heart/blood/arteries/veins
what are the functions of blood?
transportation of O2 and Co2
regulation of body temp, pH and fluid volume
protection/production of antibodies
what are the 3 factions of blood and their percentage?
1. erythrocytes 44%
2. buffy coat 1%
3. plasma 55%
what are erythrocytes characteristics?
RBC's (mature RBC's lack nuclei and other organelles)
small in size
biconcave shape
what is the red pigmented protein in erythrocytes?
hemoglobin (which reversibly transports O2 and Co2 in the blood)
what is erythropoiesis?
the process of erythrocyte production (about 3 million erythrocytes are produced per second)
what are characteristics of leukocytes?
they possess a nucleus and organelles
they are known as defenders
what are the three leukocytes-granulocytes?
neutrophils- bacteria
eosinophils-antibody
basophils-histamine
what are platelets?
involved in the clotting of blood
produced by megakaryoctyes in the red bone marrow
the arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called what? and why?
great vessels; they have relatively large diameter
what are the two circulations in the cardiovascular system? and where are they located?
pulmonary ( right side of heart) and systemic (left side of heart)
what are the three layers of the heart wall?
epicardium (visceral layer) , myocardium (cardiac muscle), and endocardium (internal surface of heart chambers and external surface of heart valves)
what are the three veins that drain into the right atrium?
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
what are the characteristics of elastic arteries?
largest of the arteries, near the heart, stretch under increased pressure by blood flow
what are the characteristics of arterioles?
smallest arteries, less than six cell layers of smooth muscle, causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation
what is the difference in vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
constriction: elevation of blood pressure
dilation: lowering of blood pressure
what are veins?
blood vessels that drain capillaries and return blood to the heart. much lower pressure than in arteries
which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responisble for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?
systemic circulation
blood is returned by way of?
inferior vena cava to the right atrium; from lower limbs, pelvis and perineum and abdominal structures
what three arteries are responsible for supplying the organs of the gastrointestinal tract?
celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesentric artery
what are the three branches off of the celiac trunk? and what do they supply?
1. left gastric (stomach and lower esophagus)
2. splenic artery (spleen and part of stomach)
3. common hepatic artery (liver, gall bladder, and portion of the stomach)
what are characteristics of the epiglottis?
spoon-shaped, swallowing closes the opening to the larynx and prevents material from entering lower respiratory tract
the broncial tree is made up of what?
left and right primary bronchi, secondary bronchi and tertiary bronchi (off secondary bronchi)
what are the two categories of organs in the digestive system?
1. digestive organs (GI tract)
2. accessory digestive organs
what are the organs of the GI tract?
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon)
what are the accessory digestive organs?
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
what are the two types of movement involved in propulsion of food?
peristalsis: ripple-like wave of muscular contraction
segmentation: churning and mixing of material
what structuarl features are in the oral cavity?
cheeks, lips, palate, tongue, salivary glands, teeth
what are the functions of saliva?
moisten, chemical digestion, antibacterial action, dissolve material
what are the three arteries that supply the abdominal GI tract?
celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesentric artery
what are the structures of the large intestine?
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal