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Endocrine Final

Terms in this set (319)

Are proteins and polypeptide hormones transported bound or freely moving

are proteins and polypeoptides water soluble or lipid soluble

where is the receptor fro proteins/polypeptides

which two hormones are lipid soluble

steroid hormones
thyroid (thyrosine)

which two hormones are water soluble

proteins/polypeptides
catecholamines

how are steroids and thyroid hormones transported

where is the receptor for steroid hormones

cell cytoplasm/ cell nucleus

where is the receptor for thyroid hormones

where are proteins and polypeptide hormones made

are proteins polypeptides made in advance or stored

made in advance

where are steroid hormones made

smooth ER and mitochondria

where are adrenal catecholamines (norepinephrine/epinephrine) secreted from

adrenal medulla

where is Thyrotropin (TSH) secreted from

Anterior pituitary

where is GH (somatotropin ) secreted from

where is corticotropin (ACTH) secreted from

where is FSH secreted from

where is LH secreted from

where is prolactin secreted from

____ from the hypothalamus goes to Thyrotrope cells in the ant pit to stimulate _____ to be secreted and target _____

TRH
TSH
Thyroid

____ from hypothal goes to corticotrope cells in the ant pit to stimulate ____ to be secreted and target ____

CRH
ACTH
Adrenal cortex

____ & _____ from the hypoth goes to Somatotrope cells in the ant pit to stimulate ___ to be secreted and target ______

GHRH & GHIH
GH
All cells

____ from the hypothal goes to gonadotropes in the ant pit to stimulate ____ & ____ to be secreted and target ____

GnRH
FSH & LH
gonads

____ from the hypothal goes to lactotrope in the ant pit to stimulate ____ to be secreted and target ____

Prolactin inhibiting hormone
Prolactin
mammary gland

_____ from the post pit targets the Kidney to stimulate water retension

ADH (vasopressin)

____ from the pos pit targets the uterus during labor and the mammary glands during breast feeding

hormones secreted from the pos pit are made ____ are secretion is stimulated by a _____

hypothalamus
Action potential

hormones secreted from the ant pit are made

all hormones from hypothalamus ant pit and post pit are what type of hormones

protein hormones

central/neurogenic diabetes insipidus is caused be a defiency in

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by

improper response of kidney to ADH

T4 ( Thyroxin) is synthesized in the greatest or lowest amount and has a greater or lessor binding affinity

T3 ( Triiodothyronin) is synthesized in the greatest or lowest amount and has a greater or lessor binding affinity

lowest amount
greater

where is thyroglobin made and stored

made in cuboidal epithelial cells
stored and secreted in colloid

what is thyroglobulin

protein made of 70 tyrosines- precursor to T3-T4

what is required to make thyroid hormones

Iodine (goiter formation occurs if there is not enough )

____ is an enzyme that uses H2o2 to oxidize iodide---> I2 and catalyzes the binding of I0 with thyrosine

what is iodination

adding I0 to thyroglobulin( TG) in the colloid

what is proteolysis

splitting the TG into individual thrysoines

what does Iodine used to cross the apical membrane

what are the functions of thyroid hormones

-increase protein synthesis
-growth increases (more proteins=more growth)
-mental processes are excited (more proteins-more neural function)
-mitochondria increase (# and size ---more ATP)
-increases Na/K- ATPase
-stimulates CHO and fat metab
-decrease cholesterol and TAG in blood
-decrerase body weight
-increase blood flow and cardiac output

____ is secreted from the ant pit to stimulate the thyroid to secrete ___ and ____

Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to

what type of hormone binds to a G coupled receptor ?

are steroid hormones synthesized in advance or as needed?

where is the target cell of T3/T4

where is the receptor for t3/t4

on the nucleus of all cells

T3/T4 binds to the nucleus and then acts as a

transcription factor

will an increase or decrease in temperature stimulate the TRH and TSH to increase metabolism

what are the 3 types of corticosteroids ( adrenocortical hormones)

mineralcorticoids
glucocorticoids
androgens

this steroid hormone Is a mineralcorticoid and comes from the adrenal cortex

this steroid hormone is a glucocorticoid and comes from the adrenal cortex

this sex hormone is an androgen and secreted from the adrenal cortex in small amounts

