Green
Colour of Areas under 200m (lowlands)
Image: Green
Cream
Colour of Land between 200m and 300m
Brown
Colour of Areas over 400m
Image: Brown
Contours
Lines that join places of equal heights
Image: Contours
Triangulation pillars
Found at the top (summit) of a hill or mountain
Image: Triangulation pillars
Spot heightGives the exact height of a pointEven slopeContour lines are evenly spacedConvex slopeSlope is steep at the bottom (closely packed contours) and gentle at the top (widely spaced contours)Concave slopeSlope is steep at the top (closely packed contours) and gentle at the bottom (widely spaced contours)plateau/cliffAn Upland area with steep sidesLowlandAn Area of land that is below 200m in heightRidgeA long narrow area of upland with steep sides falling away from itHillAn Area of land that is above 200m but below 400m in heightMountainA landform often with steep sides that is above 400m in heightGapA low land area between two areas of uplandrelief of landThe shape of the physical landscapeCostal landformsCliffs, bays, beachesDrainageThe way that water flows in the landscapeWell drained areaSettlement, roads, little surface waterBadly drained areaVery little settlement and roads, lots of surface water, coniferous forests planted on lowlandsHuman landscapeThe Changes that humans have made to the natural landscapeTransportRoads, railways, canals, ferriesSettlementA place where people liveAncient settlementA place that is no longer occupiedAspectThe direction in which a settlement facesNodal pointA place at which things, such as transportation routes, converge.Urban functionThe services and activities that a town providesRecreationalPark, golf courseTouristLeisureResidentialHousesPortHarbourTransport (urban function)Cars, busesIndustrialRaw materialsMedicalHospitals, clinicsReligiousChurchEducationalSchool, universityLand useThe way the land is usedMountains (tourism)Scenery, rock climbingRivers (tourism)Sailing, fishingCoast, beaches, harbours (tourism)Swimming, fishing, sunbathingWhere can tourists stay while visitingYouth hostels, camping sitesAerial photographA view of the land surface taken from the airvertical aerial photographphotograph taken from directly above the landscape. dominant feature= the roofline of buildings, scale is true throughout the whole photoAncient settlement functionsDefence, worship, burial, domesticPastoral farmingFarming that involves cattleArable farmingLand that is used for growing cropsWoodlandLand of coniferous (Christmas) or deciduous treesHow can you tell what season it is from a photographTree colour, snow, cattle grazingMarket gardeningAreas of poly tunnels or glasshousesMining or quarryingLarge areas that has been evacuatedOblique photographan aerial photo taken at an angle that gives a sense of perspective/feeling. Can reveal things that may not be seen from vertical view eg: sides of buildingsoblique photoan aerial photo taken at an angleOrdnance SurveyMaps that have been created to navigate a place.Discovery seriesMaps designed for tourists and leisure activities. Drawn at a scale of 1:50,000. This means that 1cm on the map is 50,000cm in real lifelarge-scale mapshows a small area with much detailstraight-line distanceshortest distance between two pointsHow to measure straight-line distance1:Place a strip of paper on the map so that its edge passes through two points 2:mark the edge of the paper where it touches the two points on the map 3:use a linear scale to read the distance in kmCurved-line distanceUsed to measure a distance along any line that is not straight eg: roads, railways and riversHow to measure curved line distance1:put a strip of paper at the start point and mark both the paper and the map 2:hold the edge of the paper along the line until you reach the first bend/turn, mark both 3:keep the marks at (2) in line with each other. Move the paper so that it is in line with the next part of the line 4: repeat until you have measured the required distance, then use a linear scale and read the distance in km.Calculating Area of a regular shapeLength x widthCalculating area of an irregular shape1:Count all complete squares 2:Count each square that has half or more 3:add totalsNational GridCovers Ireland and some of its sea areas. Divided into 25 sub-zones (each= 100km x 100km)Grid referencea map reference that indicates a location using numbered vertical and horizontal lines that run up and down, and increase in value from bottom to top of the mapCo-ordinatesa reference number and letter assigned to a grid on a mapFour figure grid referencea map location identified using a sub-zone letter, easting (vertical lines) and northings (horizontal lines)Six figure grid referencea detailed map reference using sub-zones, eastings and northings to locate a small featurecompass pointsHow directions on a map are described (North, south, East etc.)HeightShown in metres above sea level. Can be shown using: colour, contours, spot heights and/or triangulation pillarsSlope/GradientChanges in steepness are identified by the spacing of the contoursCalculating gradientDifference in height between any two points ➗ the distance