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US Exam 2

Terms in this set (149)

1925 Trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of the theory of evolution; it became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties. scopes trial reflected enduring tension between two definitions of american freedom. Chrisitan fundamentalists, clung to traditional idea of "moral" liberty- voluntary adherence to time-honored religious beliefs. evolution contradicted the bible which they believed to be literal. defenders included American Civil Liberties Union which had persuaded him to violate the law in order to test its constitutionality, freedom ment above all the right to independent thought and individual self-expression. Tennessee law offered lesson in dangers of religious intolerance and merger of church and state. trial highlight when Clarence Darrow called William Jenings Bryan to stand as "expert witness" on Bible. he ended up admitting to not believing literally everything in bible opending door to nonliteral interpretation. jury found him guilty but got out on technicality
• Scopes "Monkey" Trial
○ About Scopes substitute teacher in Tennessee broke new law against teaching evolution in High Schools 1925
○ Challenge by the ACLU- American Civil Liberties Union convinces scope to teach it
§ New social group at the time
○ Fundamentalist movement, witness to stand was William Jennings Bryan- Christian Fundamentalist, Democrat and beloved by Populists
§ Campaigns on religious ideas- becomes well recognized and respected figure, travel around america giving speeches, well known
□ Religion and politics intertwined
□ Proponent of social gospel- changes responsibility of Christian from private to public social justice good of world responsibility
□ Argues his speeches is attempt is to keep America moral and christian
§ Start witness for prosecution arguing law upheld not acceptable to teach
□ Christian Fundamentalist like Bryan
® Takes Bible very literally
○ Charles Darrow chief lawyer for accused, able to make Bryan look foolish pushing him on difficulties of fundemental belieiving everything in bible was real- make science and religion look incompatable
○ Bryan not necessarily a fundamentalist but highly religious, willing to say some things but doesn't take things always literally, understands flaws of fundamentalists
○ Prosecution wins but conviction is overturned by techencality
○ Victory of Christian Fundamentalists
§ Other anti-evolution laws being put into place like Mississippi and Arkansas
□ Along coasts and cities anti-evolution not gaining traction
□ Where popular is in south, rural
® Protect themselves from major cities and elite places
• Scopes Trial becomes one of first publicized legal circuses
○ Dayton Tennessee turned into every newspaper has reporter there, radio clips played
§ Advances in tech used to publicize event
○ Papers release special editions to report on what is going on at trial
○ Reel clips take
§ First news reel clips taken and used for this
○ Tech advances to make it a national trial
§ Plessy not publicized in same way because of lack of tech
• Scopes trial takes on own life because after WWI america has identity crisis
○ What does it mean to be american
• Scopes Trial Consequences
○ Is America a frontier Christian nation made up of good americans or is America a tech pioneering outwardly looking nation
§ Issue of identity
§ Fundamentalist
□ Support prohibition, strict laws against moral behavior, against homosexuality becoming more recognized in city
□ In rural increasing legislation against discussin contraception, regulation sexual lives, regulation clothing, blasphemy laws, protect identity of america as christian moral nation
□ Concerned see america s christion republic, successful because of combo of chrisitanity and republicanism- educated individuals who participating in electing and are in gov
□ Involved in social reform groups
§ Defense
□ America as modernizing naiton become greate through tech and modernizing advances, why its superpower
□ Entreprenurail spirity why successful
□ Interested legislating workers wage working laws, social reform organization
○ Issue what is america going to be?
§ Christian moral republic
§ Industrial tech advanced society

Christian Fundamentalism

Fundamentalist began early 2oth century. many evangelical protestants felt threatened by decline of traditional values and increased visibility of Catholicism and Judaism because of immigration. Resented growing presence within mainstream Protestant denominations of "modernists" who sought to integrate science and religion and adapt Christianity to the new secular culture. Convinced literal truth of Bible formed basis of Christian belief. launched campaign to rid protestant denominations of modernism and to combat new individual freedoms that seemed to contradict traditional morality. Billy Sunday revivalist preacher. important strain of 1920s culture and politics. Prohibition was strongly supported by fundamentalists. presence in Scopes Trial . issue attempting to impose religious and moral values on entire society through legislation

William Jennings Bryan

participated in Scopes Trial as witness for prosecution. admitted to not believe literally everything in bible which his support the Fundamentalists believe and issue was about.

1919 Prohibition amendment that made illegal the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcholic beverages; repealed in 1933. divided democratic party into wet and dry wings. greatest expansion of national authority since Reconstruciton, raised major questions of local rigghts, individual freedom, and wisdom of attempting to impose religious and moral values on entire society through legislation.

• Women get Vote 1920

Harlem Renaissance

Great Migration WWI continued throughout 1920s and black population of big cities more than doubled. Harlem gained international reputation as "capital" of black america, mecca for migrants and immigrants. 1920s became famous for slumming as groups of whites visited dance halls, jazz clubs and speakeasies in search of exotic adventure. real harlem was community of widespread poverty, residetns confined to low wage jobs and barred from neighborhoods due to housing discrimination. few blacks shared in prosperity of 1920s. Renaissance- harlem contained vibrant black cultural community that established links with New York's artistic mainstream. poets and noveleists befriended and sponsered by white intellectuals and published by white presses. term "New Negro" associated in politics with pan-Africanism and Garvey movement in art meant rejection of established stereotypes and a search for black values to put in their place. quest led writers of renaissance to roots of balck experieience, Africa and rural south traditions and life of urban ghetto. writings also contained strong element of protest
African American literary and artistic movement of 1920s centered in New York City's Harlem neighborhood; writers Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neal Hurston, and Countee Cullen were among those active in the movement

○ American Civil Liberties Union- social group represents American concerns after WWI 1920
§ Founded to protect anti-war people in 1920s as main goal
§ 2 of 3 founders were pacifists during war and involved in protecting civil liberties of pacifists
□ Right to object to war
§ Big concerns at first are anti-war protesters being protected, and freedom of speech
□ Freedom of speech not well loved clause in bill of rights before 1920
® Not talked about much
® Gov trampled freedom of speech and people didn't really object
® In most states easy to prove someone was libeling you, libel claims held up in court
□ Higher amount of conscientous objectors in WWI not just religious like previous wars
® Ideological basis to objections to war- harder for Americans to interpret and understand
◊ See as unpatriotic, against what america stands for
® Begin to build argument about free speech not seen before- right to express rejection to war should be protected by gov
§ Freedom speech hot issue
□ Linked to identity, what is america
® For fundamentalists harder to shut down atheist talk and vice versa
◊ Scopes trial part- can objectional ideas be spoken
} Lawyer Darrow ardent atheist, Bryan opposite
- Get along well, both walk away with understanding that conversations have to happen
w Neither will totally win war of public opinino
w Darrow continues to crusade for atheism but stops attacking christianity in same way
} Is america christian nation, atheist nation, place for disagreeing?
○ Becomes champion for labor groups, increasingly push for labor reforms protec labor unions
○ Support womens groups
§ One of founders if woman lawyer, fights for womens suffrage, helps write amendment
§ Crusades for right for women to have equal freedom of speech as men
○ Small amount against Jim crow laws- not really concerned about race at this time

Lost Generation

Group of artists and writers who emigrated to Paris in reaction to disillusionment with the conservatism of American politics and materialism. they felt that europe valued art and culture and appreciated unrestrained freedom of expression. "free mob" destroyed right of individual ideas. 1920s.