____ hormones are derived from cholesterol and are made in the smooth ER and mitochondria of adrenal glands

steroid hormones

cholesterol in converted to _______ in the mitochondria via ______

pregnenolone
P45o SCC (side chain cleavage)

how is cholesterol transported

bound to plasma proteins

______ functions to stimulate Na reabsoroption and K secretion in the kidneys to increase blood volume in the kidneys

Aldosterone stimulates the synthesis of proteins needed to reabsorb Na and K by:

- ENac (epithelial Na channel-transports Na from lumen to cell)
-Na/K pump (ATPase-pumps Na from inside cell-blood)
-mitochondrial enzymes (make ATP for Na/K pump)

which two things regulate Aldosterone

increased extracell K levels
increased angiotensin 2

This steroid regulates glucose protein and fat metabolism

what is cortisol effect on CHO metabolism

-stimulates gluconeogenesis ( increases enzymes and mobilzes aa (protein breakdown in muscles to move aa to liver to make glucose)
-decreases glucose utilization (harder for cells to use glusoe in the body so it stays in the blood)

what is cortisols effect on protein metabolism

-reduced protein stores (decrease synthesis and increase breakdown)
-increase liver protein synthesis (make enzymes needed)

what is cortisols effect on fat metabolism

-mobilize Free FA from adipose tissue into the blood
-increase Free FA in the blood (used by other cells to make ATP because they cant use glucose)

stress stimulates ______ which relieves the stress and decreased inflammation by stabilizing lysosomes

CRH and ACTH are inhibited by which hormone

what are the 5 stages of inflammation

1. chem substance released from damaged tissues (chemokines)
2.increased blood flow (chemokines=vasodilators)
3. leakage of plasma into damaged area (if capilarries are damaged /chemokines)
4.infiltration of leukocytes
5.fibrous tissue repair/growth

how does cortisol decrease inflammation

1. stabilize lysosomal inflammation
2.decrease permeability of the capillaries
3decrease leukocyte infiltration
4.supresses the immune system

which cells are the targets for cortisol

the amount of androgens are continually secreted in small amounts, but there is an increase in the amount secreted by the adrenal cortex during

parathyroid glands secrete ____ from chief cells

thyroid glands secrete ____ from parafolicular cells

____ &_____ regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the extracelllar fluid

PTH & calcitonin

a decerase in calcium in the ECF stimulates chief cells in the parathyroid gland to secrete ____

_____ stimulates bone reabsoroption(breakdown) to release calcium and phosphate into the blood

___decreased calcium excretion by the kidneys and increases Phosphate excretion by the kidneys

____ is needed to form 1,25 (OH)2D (active form of Vit D) which increases calcium and phosphate absorption in the GI

excretion of _____ is greater than the amount of phosphate entering the blood from absorption in the GI tract and breakdown of bone

PTH stimulates _____ to secrete OPGL (signaling molecule)

OPGL stimulates the maturation of ____ into _____

preosteoclast
osteoclast

osteoclasts secrete acids that dissolve _____ and will release lysosomes containing ______ enzymes

Ca/PO4
preoteolytic

too high of PTH levels can lead to

which form of vitamin D is present in our skin

7-dehydrocholesterol

what is needed to make cholecalciferol in our skin

25-hydroxycholecalciferol is made in the

1, 25 dihyfroxyxholecaliferol is made in the _____ when _____ is present and is known as the active form

1,25 (OH)2D binds to VDR and acts as a transcription factor to make 3 proteins

-calcium binding protein
-calcium stimulated ATPase
-alkaline phosphatase

calcitonin is a what type of a hormone

protein/polypeptide

this hormone regulated Ca metabolism by decreasing Ca in the ECF (which increases Ca in the bone)

is calcitonin stimulated by high or low levels of Ca in the ECF

_____ inhibits osteoclast function by decreasing breakdown so less Ca is released into the blood

___inhibits the formation of new osteoclast

_____ cells secrete collagen moelcues and proteoglycans

___cells & osteoid (tissue cells surrounding protein matrix form )

______ crystals are deposited in the formation of new bone

bone will remodel with pressure and increased damand

____ is the main hormonal regularor of ECF Ca

the default mechanism is for Ca

be stored int he bones and if ECF levels of CA drop PTH is released

_____ is the more important hormonal regulator in children because the are growing and have higher bone turnover rates

____ is a retoperitoneal organ and is located at the L1-L3 vertebral level

what is a zymogen

precursor enzyme

what activates trypsinogen

enteropeptidase

what is the functional unit of the pancreas

islets of Langerhans

____ cells secrete glucagon and make up 25% of the islet

___cells secrete insulin (amylin) and make up 60% of the islet and located in the middle

___cells secrete somatostatin and make up 10% of the islet

how many Islets of Langerhans are in the pancreas

_____ is co-secreted with insulin and inhibits glycogen secretion, so it delays gastric emptying

amylin is also known as

Amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)