between pointsDrawing a sketch map1:Draw a frame the same shape as the map extract 2:give the sketch a title and indicate north with an arrow 3:draw the coastline (if present) 4:insert features and name each in the legend/keyforegroundThat part of a landscape or picture situated or represented as nearest the spectator.middle groundthe part of a work between the foreground and backgroundbackgroundThe part furthest away from the viewer of a photostreet planA large-scale map of a town or city showing the name and position of all streets in the area coveredHistoric MapA map which looks at a certain time in history. Different examples include War battle Maps, old road or political maps. These maps are used to analyze the past.satellite imageimage of a larger region on earth taken by a satellite orbiting in space. Their uses include: finding out how a natural disaster has effected an area and helping to forecast and track weather conditionscross-sectionthe intersection of a three-dimensional figure and a planesketch mapa rough hand drawn map drawn in the field or from an aerial photograph, used to analyse landscapesMantleThe layer found underneath the earth's crust.Continental driftThe process whereby continents broke apart and moved.Convection currentsThe name given to magma moving in circular motions within the mantle.CrustThe layer of rock that forms Earth's outer surface.Inner coreThe solid centre of the earth.MagmaSemi-molten rock within the mantle.PangaeaThe name given to the landmass 250 million years ago when all continents were connected.MoltenThe word used to describe hot, melted rock.PlateA large slab of the earth's crust.Plate boundaryWhere plates meet.MagmaHot molten material found in the outer core of the earth's surface.Folded MountainsMountains that form as continental crusts crumples and bends into folds.Pyroclastic FlowA dense cloud of super hot gases and rock fragments that can be as hot as 800' C and can travel faster than 160 kilometers per hour.DensityA property of matter representing the mass per unit volumeStressThe force exerted when an object presses on, pulls on, or pushes against another object.Steam explosionsThese occur when magma comes near water or into contact with it.LandslidesA rapid downhill movement of rock and soil. The collapse may be caused by magma moving underground, an eruption, an earthquake, or even heavy rainfall.FaultA fracture in the Earth's lithosphere along which blocks of rock scrape past each other.Secondary WavesThese travel at a rate of about half as fast as other waves and can only pass through SOLIDS. So, they cannot go through the Earth, they stop at the outer core.AsthenosphereA layer of hotter, softer rock in the upper mantle.EarthquakeSudden movement of large blocks along the fault that causes shaking.Shield volcanoA volcano that is shaped like a broad, flat dome that is built up of many thin layers of hardened lava.SubductionWhen one tectonic plate sinks beneath anothertransform boundaryOccurs where two tectonic plates scrape past each otherFault Block MountainsMountains that form as blocks of rock move up or down along normal faults.Ring of FireThe volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean form a beltVolcanoIs an opening in the earths crust through which molten rock,rock fragments and hot gases erupt.GeyserThis is water under the ground, that when heated rises and will shoot high into the air.Primary WavesThese waves move through the Earth at a rate of about 3 miles (5 kilometers) per second. They can pass through solids, liquids, or gases. As they pass through something, the particles move around which causes the shaking of the ground.MantleThis is earth's thickest layer, measuring nearly 2900 kilometers (1700 mi)Composite VolcanoA volcano that is cone-shaped and is built up of layers of hardened lava and of rock fragmentsCrustThis is a thin layer of cool rock. It surrounds Earth somewhat like a shell surrounds an egg.Volcanic AshA heavy material that comes from a volcano. It is made up of tiny pieces of rock fragments less than 2mm in size.LavaThis is magma that has reached Earth's surface.Inner CoreThe deepest layer of the earth.It is solid and hard. It is also the densest layer of the earth.Deep-Sea VentsThese are hot springs that form at spreading centers in the ocean.Lithosphereit's the most rigid of all layers. and is made up of the crust and very top of the mantle.Tectonic PlatesThese are sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents.Acid RainAcid that gets in rain like sulfurOuter CoreThe only layer of the earth that is liquid. It is also right outside of the inner core. It is the second most dense layer, and is extremely hot.Summer solsticeEarth's rotation axis is tilted directly toward the Sun; happen in JuneWinter solsticeEarth's rotation axis is tilted directly away from the Sun; happen in DecemberFall equinoxEarth's rotation axis is tilted neither toward nor away from the Sun; occur in SeptemberSpring equinoxEarth's rotation axis is tilted neither toward nor away from the Sun; occur in Marchmetamorphic rockrocks that change in structure, texture, and compositionRock