The Great Gatsby

§ The Great Gatsby exemplifies or challenges American Dream
○ About eccentric millionaire in love with neighbor's wife
○ Narrated by younger man taken under Gatsby's wing watching his fall
○ Book flop in 1920s Fitzgerald feels like failure
○ Highlights realities of 20s
§ Enormously rich as well as prohibition and issues, difference between rich and poor, morality, split between earners and bootleggers
○ People learned to love Jazz
○ American Dream according to Fitzgerald
§ Afford leisure activities and things
□ Half owned radio
□ Half in urban access to transportation
□ Rise of movies
§ Choices in life opportunities, choices in consumerism shown in department stores
§ Women doing vast amount of purchasing, women wanted choices to reflect class, opinion, beliefs
§ On one hand about money to have choices consume leisure things live in nuclear family style home, on other hand not only part and doesn't bring happiness
§ Fitzgerald wanted to marry woman he loved
□ Making choices to make your own life
□ Sense of independence
□ Romantic love and marriage
® Idea by 1920 2 and 3 generations choosing partner because of love not arranged, facing realities its hard comes into conflict with economic gain, match well personality wise
□ Is it american dream to make bad choices
○ Increasingly developing tension between urban and rural life
§ Nick Caraway new arrival to urban scene
§ Seems that moral assumptions of rural world not same as urban world which has speakeasies
§ Tension- is there more than one american dream, different vision of americas
□ Urban easy to get alcohol, america as superpower, cosmopolitan center, gay communities more free time, time can be yourself
□ In rural not much alcohol, community based place, good of community more important than good of individual, still mass consumerision and increasing connection to urban through radios, movies, magazines
○ Reflected on over the top-ness of the age

Charles Lindbergh

Made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic 1927. child kidnapped. celebrity with intensive press coverage
◊ Symbolism freedom, power of US, superior, new dominance in world and new possibilities for transportation, independence

The Great Depression

stock market crash November 6, 1929 losing more than 10 bisllion in market value. stock market crash didnt by itself cause depression. signs econmic trouble before. real estate speculation, banks failing, mortgages foreclosed, highly unequal distribution of income and prolonged depression in farm regions reduced American purchasing power. european demand for american goods declined. wiped out thousands of investors, greatly reduced business and consumer confidence. global financial system based on gold ill equipped to deal with downturn. banks failed world wide as depositors withdrew money. 1929-1932 prices fell of shares, stocks fells, more than 11 million american out of jobs. transformed american life- hundreds of thousands took to road in search of work, thousands evicted, ramshavkly shantytowns Hoovervilles. people moved back to farms to try to grow own food but little success. image big business collapsed. resignation from some, protests from others. hoover's response- belt tightening, gov intervention to aid jobless would do little to spur economic recover and encourage americans to rely on gov charity to address misfortune. remained committed to associattional actions. put faith in efforts by local charity organizations to assis and put faith in voluntary steps by business to maintain employment and investment.
• The Great Depression
○ Causes
§ Stock market crash 1929 doesn't cause, is symptom
§ Gets worse over time 1933 rock bottom until 1937 crashes again
§ Slump in consumption, everyone who can buy car already has one
§ Banks are lending more than they have in vaults
□ No banking regulations yet
□ WWI destabalizes international economy so go away from gold standard
® Cattapults econonmy 1920s, inflation
® Banks feel free to lend without regard for what they have
§ Companies had to fire people when people not buying as much products in 1920s, also laid off when crash
□ What produced not in line with what consumed, over production second industrial revolution, too much stuff- not as important in argument for cause
□ More symptom of crash than cause
§ Rise purchasing things on credit- buy things without having the money to pay it back
□ How 1920s looks as affluent as they do
□ Payment plan to afford leisure living
□ Extends what banks have and what people can afford to pay
§ Dust Bowl
□ Cause and symptom exacerbates
□ Bread basket region incapable of supporting crops
§ Low cost agricultural products
□ Farmers not making enough money and couldn't pay off loans
□ More symptom
§ International banking crisis
□ 1920s american banks increasingly international in scope, buying and lending internationally
□ Tied america commercially to world, tied to finances of international world WWI
® Germany owes reparation to France US GB
□ As go from gold standard
® Germany stops paying back its loans, Germany in deep recession
® Engalnd and france start calling in loans as well as America
® System crashes on itself
◊ Gov call in loans from commercial banks, banks have to call in loans from people lent money to
} Since not gold standard, not as much cash as lent in various places before
} Contraction in economy
- Means if had 50$ in stock can be worth 5 or less
w Problem
w Most americans not involved in stock markets, have small savings accounts, not bank accounts
w Average american price of goods go up while wages stays same or decreases
□ All start happening late 1927 early 1928
® Stock market crash black Friday 1929 stock markets not doing well over a year, concerns stability of america's economy
○ 1929 bad for corporations, wealthy
§ Not as bad immediately for everyone else

Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed. period of unusually dry weather worsened depressions impact on rural america. john steinbecks novel the grapes of wrath.
○ Scary to people
○ For much of american history, expansion and farming as what america does is main idea of America, image, what they do
○ Scary for farmers
§ What do with themselves
○ AAA encourage farmers to leave land lay fallow scary for farmers
○ Not farmers feel welfare program- paid to not do work
§ Combat FDR gives Hollywood money to produce documentaries about programs and why put in place
• Movie The Plow that Broke the Plains 1937 Farming Educational Documentary
○ Dust Bowl and why new deal plans are good thing
○ Well respected director
○ Hollywood likes film, concerned about being tool of state, rebel against film later saying propaganda
○ Other groups worried, object to new deal don't like documentary, others don't like how presented why Dust Bowl happened