what type of hormone is glucagon and where is its receptor

polypeptide horomone (small)
cell membrane

____ is stimulated by falling/low blood sugar levels (fasting/ exercise)

what is the target organ for glucagon

the net effect of glucagon is to Increase or decrease blood sugar (opposite of insulin)

what two effects does glucagon have on the liver

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis (make from FA)

____ can also activate adipose tissue lipase and inhibit stotage of TAG in the liver

Glycogenolysis is a classic example of a

2nd messenger function of cAMP

_____ is a polypeptide hormone that is unbound in blood, and is stimulated by an increase in blood sugar levels

the three main clinical features of diabetes are

polydipsia
polyuria
polyphagia

insulin has effects on ____ _____ & _____ metabolism

carbs
fat
protein

insulin is initially produced as ______ via transcription/translation

preproinsulin is cleaved into proinsulin in the

most of the proinsulin is further cleaved into insulin in the

Golgi appartatus

for insulin secretion beta cells have a large number of _______

GLUT 2 transporters

the rate limiting step of insulin secretion is

glucose ---> G6P by glucokinase

the formation of ATP from G6P closes______ and depolarizes the cell membrane

potassium channels

_____ channels open to facilitate the release of insulin containing vesicles by exocytosis

calcium channels

how long is the half life of insulin

insulin is cleared from the blood in ____ min by combinging with receptors or degraded by ______

10-15
insulinase

during stage 1 of insulin response what occurs

insulin concentration in the blood increases 10x in 3-5 min, and then decreases 50% within 5-10

during stage 2 of insulin response what occurs

a second spike -15 min after initial, will slowly rise to a plateau over the next 2-3 hours that is higher than the initial spike.

____ minutes after blood glucose levels return to normal insulin secretion shuts off

within seconds of insulin binding to membrane receptor, ____% of our cells increase glucose uptake(except the brain)

insulin binding also changes membrane permeability to:

amino acids
potassium ions
phosphate ions

in the muscles at rest they use ____ for energy

during moderate to heavy exercise the muscles cells become more permeable to ____ even in the absence of glucose

after a meal, when insulin levels are high, glucose can be transported into muscle and stored as glycogen up to _____%

most important effect of insulin is to cause :

most of the glucose absorbed after a meal to be stored almost immediately in the liver as glycogen

about ___% of excess glucose from a meal is stored in the liver as glycogen

____ inactivate liver phosphorylase in glycogenesis

_____ increases gluokinase

_____ increases activity of glycogen synthetase

____promotes fatty acid synthesis in the liver fat metabolism when the liver has hit the 5-6% concentration

___ inhibits hormone sensitive lipase, and FA are not released into the circulation from adipose tissue

____promotes protein formation and prevents protein degradation

what energy source is used by cells in the body when there is an insulin deficiency

which cells do not use fatty acids for energy when there is an insulin deficiency

brain cells (retina and germinal epithelium)

during insulin deficiency there is increased activity of

hormone-sensitive lipase

when there is insulin deficiency, there are now increased fatty acids in circulation, what effect does this have on cholesterol

-increased production of cholesterol and phospholipids in the liver
-KB

a disorder of impaired CHO, fat and protein metabolism is due to

lack of insulin
decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin

AKA growth hormone inhibitory hormone

____ depresses secretion of insulin and glucagon

_____decreases motility of stomach, duodenum and gall bladder(decreases absorption of GI tract)

___ extends the period of time food/nutrients are assimilated into the blood

what does diabetes mellitus mean

-siphon or to pass through (kidney)
-sweet or honey (urine)

is type 1 or type 2 diabetes more rare

type 1 diabetes is AKA:

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
-juvenile diabetes or brittle diabetes

type_ diabetes is a lack of or impaired insulin production by beta cells

type 1 etiology that destroys beta cells:

-autoimmune disorder
-infection
-genetic predisposition

what are the clinicial features of Type 1 D

appear in childhood (14)
or adulthood following disorder of B cells
symptoms appear within days-weeks (abrupt)

if there is no insulin production what will happen to Carbs, fats and proteins

- lack of insulin leads to increase blood glucose (300-1200 mg)
-utilization of fats for energy (increased cholesterol formation in the liver)
-protein depletion (pholyphagia- eat more)

glucose in lost in the urine due to overwhelming the kidney because the renal threshold for glucose Is only

what causes polyuria

osmotic diuresis: increased blood glucose--increased glomerular filtration of glucose-- increased osmotic pressure--decreasded water reabsoroptoin--osmotic diuresis

loss of fluid from cells and extracellular space causes

the symptoms of dehydration are

polyuria (from osmotic diuresis)
polydipsia (from tissue dehydration)

if you cant use glucose for cellular energy what is option #2

metabolic acidosis from keto acids coupled with dehydration results in

a pH lower than 7 (coma, kussmaul breathing, increased cholesterol)

increased cholesterol (chornic) can lead to

atherosclerosis

protein utilization and loss leads to rapid weight loss despite eating large amounts of food

is type 1 or type 2 Diabetes more common

type 2 (90-95% of cases)

occurs after age 30
occurs gradually

adult onset diabetes

what is the most important risk factor of type 2 D

obesity (insulin levels are elevated)

in type 2 D insulin secretion is high because target tissues have

insulin resistance (decrease sensitivity)

what are the results of metabolic syndrome

obesity
insulin resistance
fasting hyperglycemia
increased TAG and decreased HDL
hypertension

rate tumor of the pancreas that is insulin secreting is known as

insulinoma (treat with high levels of glucose or removal)

what are the symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

50-70= excites CNS so nervousness, trembles sweating, hallucinations
20-50= seizures or loss of consciousness
<20= coma

where does spermatogenesis happen

sequence of events during spermatogenesis

-primordial germ cells enters testis SPERMATOGONIA
-after puberty proliferates inside seminiferous tubules to become PRIMARY SPERATOCYTE
-meiotic division= SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE
-second meiotic division= SPERMATID (23 chromosome)
-spermatid=SPERM (1/2 y and 1/2 x)

testosterone is secreted by

____ is essential for growth and division of testicular germinal cells

LH is secreted by

anterior pituitary

__ stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone

FSH is secreted by the

___ stimulates sertoli cells for the process of speratogenesis

___produced from testosterone in small amounts in response to FSH

estrogen is required for

spermatogenesis

GH is secreted from the

anterior pituitary

____ required for metabolic function of gonads and promotes early division of spermatagonia

Dwarfism from GH deficiency be fertile or infertile

infertile (No GH which is required for sperm formation)

____ supplies about 30% of the volume to semen

___provides about 60% of seminal fluid

seminal vesicle

the seminal vesicles use ____ for energy source of motility

sperm are mature when they leave the epididymis , but are not capable of

fertilizing an ovum

testis secrete ______ or sex hormones. _____ is the most abundant

androgens
testosterone

leydig cells secrete increased amounts of testosterone after ______ and decline in secretion about age ___

______ functions to help the development of male characteristics in developing fetus, and helps in the descent of the testicle in the last 2-3 months

Adult testosterone helps to finalize ______ of the male organs by age 20, helps with body hair distribution, and ______ hair on top of the head when combined with genetic background

development
decreases

____ increases thickness of skin and formation of acne

adult testosterone

_____ increases protein formation and muscle development (50% greater than females )

adult testosterone

________ increases basal metabolic rate up to 15%, increases RBC (15-20% more than females) and can affect reabsorption of Na in the distal tubules to increase Extracell volumes

adult testosterone

____ is loosely bound to albumin or more tightly to sex hormone binding globulin

____ is secreted by cell bodies that begin in the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, and end in the median eminence of the hypothal

____ released into the hypothalamic-=hypophyseal portal system and transported to the ant pit to target the gonadotropins