Cycleset of natural processes that form, change, break down, and reform rocks.SedimentaryA type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented togethercontact metamorphismwhen rock is changed as it comes in direct contact with magmaweatheringChemical or physical process that breaks down rocks into smaller piecesregional metamorphismwhen pressure builds up in a buried rock deep below the surface or when plates collideerosionTransport of sediment from one place to anotherCourse Grained Igneous RockSlow cooling intrusive rockMetamorphic RockA type of rock that forms from an existing rock that are changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.Fine Grained Igneous RockFast cooling magma in extrusive rockSedimentary RockThis rock type forms as loose materials called sediments become cemented together. Usually, these rocks have layers.compactionthe process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weightExtrusive RockIgneous rock that forms from lava on Earth's surface.metamorphismoccurs when temperature and pressure change within the Earth's crustfoliatedthe texture of metamorphic rock in which mineral grains are arranged in wavy planes or bandscementationThe process in which minerals "glue" sediments together to form rock.Glassy TextureIgneous rocks consisting of material that cooled too quickly for crystals to form.Intrusive RockIgneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface.Uplift and ErosionRocks that have been buried are exposed at Earth's surface because of these two forces...SedimentSmall, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or the remains of organisms; earth materials deposited by erosion.Vesicularspongy appearance, air pockets or bubbles trapped in rock due to rapid cooling (extrusive)slateshale becomes when exposed to slight heat and pressureErosion is caused by...wind, water, gravity, glaciersGraniteAn intrusive igneous rock that is felsicHeat and PressureThese two forces work together to transform rocks deep inside Earth's crust.WeatheringThis is the breaking down of rocks. It can be caused by wind, rain, ice, or gravity.Deposition happens when...there is not enough energy left to transport the sedimentCompaction is caused by...the weight of layers of sediment or water on top of the sedimentDepositionProcess in which sediment is laid down in new locations.ErosionThe movement of sediments. This can be caused by water, wind, or even glaciers.CompactionThe process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight.WindThis causes the most erosion in dry areas that get little rainfall.Cementation is caused by...mineral gluesPumicea volcanic rock that is a light, sponge-like rock usually found at the surface of a lava flow with a mass of gas bubblesquartziteA compact, metamorphic rock consisting essentially of quartz, parent rock is sandstonemarblemetamorphic rock made of calcite from the parent rock limestoneMechanical weatheringa process where big rocks are broken into smaller rocksCementationThe process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass.Chemical weatheringa process where chemical changes occur to the surface of a rock, often causing it to change color or shapeanthracite coalIt's parent rock is bituminous coal. It is noted for being hard and clean burning.parent rockThe rock type prior to the metamorphic rock undergoing heat and pressure. Meaning is it where the metamorphic rock came from.LavaMolten rock that is found above ground.CoolingThis is the process that forms igneous rock.Parent rock of quartzitequartz sandstoneMagmaMolten rock found below ground.Compacting and CementingThese are the processes that form sedimentary rock.Intrusive Igneous RockThis igneous rock formed underground as magma cools slowly. Because it cools slowly, the crystals inside the rock grow very large.MineralAn inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure.Parent rock of marblelimestoneparent rock of gneissgraniteSlow cooling magmaForms large coarse grained crystalsExtrusive Igneous RockThis igneous rock forms as erupted lava cools quickly on Earth's surface. Because it cools so quickly, these rocks have very, very tiny crystals.parent rock of slateshaleFast cooling lavaForms small fine grained crystalsFossilsThis is the remains or impression of an ancient organism. These are only found in sedimentary rock (not igneous or metamorphic).GneissMetamorphic, with zebra-like banding. Formed from graniteBasaltA fine grained igneous rockIgneous RockRock formed from cooling magma and lavaAntrimName county 1ArmaghName county 2CarlowName county 3CavanName county 4ClareName county 5CorkName county 6DerryName county 7DonegalName county 8DownName county 9DublinName county 10FermanaghName county 11GalwayName county 12KerryName county 13KildareName county 14KilkennyName county 15LaoisName county 16LeitrimName county 17LimerickName county 18LongfordName county 19LouthName county 20MayoName county 21MeathName county 22MonaghanName county 23OffalyName county 24RoscommonName county 25SligoName county 26TipperaryName county 27TyroneName county 28WaterfordName county 29WestmeathName county 30WexfordName county 31WicklowName county 32Divergent Plate Boundaryis where two plates move apart from each otherTransform Plate Boundaryis where plates slide horizontally past each otherConvergent plate boundaryis where two plates move toward each otherEurasian plateAustralian plateAfrican plateSouth American platePacific plate (L)North American plate (L)Nazca plateCocos plateCaribbean plateJuan de Fuca plateAntarctic platePhillippine plateIndian plateArabian plateNorth American plate (R)Pacific plate (R)Scotia plateSuna yellow, dwarf star that is hot, fiery, and filled with gases; holds the solar system togetherEarthOnly planet that is known to have human life so far; third planet from the sun; formed over 4 billion years ago; One of the terrestrial planetsMercuryfirst planet from the sun; One of the terrestrial planets; smallest of the 8 planetsVenussecond planet from the sun; One of the terrestrial planets; second brightest natural object in the sky after the moon; similar size to the EarthMarsfourth planet from the sun; One of the terrestrial planets; often called the "red planet" for its reddish appearanceJupiterfifth planet from the sun; One of the terrestrial planets; made mostly out of gases, referred to as "gas giant"; also is 2.5 times more massive than all the planets in the solar system combinedSaturnsixth planet from the sun; One of the jovian planets; Saturn's rings are more obvious in appearance but Jupiter has the most rings.Uranusseventh planet from the sun; One of the jovian planets; also has rings because it is considered one of the four giant planets.Neptuneeighth planet from the sun; One of the jovian planets; also has rings because it is considered one of the four giant planets.MagmaHot molten material found in the outer core of the earth's surface.Folded MountainsMountains that form as continental crusts crumples and bends into folds.Pyroclastic FlowA dense cloud of super hot gases and rock fragments that can be as hot as 800' C and can travel faster than 160 kilometers per hour.DensityA property of matter representing the mass per unit volumeStressThe force exerted when an object presses on, pulls on, or pushes against another object.Steam explosionsThese occur when magma comes near water or into contact with it.LandslidesA rapid downhill movement of rock and soil. The collapse may be caused by magma moving underground, an eruption, an earthquake, or even heavy rainfall.FaultA fracture in the Earth's lithosphere along which blocks of rock scrape past each other.Secondary WavesThese travel at a rate of about half as fast as other waves and can only pass through SOLIDS. So, they cannot go through the Earth, they stop at the outer core.AsthenosphereA layer of hotter, softer rock in the upper mantle.EarthquakeSudden movement of large blocks along the fault that causes shaking.Shield volcanoA volcano that is shaped like a broad, flat dome that is built up of many thin layers of hardened lava.SubductionWhen one tectonic plate sinks beneath anothertransform boundaryOccurs where two tectonic plates scrape past each otherFault Block MountainsMountains that form as blocks of rock move up or down along normal faults.Ring of FireThe volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean form a beltVolcanoIs an opening in the earths crust through which molten rock,rock fragments and hot gases erupt.GeyserThis is water under the ground, that when heated rises and will shoot high into the air.Primary WavesThese waves move through the Earth at a rate of about 3 miles (5 kilometers) per second. They can pass through solids, liquids, or gases. As they pass through something, the particles move around which causes the shaking of the ground.MantleThis is earth's thickest layer, measuring nearly 2900 kilometers (1700 mi)Composite VolcanoA volcano that is cone-shaped and is built up of layers of hardened lava and of rock fragmentsCrustThis is a thin layer of cool rock. It surrounds Earth somewhat like a shell surrounds an egg.Volcanic AshA heavy material that comes from a volcano. It is made up of tiny pieces of rock fragments less than 2mm in size.LavaThis is magma that has reached Earth's surface.Inner CoreThe deepest layer of the earth.It is solid and hard. It is also the densest layer of the earth.Deep-Sea VentsThese are hot springs that form at spreading centers in the ocean.Lithosphereit's the most rigid of all layers. and is made up of the crust and very top of the mantle.Tectonic PlatesThese are sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents.Acid RainAcid that gets in rain like sulfurOuter CoreThe only layer of the earth that is liquid. It is also right outside of the inner core. It is the second most dense layer, and is extremely hot.Primary sectorInvolve the extraction of raw materials to be supplied to other industries Farming, forestry, fishing, miningSecondary sectorWhere raw materials are assembled or manufactured to produce finished goods Food processing, manufacturing, assembling, buildingTertiary sectorJobs which involve providing goods and services for the public Transport, retail, medicine, cateringQuaternary sectorInclude people who provide specialist information and expertise to all the above sectors Research, design engineering, computer programming, financial managementPre-industrial phaseThe primary sector leads the economy and may employ more than two-thirds of the working population Agriculture is by far the most important activityIndustrial phaseSecondary and tertiary sectors increase in productivity Secondary sector peaks at this stage Primary sector declines in importancePost-industrial phaseTertiary sector is now the most important sector Primary and secondary sectors continue their decline Quaternary sector begins to appearBalance of the sectors worldwideBalance of economic sectors change from country to country It depends on the level of development Developing countries fall in low-income categories Developed countries fall in high incomeFactors influencing the location of economic activitiesRaw materials Cheap land Customers Good transport Infrastructure Employees AmenitiesCBD (central business district)The area of a town or city where retail and office activities are clustered.Superstores and retail parksLarge areas with adjacent car parks occupied by either one huge hypermarket or a number of retailing companies in separate buildings Often serve customers drawn from more then one town or cityIndustrial estatesAreas of modern light and service industries Have planned layout and purpose-built road networkBusiness parksAreas created by property developers to attract firms needing offices and retail accommodation and retail accommodation. (Rather then industrial units). Often include leisure activities such as bowling alleys, ice rinks and cinemasScience parksUsually located close to a university or research centre Has the aim of encouraging and developing high-tech industries and quaternary activitiesfactors influencing location of economic activities- good transport links - employees - amenities - raw materials - cheap land - infrastructure - customersAccessibility as a factor of location- key factor with most economic activities - CBDs tend to be very accessible (transport networks) hence why services are usually placed hereDecentralisation- become more prominent over the past 25 years - tertiary businesses especially have been moving out of the CBD to the suburbs and rural-urban fringewhat are sector shifts?changes in the relative importance of the economic sector that take place as a country developsCase study example of an NEE and the phase of the Clark Fisher model it is currently inChina, industrial phaseCase study example of an LIC and the phase of the Clark Fisher model it is currently inEthiopia, pre-industrial phaseCase study example of an HIC and the phase of the Clark Fisher model it is currently inUK, post-industrial phasesubsistence agriculturefarmers produce enough to meet the needs of their families. There is little or no food left over for sale or profit.Commercial farminglarger scale farming where the products are sold in markets. These may be local national or international.Quality of lifethe degree of well-being and satisfaction felt by a person or a group of peopleStandard of livingthe degree pf wealth and material comfort available to a person or communityTransnational Corporation (TNC)a large company operating in a number of countries and often involved in a variety of economic activitiesInformal sectortypes of work that are not officially recognised; informal work is usually done by people working for themselves on the streets of cities, mainly in developing countries.paratransitinformal sector transport, often resulting from inadequate official transport in towns and cities in developing countriesunderemploymenta person seeking full-time work can only find part-time jobsunemploymentan individual, of working age, who is not currently in a jobrural-urban migrationthe movement of individuals from the countryside into towns and citiesMalthusA pessimistic theory about resources and population. The population will grow faster than food supply and there will no longer be sufficient food to feed the population.BoserupAn optimistic theory about resources and population. Food supply would increase to accommodate population growth, due to technological advancements.over-populationpopulation numbers exceed resources, this is unsustainable.under-populationa rare situation where resources exceed populationoptimum populationpopulation and resources are in a balance, which is sustainablethe energy mixthe range of energy sources of a country (both renewable and non-renewable)energy securitywhen a country is able to meet all its energy needs reliably, preferably from within its own bordersenergy gapa gap created because the loss of energy caused by phasing out the use of fossil fuels is greater than the amount of energy being developed from new, low-carbon sources.sustainablea term used to describe actions that minimise negative impacts on the environment and promote human well-being for the future.sustainable energyenergy sources that will not be depleted through use and can be used to aid a more energy efficient future.

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