○ Country high winds and sun, no water- rivers streams, little rain
○ Cattleman's paradise once
§ Fortune in beef
○ More people moving in
○ Agricultural technology used on plains
○ Lonely people, hard years, rain failed them
○ Great day coming, day new profits, - WWI
§ Wheat prices soar, sending food overseas
§ Major agricultural technology
□ Covering more land
§ Showing new agriculture with machines comparing with war tanks, winning the war
§ Agriculture helped win the war
○ Reached golden age and plowed the plains, millions of new acres
§ Had man power, invented new machines, world was their market
§ More wheat producd
○ Then Dust Bowl Happens
§ After war, drought, machines not in action, sitting and rusting
§ Land desolate
□ Children help working trying to survive
□ People leaving, cant survive
® Heading west
◊ Desporate for days work to survive as travel, chance to start over, to eat, medical care, homes again
○ Tragic chapter in american agriculture
○ Gov helping them for survival

• People objected to documentary
○ Pity farmers moving west, harder to justify Border Laws put into place to keep them out
○ Overproduction WWI caused farmland to be ruined
§ War caused this, people upset, think Hollywood communists
○ Indicates happen because fed gov trying to get families to move into great plains for farmlands but land unusable
§ Critical of previous federal gov 1920s Republican gov encouraging people to move further west onto unfarmable land
○ Overplowing, plows change to more technological electrified, technology caused dust bowl, made possible to farm all land
§ With horse plows cant farm that much
§ With technology plows plowed all so land ruined
○ Film portrayed all areas in same light, reality not everywhere desert dust conditions
• Federal government like enough to hire him to do again called The River, Mississipi

Issue fed gov begun to be involved in, affects small segement population that extends to affect americans in some way

International Banking Crisis

see Great Depression

Republican 1928 election. fixer. exemplicy new era of American capitalism. condemned gov regulation as an interference with economic opportunities of ordinary Americans, also insisted that self-interest should be subordinated to public service. considered himself progressive but preffered associational action- private agencies directed regulatory and welfare politices to government intervention in the economy. Great Depression- 1929 hoover's response- belt tightening, gov intervention to aid jobless would do little to spur economic recover and encourage americans to rely on gov charity to address misfortune. remained committed to associattional actions. put faith in efforts by local charity organizations to assis and put faith in voluntary steps by business to maintain employment and investment. voluntary action failed to stem Depression. signed laws creating Reconstruction Finance Corporation which loaned money to failing banks, railroad, and other business and Federal Home Loan Bank System which offered aid to home owners threatened with foreclosure. opposed offering direct reliief to unemployed thinking it would od them a disservice
• Herbert Hoover
○ Self-made business man
○ In charge of rations in WWI
○ Famous 1920s for being a fixer
§ Fundamental in WWI aid sent to Europe, get goods and money there to support people, rationing, raising voluntary money, aid, food suggestions
○ Seen as benevolent figure
○ 1927 member of Cabinet and sent to deal with Great Flood
§ Mississippi had historic flood
□ 100,000s acres flooded, thousands dies, biggest naitional disasters yet
□ People who don't live there don't hear about it much
□ Rural area, not interested in it, more exciting things happen- Babe Ruth, Linburgh. Trials and crimes follow, awareness of mobster activity, people not aware or care about flood
□ Big problem
® Coolidge President at first ignores but becomes clear he cant
◊ Sends Hoover to fix problem
◊ Starts to put into place federal structures to help people in midwest FEMA like structures
◊ One of first times federal gov coming to aid in national disaster, seen as locality maybe state issues
} Scope so big cant handle, america more interconnected
} Hoover if doesn't help agricultural returns will be lower, farm animals lower, people destitute- not good for american economy
- Receives praise for cleanup
○ President seen as someone who fixes big problems
○ Stock crash hope he will help fix it
○ Hoover believes government shouldn't be handing stuff out, aid should come from charitable organizations
§ Funneled money from charitable orgs for WWI and flood
§ Calls on charities to do, fed gov set up to help distribute, funnel funds, not provide funds
§ More people laid off as years go by, inflation increases, charitable organizations also affected by economy
□ By 1931 few charitable organizations have money to help
□ 25% unemployed, families relying on one income
§ Insists will be short term thing
§ Call great depression because sounds better than panic
§ 1933 over 5000 banks closed
§ Banking industry is basiclaly done for
§ republian

Calvin Coolidge

president 1923 after Harding. chief business of American people is business. business and government very close. Republican. isolationism of 1920s represented a reaction against disappointing results of Wilson's military and diplomatic pursuit of freedom and democracy abroad. higher import tax. new appreciation of civil liberties but at same time suppressing. rigorous censorship

Democratic. believed regional economic development would promote economic growth, ease domestic and working lives of ordinary Americans, and keep control of key natural resources in public rather than private hnads.oversaw transformation of Democratic party into a colaition of farmers, industrial workers, reform-minded urban class, liberal intellectuals, northern African Americans, and white supremacist south, united by belief that the federal gov. must provide America with protection against dislocations caused by modern capitalism. active efforts ny national gov to modernize and regulate market economy and to uplift less fortunate members of society. New Deal elevated public guarantee of economic security to the forefront of American discussionsof freedom. 1930s decade of dramatic social upheaval. revitalized labor movement. economic security recognized as a political condition of personal freedom thanks to New Deal. right to comfortable living. gov on side of labor- legal right to form unions
○ Democrat
○ Intends to use fed gov to create jobs and facilitate economic progress
○ Noone anticipates how large new deal ends up being
○ 1934 economist writes book The Great Depression
§ Switch from temporary similar event to the biggest event in their time
§ Becomes momentous ocassion living through, never happened before
□ Changes way thinking
□ Maybe wont be recovery like before
○ Use federal gov to try to spark economic progress
§ Not everyone agrees
§ Republicans agree Hoover, leave alone and it will be alright

New Deal measures including Social Security Act, which offered aid to unemployed and aged and the Fair Labor Standards Act which established national minium wage reflected new understanding of freedom of economic security. some new deal public works initiatives looked to gov planned economic transformation as much as economic relief. gov for first time in business of selling electricity in competition with private companies. disastrous plight of american farmers so initiative called Agricultural ADjustment Act AAA authorized federal gov to try to raise farm prices by settting production quotas for major crops and paying farmers to plant less. succeeded in significantly raising farm prices and incomes but not all farmers benefited. encouraged eviction of sharecroppers and poor tenants. helped housing. gov systematicaly entered housing market. security of the home was fundamental right akin to security of livelihood and secuity of social insurance. Home Owners Loan Corporation and Federal Housing administration insured millions of long-term mortgages issued by private banks. gov built thousands of units of low rent housing. serieise of experiments some of which succeeded and some didnt. tranformed the role of the gov, constructed numerous public facilities and provided relief to millions of needy persons but ny 1934 still 20% unemployed. 1935 Supreme Court began to invalidate key NEw Deal laws including NRA, AAA
First New Deal- measures tranforming financial system, took US off gold standard making possible issuance of more money in hope of stimulatin business activity- measures rescued financial system and greatly increased gov.s power over it
Second New Deal- 1935 spurred by failiure of his initial policies to pull country out of Depression and growing popular clamor for greater economic equality launched Second New Deal. First focused on economic recovery. Emphasis of second was economic security- a guarantee that Americans would be protected against unemployment and poverty. gov should no longer try to plan business recovery but should try to redistribute the national income so as to sustain mass purchasing power in the consumer economy. series of measures atteacked problem of weak demand and economic inequality.. congress levied a highly publicized tax on large fortunes and corporate profits. created the Rural Electrification Agency to bring electric power to homes that lacke dit to enable more Americans to purchase household appliances. one of most successful programs. by 1950 90% of naiton's farms wired with electricity. federal gov tried to promote soil conservation and family farming. farmers received federal assistance in reducing soil loss in their fields. federal gov purchased significant amounts of marginal and eroded land and converted htese areas from farms into national grasslands and parks. it encouraged more enviornmentally conscioius agricultural tenchiques. lon run failed to arrest the trend toward larger farms and fewer farmers.
1938 end New Deal

