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Bio II Exam 3: Plant Form

Terms in this set (57)

What two things do vascular plants consist of?
1. root system
2. shoot systen
Underground system that anchors the plant and is used to absorb water and minerals
root system
above ground system that consists of multiple supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves and reproductive flowers
shoot system
What are the three basic tissue systems that leaves contain
1. dermal
2. ground
3. vascular
tissue used for protection; wax and bark
dermal
tissue used for storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
ground
tissue used for conduction
vascular
What are the two types of vascular system and what are they used for
1. xylem: water
2. phloem: nutrients
Clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei
meristems
What do meristems do
They act as stem cells do in animals; one cell divides producing a differentiating cell and another that remains meristematic
3 characteristics of dermal tissue
1. forms the epidermis
2. covered with a fatty cutin layer making the cuticle
3. contains special cells
What three special cells does dermal tissue contain
1. guard cells
2. trichomes
3. root hairs
paired, sausage-shaped cells
guard cells
Characteristics of guard cells
1. flank a stoma, which is the passageway for oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. guard cell formation is the result of an asymmetrical cell division that produces a guard cell and subsidiary cell which aids in the stoma opening and closing
How does the stomata work? 5 stages
1. blue light activates ATP synthase
2. protons are pumped out of guard cells and, forming electrochemical gradient
3. potassium ions enter guard cells through voltage-activated ion channels
4. chloride ions also enter guard cells through ion channels
5. water enters guard cells by osmosis, and stoma opens
What are the three types of the ground tissue system
1. parenchyma tissue
2. collenchyma tissue
3. sclerenchyma tissue
What are the functions of parenchyma tissue
photosynthesis, storage, and secretion
What is the function for collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue
structure
What kind of structure do collenchyma cells produce
flexible, sometimes curly, structure that is able to climb
What kind of structure do sclerenchyma cells produce?
structural support that is very hard and often dead at maturity
Constitutes the main water and mineral conducting tissue
Xylem
Continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranges end-to-end
vessels
Dead cells that taper at the end and overlap on another
tracheids
Difference between vessels and tracheids
Vessels are shorter and wider and able to conduct water more efficiently
constitutes the main food-conducting tissue in vascular plants
phloem
elongated cells found in phloem; living cells that contain clusters of pores called sieve areas or sieve plates; more specialized; associated with companion cells
sieve tube elements
Undertake all the metabolism for sieve tube elements
companion cells
What are the downsides for vessel elements
1. so much open space that water freezes in cold climate
2. forms air pockets which closes vessel and causes cohesion/adhesion to stop (cavitation)
Little pockets of meristem cells
primordia
Point of attachment of leaf to stem
node
area of stem between two nodes
internode
flattened part of leaf
blade
angle between petiole/blade and stem that maximizes photosynthesis
axil
stalk of leaf
petiole
develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers
axillary bud
extends the shoot system during the growing season
terminal bud
Primary growth
Extends vertical axis using the meristem (all plants)
secondary growth
horizontal growth using cambium (only certain gymnosperms and woody plants)
Make cork cells which produce bark
cork cambium
cylinder of continuously dividing cells
cambium
unusual but advantageous
advanticious ex. rhizomes
swollen underground stems, consisting of fleshy leaves ex. onions
bulbs
superficially resemble bulbs, but have no fleshy leaves
corms
horizontal underground stems, with advanticious roots
rhizomes
horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground. ex. strawberries
runners and stolons
swollen tips of rhizomes that contain carbs
tubers
twine around supports and aid in climbing
tendrils
flattened photosynthetic stems resembling leaves
cladophylls
two characteristics of leaves
1. main site of photosynthesis
2. veins consist of both xylem and phloem and are distributed throughout the leaf blades
contain undivided blades; may have teeth, indentations or lobes
simple leaves
have blades that are divided into leaflets
compound leaves
leaflets in pairs along an axis
pinnate
leaflets radiate out from a common point
palmate
surround true flowers and behave as showy petals
floral leaves
reduce water loss and may deter predators
spines
succulent, cone-shaped leaves that allow photosynthesis underground; sides are green and the tops are clear; good in desert
window leaves
insectivorous leaves
trap insects
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