sign of popular dissatisfaction with slow pace of economic recovery. career embodied socialist and populist traditions of Louisiana. desire to help uplift state's "common people" governor 1928 and 1930 was Senator. used dictatorial power to build roads, schools, and hospitals and increase tax burden on Louisiana's oil companies. called Kingfish. 1934 launched Share Our Wealth movement. called for confiscation of mos tof wealth of reiches Americans in order to finance an immediate grant of $5,000 and a guaranteed job and annual income for all citizens. assassinated 1935.
§ Want more gov stuctures
§ Want share the wealth of rich to poor
□ Use populous rhetoric everyone should have access to certain amounts of wealth

Agricultural Adjustment Act

1933 New Deal legislation that established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration to improve agricultural prices by limiting market supplies; declared unconstituional in United States v. Butler 1936

The Plow that Broke the Plains

Gone With the Wind

○ Biggest boxoffice replaces Birth of a Nation
§ Eve civil war, south grand rich wealthy place
§ Scarlet product, flighty and silly
§ Civil war ruins her family and everyone around her
§ Reinforces southern vision of South- Lost Cause in another box office hit shows south magnificent place, reinforces racist stereotypes
□ Black servants, poor grammar, only care about food- house servant, taking care of white children, care about white families respectability
® Slaves happy and invested in families

Motion Picture Production Code

Motion Picture Production Code- voluntary, doesn't hold lot of weight, ignored

December 7 1941 Japanese planes bombed naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the first attack by a foriegn power on US soil since war of 1812. compete and devestating suprise. roosevelt asked Congress for declaration of war against japan and finally joined WWII

Japanese Internment Camps

largest violation of american civil liberties in the twentieth century. after Japan bombed pearl harbor and US went to war in pacific US Japanese rounded up and put into internment camps. violation of civil rights. California had long history of hostility toward Japanese. now inspired by exaggerated fears of japanese invasion of West Coast and pressured by whites who saw an opportunity to gain possession of Japanese American property, hte military persuaded FDR to issue Executive Order which ordered relocation of all persons of japanese descent from West coast. treatment of mainland japanese americans provided ammunition for japan's claim that its aggressions in asia were intended to defend right of non whites against colonial rule and racist us. subjected to a quasi military discipline in camps. internees did htier best to create atmosphere of home. internment revealed how easily war can undermine basic freedoms. were no court hearings, no due process, and no writs of habeas corpus. press supported policy almost unanimously. groups publicly committed to figting discimination either defended policy or remained silent. courts refused to intervene. held up legality of internment policy insisting order applying only to persons of Japanese descent was not based on race. the gov established a loyalty oath program expecting japanese americans to swear allegiance to gov that had imprisoned htem and enlisted htem in army. 1988 congress apologized for internment and provided compensation to each surviving victim.

• Molotov Pact
○ Non agretion pack between hitler and stalin, ended when invaded Russia

Women's Military Organizations

• Women's Military Organizations
○ Women Accept Vollunteer Organization Service
○ Women's Army Corps
• Women's military organizations important
○ Small
○ Gave women more power in war efforts, access to different kind of participation then ever had before besides nursing or raising money
○ Frees men to fight in war
§ Women role in groups are playing are fixing things, flying planes so men can be on battle front
○ On GI Bill
○ Putting women in military is big cultural shift
§ Not on battlefront but harms way in way hassnt happened before
§ Attitude toward women is changing
§ Utterly unthinkable in WWI
○ Federal gov military strucutre saying place for women in military
§ Woments natures not just loving care takers homemakers
§ Can properly participate in military and do well enough to have own groups

• GI Bill
○ Prevent economy completely collapsing, stall re-entrance veterans in work force
○ Concern what happened WWI when come back economic depression as economy reajusts itself
○ Puts into place re-entry experience for soliders, job training, money college help, help buy houses,
○ One of most important bills

Changes more about america in coming decades than almost anything else
1944. The legislatio that provided money for educaiton and other benefits to military personnel returning from WWII

one of the most far-reaching pieces of social legislation in American history. aimed at rewarding members of armed forces for their service and preventing widespread unemployment and economic disruption that had followed WWI, it profoundly shaped poswtar society. by 1946 more than 1 million veterens were attending college under its porvisions, making up half of total enrollment. almost 4 million would receive home mortgages, spurring postwar suburban housing boom.

Double V Campaign

• Double V Campaign
○ Victory at home and abroad, victory abroad and equality at home
• Campaigns for less segregation and more equality

Tied with fighting for freedom not what have in america right now

• US itself different after WWII
○ Federal gov become even larger and more powerful
§ Some offices go away after war like War Production Board
§ But entire departments remain or created
□ CIA 1940s
□ Newer and larger Secretary of state duties and offices

More assumption federal gov is most important and largest level american government

Jackie Robinson

○ Song about him Jackie Robinson Hit that Ball 1949
○ 1947 breaks color breaker with Dodgers- Big deal
§ Negro leagues increasingly popular after WWI and players increasingly recognized as as capable as white athletes
§ Signs Major Leagues big deal
§ Highlights segregation which is becoming more visible and bigger deal in post war
□ WWII brings white and black soliders together
□ War moves people around, move populations, another migration as well as post WWI, WWII families move
® Things jumbled, women in workplace some leaving some not,
□ Communication makes things more obvious- radio everyone has, some tv
® Makes visible color lines and differences
§ Changing status quo, issues come to light with him being part of team

Issues displayed on national scale with radio, visible, heard on national scale

end of war in europe. not in pacific. may 8, 1945.

• WWII two separate endings- VE day in Europe, and Pacific
○ Pacific ends with atomic bombs 1945
§ Marks beginning new period of world history
§ Atomic bombs change the game
○ One week earlier Stalin, Churchill and Trumin together at Potsdam conference July
§ Meeting of big three, different big three than before because Roosevelt dies earlier 1945
□ Death of Roosevelt- had been president for long time
® Blow to american moral, concerning because had done so much international diplomacy, concerned with Truman as leader
§ Met February 1945 at Yalta Conference where set out vision of world after War over
□ Roosevelts last big diplomatic effort and shows his optimism
§ Potsdam Conference July and August shows how optimism turns to concern
□ Truman decides not to trust USSR and decides to take on Japan himself
• Atomic bombs new era world history
○ Russia then develops 1949
○ Tensions start almost right away

Potsdam Conference

§ Atomic bombs change the game
○ One week earlier Stalin, Churchill and Trumin together at Potsdam conference July
§ Meeting of big three, different big three than before because Roosevelt dies earlier 1945
□ Death of Roosevelt- had been president for long time
§ Potsdam Conference July and August shows how optimism turns to concern
□ Truman decides not to trust USSR and decides to take on Japan himself

Yalta Conference

§ Met February 1945 at Yalta Conference where set out vision of world after War over
□ Roosevelts last big diplomatic effort and shows his optimism
meeting of FDR Churchill, and Stalin at Crimean resort to discuss postwar on Feb 1945; Stalin claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soveit Domination

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Alliance founded in 1949 by ten western European nations, US and Canada to deter Soviet expansion in Europe.

• In response to blockade, countries in Europe going back to making treaties of protection that had before WWI but know cant have without US and US does sign on
○ Creation NATO
○ 1949
§ NATO established, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
□ Ten countries in europe and US and Canada, if one is attacked by Soviet Union, all would intervene
® Unique and shared among groups- before WWII America has weird relation with immigrants and nataive born americans- wary of immigrants
® Many coming from north atlantic countries
® After WWII idea develop shared culture and relationship between two countries
® North Atlantic links htem together shared ideas about culture, gov, life
◊ New idea and new idea what to be America- part of alliance of people who think and act like you
□ Created in opposition to communism and eastern Europe and Russia
® People choosing to become communists have difference sense of culture and what good world is

followed Trumine Doctrine 1947 creation of new natinoal security bodies immune from democratic oversight. Central Inteligence Agency established to gather intelligence and conduct secret military operations abroad.

Truman Doctrine

president officially embraced the Cold War as the foundation of American foreign policy and described it as a worldwide struggle over the future of freedom. convinced Stalin couldn't be trusted and US had responsibility to provide leadership soon determined to put policy of containment into effect. defense of freeedom. as leader of free world, the US must now shoulder responsibility of supporting freedom loving peoples wherever communism threatened them. 1947. created language through which most americans came to understand post war world. sppech established the guiding spirit of american foriegn policy. cold war was in part an ideological conflict. promoting freedom ans social justice while defending their own security. contain communism. suggested US had permanent global responsibility. set precedent for american assistacne to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, mo matter how undemocratic and for the creation of new national security bodies immune from democratic oversight such as CIA
○ 1946 Truman puts together Presidents Committee on Civil Rights
§ Look at what rights kept from americans and what fed gov can do about it
□ Doest accomplish a lot but first time federal oversight on rights
○ 1947 Truman Doctrine
□ Contain communism
□ Everyone should have right to choose democracy and certain freedoms people would want to choose if given the choice
□ Attention of rights and freedoms individuals

President's Committee on Civil Rights

General U.S. strategy in the Cold War that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised by US diplomat George Kennan.

markedly higher birthrate in years following WWII led to biggest demographic "bubble" in American history.
• Baby Boom 1947-1960
○ Out of proportion to ends of other wars
○ Lots of reasons why more children for longer time, families expanding large rates
○ Status of living changing and class and status
○ Tupperware new way for women with expanding family to increase budget
• Plenty women still working outside home
○ But lots go back to home, new expectations
• Dr. Spocks the Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care 1947

• Dr. Spocks the Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care 1947
○ Revolutionizes child care
○ Over 750,000 copies 1947
○ Best seller almost continually for twenty years
○ Different from child care experts before, revolutionary
§ Tells parents, gives parents autonomy back, listen to your gut
□ Between 1880-1947 leading thoeries were children needed to be raised in scientific sterile safe way, scientific regimentation, strict schedules
§ Trust yourself, you know more than you think you do
§ Influenced by wathcing mother and by psychology
○ Interested in understanding how babies work
§ Big change, before 20th century children understood as little adults not different and had to train them to be little adults
□ Treated in different manner
§ Turn century start to change, child labor laws, more compulsory education, child clothing becomes different instead of dressing like adults, childrens clothing becomes fashionable
○ Investigates how babies and children work
§ Decides that children need to feel secure at home, feel love of parents to develop into dependent adult behaviors
□ Before regiment children to train them to act like adults
§ Idea childhood is stage in life and its okay for children to act like children
○ Book controversial when comes out
§ Publishes cheap in beginning, worried about sales
§ Afraid to raise price even when does well first year
□ 1920s advice posters, baby unhappy if fed at family table, if picked up when cry, allowed to go thirsty, not kept dry and clean, kept up late, bounced up and down, given pacifier
® Government concerned about germs and disease
◊ Don't have good antibiotics
◊ Things to do to protect from disease
◊ Flu going around pandemic
◊ WWII changes infant mortality, had been going down, after WWII drops lower than before, fewer diseases less issue, rise of vaccines and access to them, more likely to live out infancy , germs concern not as big concern to Spock
○ Assumes mothers have different types of luxuries, technology
§ Okay to spend time on children because have more time to spend
• To raise good americans now becomes more important goal in america, part of being good american

Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. depicted by painter Norman Rockwell. 1941 FDR outlined four essential freedoms for future world. aims of allied powers. defense of traditional American values. images of real people in small-twon america. painting 1943. freedom as an element of private life
to FDR the four freedoms expressed deeply held American values worthy of being spread world-wide. eesire for secutity in a world that appeared to be out of control. protections of free expression moved to center of americans' definitiono fliberty. sharp contrast to coercive patriotism of WWI and it affirmed sanctity of individual conscience as a bedrock of freedom, even in a time of crisis.

Post WWII Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in US government positions; peaked during the Korean War; most closely associated with Joseph McCarthy, a major instigator of the hysteria. • People think soviet spys everywhere so un-american comitte and actions were okay to most americans
• McCarthy holds position in House of Un-American Activities Commission
○ Claims to have list of 205 names of soviet spies in america on radio and tv, list of important people- politicians and celebrities
○ Goes overnight to big sensation
§ Enough people stand behind him in fear if there are soviet spies in america
□ Afraid of nuclear attacks
□ If active soviet spies in america does that mean american dream is crumbling, if americans choosing to be soviet over american, mean maybe american ideals not best
□ Afraid of war
® Just gotten out of WWII, war weary and threats of war in a lot of places between 1948 to end Cold War

sung "Ballad for Americans" typical expression of Popular Front culture that celebrated the religious, racial and ethnic diversity of American society. black singer. spoke out against inequality and injustices in america. got in trouble for it with Un-American committee. condemned racism as incompatible with true Americanism.
• Paul Robeson
○ Most well respect African Americans, known for voice
○ Comments on race relations, politics, views himself as spokesman for black working class
○ Called in front of House Committee of Unamerican Activities- issue on passport
§ He thinks its ridiculous
□ Questions they ask- are you a communist
® Pleads the 5th a lot, says no but also said why should it matter
◊ It's a legal political party in America
□ Ask about specifics like know any communists, participate in activity, about speeches abroad
® Concerned hes been saying support for communists
§ Says called to meeting because active support of african americans and africans and freedom struggles and when abroad speaks out against injustice against blacks in US, not being tried if communist but for fighting for rights of his people
□ African americans associated with communism in america, riots associated, since 1880s labor unions associated with communism
□ Politicians Afraid of communist labor african americans and communism in wider world
§ Encouraging revolution in places where american politicians are concerned of communism happening
§ Pokes at ridiculousness of McCarthyism
§ Calls them the unpartiots and un-Americans
□ To be american is to be free and make free choices and fight for rights for people
○ Committee thinks he is un-american since going abroad and speaking ill of america, cant be american if speaking ill of america
§ Americans trying to fight and influence whole world for democracy and Robeson is against their actions
§ To be american is support idea of america and democracy despite reality

Idea in interest of idea of naiton gov. has given up some rights of people

House Committee of Un-american Activities

HUAC House Un-American Activities Committee. formed 1938 to investigate subversives in the government and holders of radical ideas more generally; best-known investigations were of Hollywood notables and of former state Department official Alger Hiss who was accused in 1948 of espionage and Communist Party membership. abolished 1975.

1950-1953 • Korean War
○ North Korea invades south Korea
○ Japanese had been in Korea and in control since late 19th century
§ Large part upheld south but less in north
○ Strong nationalist impulse in korea
○ Soviets trying to convince korean leaders of communism
§ Us afraid of this but don't think will provoke them to war
○ US don't predict China begins to influence Korea as well
§ Want to extend own political sphere of influence
§ Expand their sphere in korea, demonstrate ability to sway region
○ 1950 north koreans begin to invade into south
§ Do very good job, push south and allies to southern tip
○ Terrifying to americans
§ Seeing China and Russia influences in korea and its fighting force which is well trained and well equipped
○ Truman and Eisenhower feel committed to policy of containment
§ Presidents feel necessary to go to war despite people not wanting it
§ If allow to spread in korea where else could it spread
○ For people at home means sending family abroad
§ End up increase production, commercialism, new experiences seeing world
• Afraid of what war means, heavily influenced by propaganda

Duck and Cover film

• Afraid of what war means, heavily influenced by propaganda
○ Television is big part of most american life now, gov didn't understand how powerful and influential their propaganda film would be
○ Duck and Cover film
§ Aimed at children
§ Way to lessen fear
§ Goal doesn't mass consequence- in some ways increase fear
§ Don't fuly understand consequences of media

Hollywood reaction to blacklist- 3

• As fear communism sweeps over nation, immigrants, widely traveled and have influence outside of america= hollywood
○ Many owned by Jews
○ Travel abroad
○ Seem like prime candidates for communist spies
§ With tv sphere expand into homes
• Hollywood comes into scrutiny
○ Blacklist of suspected communist actors or producers
§ Cant get jobs again
• Hollywood reacts in 3 ways
○ Reject idea they are un-american, try to make it ludicrous, make films point out how ludicrous it all is
§ Charlie Chaplin film 1956 dedicated to showing house unamerican committee as ridiculous and american and soviets govs as bumbling
○ Others fought differently, series anti-communist propaganda films
§ I was a communist for the FBI

Others like Disney and Raegan actively looked for communist spies themselves

1930 film industry adopted code, a sporadically enforced set of guidelines that prohibited movies from depicting nudity, long kisses, and adultery and barred scripts that portrayed clergymen in a negative light or ciminals sympathetically. filmmakers hoped that self-censorship would prevent censorship by local governments which was not uncommon since not until 1951 were films considered art protected by 1st amendment. leading up to it 1920s filled of censorship.

"clear and present danger"

second Ku Klux Klan

immigration restriction

the "New Negro"

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Scottsboro Boys

1931 In overturning verdicts against nine black youths accused of raping two white women, the U.S. Supreme Court established precedents in Powell vs. Alabama 1932 that adequate counsel must be appointed in capital cases, and in Norris vs. Alabama 1935 that African-Americans cant be excluded from juries. despite weakness of evidence and fact that one of two accusers recanted, put them on trial 3 times and won all. landmark supreme court decisions overturned first two verdicts and establisheed legap principles that reatly expanded definintion of civil liberties- defendents have a constitutional right to effective legal representation and states cant systematically excluded blacks from juries. but court allowed thrid convictions to stand led 5 to jail.

Federal Housing Administration

insisted housing be racially segregated. insured mortgages with clauses barring future sales to non-white buyers and refused to channel money into integrated neigborhoods

sit-down strike

Share our Wealth Movement

Congress of Industrial Organizations

CIO Umbrella Organization of semi-skilled industrial unions, formed in 1935 as the Committee for Industrial Organization and renamed in 1938. labor upheaval- strikes everywhere in 1930s, posed challenge to American Federation of LAbor's traditional policy of organizing workers by craft rather than seeking to mobalize all workers ina given industry. created when the AFL convention 1935 refused the creation of unions of inudstrial workers and a walkout happened. set out to create unions in the main bastions of the American economy. it aimed to secure economic freedom and industrial democracy for American workers, a fair share in wealth produced by labor and a voice in determining working conditions. sit down strikes. union memberships increased. CIO unions helped to stabalize a chaotic employment situation and offered members a sense of dignity and freedom

Works Progress Administration

Social Security ACt

Aid to Families with Dependent Children part of it. fedderal program created 1935, welfare of financial assistance to needy American families

court-packing plan

Mininum Wage Laws

indian New Deal

The Popular Front

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR 1933 hopeing to stimulate trade, exchanged ambassadors with Soviet Union whose gov US previously refused tto recognize. also formalize a policy initiated by Hoover by which US repudiated right to intervene militarily in hte internal affairs of Latin American countries. mixed results. during 1930s US withrdrew troops from Haiti and Nicaragua. FDR accepted Cuba's repeal of Platt amendment. offered belated recogniztion of soveriegnty of America's neighbors.
proclaimed by FDR in his first inaugural address in 1933 it sought improved diplomatic relations between the US and its Latin American neighbors

1930s version of americas long standing desire to avoid foreign entanglements dominated Congress. passed series of neutrality acts that banned travel on belligerents ships and sale of arms to countries at war policies hoped would allow IS to avoid conflicts over freedom of seas that had contributed to involvement in WWI. most americans remained desperate to remain out of conflict.
• America not involved at first in WWII
○ Isolationist period after WWI
○ Didn't want to be involved in foreign affairs
○ Way get involved is monetary and weapon help
§ Lend lease agreements- give army stuff and supplies
§ Resurgence in anglo- love of all things British
§ London bombed

Resurgence all Britain descendants

Neutrality Acts

Arsenal of Democracy

June 6, 1944 when an allied amphibious assault landed on the Normandy coast and established a foothold in Europe, leading to the liberation of France from German occupation

Rosie the Riveter

Patriotic Assimilation

Bracero Program

System agreed to by Mexican and American governments in 1942 under which tens of thousands of Mexicans entered the US to work temporarily in agriculture jobs in the Southwest; lasted until 1964 and inhibited labor organization among farm workers since braceros could be deported at any time

Zoot Suits Riot

Executive Order 9066

Korematsu vs. United States

Second Great Migration

Executive order 8802

Manhattan Project

Bretton Woods Conference

town in New Hampshire and site of international agreement in 1944 by which the American dollar replaced the British pound as the most important international currency, and the World Bank and International Monetary Fund werer created to promote rebuilding after World War II and to ensure that ocuntries didnt devalue their currencies

Atlantic Charter

Issued Agust 12, 1941 following meetings in Newfoundland between FDR and Winston Churchill, the charter signaled the Allie's cooperation and stated their war aims

US program for the reconstruction of post-World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nationas as well as allies; proposed by General Marshall 1947
threat of american military action overseas formed only one pillar of containment. marshall spelled out other. pleged US to contirbute money to finance economic recovery of europe. economic chaos had strengthened communist parties of western europe and american policymakers feared countries might fall into soviet control. offered positive vision to go along iwth containment. it aimed to comabt the idea that capitalism wa sin decline and communism the wave of the future. defined the threat to amerian security as economic and political instability which could be breeding grounds for communism. freedom didnt just mean anticommunism but required teh emergence of political and social ocnditions in which free institutions can exist. plan envisioned a new deeal for europe. proved to be one of most successful foregn aid programs in history. further solidivied the divisions of europe.

National Security Council

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Militant Liberty

totalitarianism

Domestic reform proposals of the Truman administration; included civil rights legislation, national health insurance, and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, but only extensions of some New Deal programs were enacted

Taft-Harley Act

deep south delegates who walked out of the 1948 Demmocratic National convention in protest of the party's support for civil rights legislation and later formed the States' Rights Democratic Party which nominated Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for President

Loyalty Review System

Army-McCarthy Hearings

McCarran-Walter Act

Housing Segregation

Interstate Highway System

National Defense Education Act

Massive Retaliation

Juvenile Delinquency

A term coined by Jack Kerouac for a small group of poets and writers who railed against the 1950s mainstream culture

League of United Latin American Citizens

Brown v. Board of Education

US Supreme Court Decision 1954 that struck down racial segregation in public education and declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional.
Marshall launched frontal assault on segregation. brought NAACPs support to local cases that had arisen when black parents challenged unfair school policies. 1952 five cases were combined in single appeal that reached Supreme Court late in 1952. lawsuit became Brown v Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. Marshall decided thatt time had come to attack not the unfair applications of separate but equal principle but doctrine itself. insisted segregatio nwas inherently unequal since it stigmatized one group of citizens as unfit to associate with others. argued that segregation did lifelong damage to black children undermining their self esteem. new chief justice Warren managed to create unanimity. 1954 decision that segregation in public education violated the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by 14th amendment. did not address segregation in institutions other than public schools or ban all racial classifications in the law. marked emergence of te warren court as an active agent of social change. inspired wave of optimism that discriminaton would soon disappear.
• Brown v. Board of Education
○ Kansas
○ Chosen not specifically southern challenge
§ Few places north or south schools not segregated
○ Compile 8 cases
§ Supreme court unanimous reject separate but equal for schools
□ Effects of case
® Short amount of time if not acceptable for schools then wont be acceptable anywhere
• Reaction to Brown v. Board
○ Emotional and charged
○ Means in north and south changing structures of society- never easy
○ Places before forbidden- bussing not enforced so if community black then schools segregated
○ Even after put into place, south refuses to follow new federal laws
○ Response varied
§ Practical level one group of women League of Women voters has to decide how to respond
§ Educate women how to be good public participants in voting, want to make best citizens possible
§ Southern leaders have to decide how going to react to desegregation- a lot of what they do go to school, educate on voting
§ Reflect complete fear and unclarity about what to do
§ President says will have great impact on nation, everyone's problem, essential leaders agree on role of league, integrity of league and promote principles it believes
§ Some don't want but decide segregation is wrong, first turn to churches to help them tell others its wrong

Montgomery Bus Boycott

after Rosa Parks arrested for not moving to back of bus. protest separate but equal. sparked by Rosa Parks's arrest 1955 for refusing to surrender her seat to a white passenger, a successful year long boycott protesting segregation on city buses; led by MLk jr.
beginning of the mass phase of civil rights movement in the south.

Southern Manifesto

Milatary industrial complex

Emergency Banking Relief Act

1933 First New Deal measure that provided for reopening the banks under strict conditions and took the United States off hte gold standard. provided funds to shore up threatened institutions

Women's Freedom 1920

two competing conceptions- one based on motherhood, the other on individual autonomy and the right to work. division crystallized in debate of an Equal Rights Amendment promoted by Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party. amendment proposed to eliminate all legal distincitons "on account of sex" needed qual access to employment, education, and all other opportunities of citizens. to supporters of mothers' pensions and laws limiting women's hours of labor, which ERA would sweep away, the proposal represented a giant step backward. Apart from National Woman's Party, every major female organization, from League of Women Voters to Women's Trade Union League opposed ERA which didnt pass
Pre-war feminist deman for personal freedom survived in vast consumer marketplace and in actual behavior of liberated young women. female liberation resurfaced as a lifestyle. flapper epitomized change in standards of sexual behavior. new freedom available only during one phase of woman's life. once married, the family claim ruled and expected to seek freedom in confines of home in use of new labor-saving appliances.

American Civil Liberties Union

ACLU, formerly Civil Libertis Bureau, 1920 hel to give meaning to traditional civil liberties like freedom of speech and invented new onces like right to privacy. when began was small organization without a lot of power. WWI issues of civil liberties like arrest of antiwar dissenters under Espionage and SEdition Acts inspired formation. Supreme Court started to slowly protect civil liberties. primarily concerned in 1920s with governmental rpression, by 1934 concluded that the masters of proprty, pposed as great a danger to freedom of speech and assembly as political suthorities.
organization founded during WWI to protest the suppression of freedom of expression in wartime; played a major role in court cases that achieved judicial recognition of Americans' civil liberties. role in Scopes trial.

period of first hundred days Roosevelt's administration. seizing on sense of crisis and momentum of victory, persuaded to creat hose of new agencies including NRA, AAA, CCC. never in american history had a president exercised such power or so rapidly expanded role of federal gov. in people's lives. brought gov into providing reliif to those in need. spending on relief unavoidable with quarter unemployed. created Federal Emergency Relief Administration to make grants to local agencies that aided those impoverished by Depression. FDR preferred to create temoporary jobs combating unemployment while improing nation's infrastructure

National Industrial Recovery Act

centerpiece of Roosevelt's plan for combating Depression, established the National Recovery Administration NRA which would work with groups of business leaders to establish industry codes that set standards for output, prices, and working conditions. industry wide arragnements would be exempt from antitrust laws. NRA reflected even in early days, NEw Deal reshaped understandings of freedom. FDR repudiated oldder idea of liberty based on idea that best way to encourage economic activity and ensure fair distribution of wealth was to allow market competition to operate unrestrained by gov. and to win support from labor, recognized workers' right to organize unions- industrial freedom. NRA established codes that set standards for proudciton, prices, nad wages in industries. gov lacked manpower to enforce many NRA laws. it rpoduced neither economic recovery nor peace between employers and workers. it did help undercut pervasive sense that federal gov was doing nothing to deal with economic crisis. One section created the Public Works Administration. it contracted with private constuction companies to build things for public. also launched Civil Works Administration but was dissolved when complaints that gov creating class permanently dependent on gov jobs

Civilian Conservation Corps

1933 set unemployed young men to work on projects like forest preservation, flood control, and imporvement of national parks and wildlife preserves. gave jobs to nearly 3 million.

Social Security Act

1935 New Deal SEcond, embodied conviction that national gov had responsibility to ensure material welbging of ordianry Americans. created a asystem of unemployment insurance, old age pendions, and aid to disabled, elderly poor, and families with dependent children. launched American version of the welfare state- a term to referm to system of income assistance, health coverage and social servics for all citizens. illustrated both extent and limits of changes ushered in by second new deal. radical depatrure from previous gov policies. emerged as hybrid of national and local funding, control anad eligibility standards. represneted dramatic departure from traditonal funcitons of gov. transformed relationship between fed gov and american citiznes. before 1930s national political debate revolved around whether fed gov should intervene in economy. after new deal, debate rested on how it should intervene. gov also assumed a responsibility for guaranteeing Americans a living wage and protecting htem against economic and personal misfortune.

minstrel show character show name becaem synonymous with racial segregation

Southern Christian Leadership Conference. civil rights organization founded in 1957 by MLK jr and other civil rights leaders. movement of civil rights in south found in southern black hcurch the organizing power for a militant, nonviolent assault on segregation.
1956 took lead in forming coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists to press for desegregation.

○ In China divide- nationalist and communist party
§ Communist led by chairmen Mao
§ Nationalist party led by Shek who wants to get Japan out of China and put elite authoritarian gov in place not communist
□ Married to Madame Sheck
® Essentially chinese american- spends vast majority of her life in America. Goes to Wellsely
® Western education and view of world
® Becomes cult figure in America
◊ White like her because speaks good english and can identify with her on some level
◊ Like her shes personable
◊ Makes american tour during WWII to fight against japanese and support chinese nationalists against commmunists
} Fear chairmen mao has relationshiph with communist russia, potentially with other groups as well
® Beloved especially with chinese americans on west coast
◊ Allows chinese americans to demonstrate determination to help war effort
} Important since confused with japanese americans who were hated and put in interment camps
} Show nationality and patriotism
} Chinese support america

Fear among many americans after WWI of communists in particular and noncitizzens in general, a reaction to russian revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots

low cost mass produced developments of suburban tract housing builty by william levitt after WWII on long island and elsewhere
during 1950s number of houses in US doubled, nearly all of them builtin suburbs that sprang up across landscape. dream of home ownershop was withing reach of majority of americans. developers pioneered inexpensive mass building techniques, and government backed low interest loans to returning veterans allowed working class men and women in large numbers to purchase homes. shortly after war built first lefittown by William and Alfred Levitt becamem ost famous subruban developers. more than 10,000 houses were assembled quickly freom prefabriacated parts and priced well within reach of most Americans.

thousands of families evicted from their homes moved into ramshackly shantytowns that sprang up in parks and on abandoned land. dubbed hooovervilles.

Yalta Convention

Term for tensions 1945-1989 between Soviet Union and the United States, hte two major world powers after WWII.

images of middle class life and advertisements for consumer goods blanketed the countyr. by end of 1950s nearly nine of ten american families owned a tv set. tv replaced newspapers as most comon source of info about public events and tv watching became nation's leading leisure activity. changed american's eating habits with the frozen tv dinner heated and eaten while watching a program and provided amercans of all religions and backgrounds with a common cultural experience. tv generally avoided controversy and projected bland image of middle classs life. became most effective advertising medium. freedom was consumerism
transform politics by alllowing candidates to bring a carefully crafted image directly in america's living rooms. 1952 campaign became first to make extensive use of tv ads.

all white jury in mississippi acquitted the murderers of black teenager who had allegedly whistled at white women in 1950s
•
Emmitt Till's Murder
○ Hes from chicago supposedly whistled at white woman
§ Family part of great migration after WWI
§ Sent to south in summer to be apart of african american community- keep families connected
○ Relatives beat him up and murdered him
○ Death isnt exceptional in the south
§ Lots of black boys and men die
○ Exceptional is public response
§ Black community nationwide response
§ North outrage
□ Usually norhterners left alone
§ Unlike most deaths which are covered up
§ Mother makes sure his death is taken to press and publicized and make sure everyone knows, demands enqury
□ Uses NAACP, calls on north and south black ministers to preach against violence, same for white ministers
® Wants both communities to respond against violence

flapper movement

• Flapper movement
○ Women, short skirts, smoking, drinking, sexual freedom
○ Representative of new women
§ Big deal
□ Change in look, dress, hair

○ Becoming more important part of society
○ Before 1920 do with local lender especially true with farming communities
○ After more corporate credit
§ Credit to banks and stretching further from local communities
§ Installment plans
§ Big business

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