LH-releasing hormone

___ & ____ are glycoproteins that effects the target tissue by activating 2nd messenger systems

LH secretion follows the cycle of GnRH and tarts the _____ to produce ____

leydig cell
testosterone

What is the target tissue of FSH

sertoli cell under the influence of FSH and testosterone=

spermatogenesis

too much sperm production has a negative feedback and stimulates

inhibin (sertoli cell hormone)

placenta secretes ______ same effect as LH

human chorinic gonadotropin (HCG)

during childhood ____ secretion is inhibited

what are the causes of ED

parasympathetic nerve injury
deficient testosterone
drugs
vascular insufficiency ( hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes)

what are the two female steroid hormones that are bound to a protein in the blood

estrogen
progestin

gonadotropins in the female

during the ovarian follicle growth (follicle phase) they are PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE (200,000) until

granulosa cells that are surrounding the primordial follicle secrete _____

oocyte maturation inhibiting factor

after puberty an increase in LH and FSH lead to formation of

PRIMARY FOLLICLE (400)

during follicle development ___ & ___ are secreted first half of the cycle

____ causes accelerated growth of 6-12 follicles each month

____ causes granulosa cell proliferation producing ___

theca cell layer

after 7-8 days the corpus luteum involutes to

corpus albicans (mentral stage)

_____ secreted into follicle increases FSH receptors and increases sensitivity to FSH

____ &___ promote LH receptors on granulosa cells

FSH and Estrogen

FSH stimulates ___ cell to secrete _____

granulosa cell
estrogen

LH stimulates ___ cells to secrete ___

Theca cells
progesterone

eventually one follicle develops more rapidly than the others = MATURE FOLLICLE and the rest involute, this is called

the luteal phase depends on

in the luteal phase there is ___ surge that begins 2 days before ovulation

the LH surge in luteal phase converts granulosa and theca cells to ___

progesterone secreting cells

Ovulation occurs on day ___ of 28

enlarging granulosa and theca cells become ____ cells after ovulation

Lutein cells ( luteinization=yellow)

Granulosa cells int he corpus luteum secrete mostly ___

theca cells secrete mostly ____ and ____ (converted to estrogen by aromatase in granulosa cells )

adrostenedione and testosterone

at the end of the luteal phase, ____ and ____ are required for maintenance of corpus luteum

progesterone and estrogen

estrogen and progesterone exert neg feedback on anterior pit to keep ___ and ___ low

_____ secreted by lutein cells inhibits FSH

when estrogen and progesterone levels decreases this causes

if there is no implantation low levels of FSH and LH cause corpus luteum to involute and become

corpus albicans (white)

in a nonpregnant woman estrogen is produced mainly by _______ and a small quanity from _____

Ovaries
adrenal Glands

during pregnancy estrogen is also secreted from the

which is the most potent of the estrogens

which organs/ targets does estrogen exert its effects

reproductive tract (uterus, fallopian tubes ovaries ...)
breast
bone
proteins
hair
skin
electrolyte balance

how does estrogen effect the breast-

stromal tissue development
growth of ductal system
fat deposition

Estrogen is NOT responsible for

milk production

Estrogen has a more potent effect on epiphyses than ______ so growth phase is usually shorter

_____ increases total body protein, whole body metabolism(not as much as testosterone) and subQ fat (more than testosterone)

what effect does estrogen have on the brain

helps to maintain body temp and helps against memory loss ( altzteimers more common after menopause)

what effect does estrogen have on the heart and liver

regulates production of cholesterol (decreases build up of plaque) females chance of a heart attack increases after menopause

In nonpregnant female progesterone is secreted when and by what

second half of cycle and by corpus luteum

progesterone is also secreted by ______ after 4th month of gestation

where is the primary site of metabolism of progesterone that is not converted to testosterone or estrogen

liver
(10% secreted in urine)

what are the targets for progesterone

uterus
tubes
breast

during the proliferative phase in the uterus Progesterone stimulates ______ provide an environment for fertilization of a fertilized egg

secretory phase endometrium

during the proliferative phase of the tubes progesterone stimulates -- increase secretions form ____ necessary for nutrition of fertilized and dividing ovum

_____ & _____ are the energy source for eggs

glucose
pyruvate

during the proliferative phase in the breast, progesterone lobules proliferate and develop ______ characteristics

secretory ( causes breast to swell)

proliferative phase of the monthly endometrial cycle=

estrogenic phase

Secretory phase of the monthly endometrial cycle=

progesterone driven phase
after ovulation
optimum environment for implantaion

if the egg is not fertilized = menstrual phase

corpus luteum involutes, constriction of new vessels and sloughing of the endometrial tissue occurs

____ is known as ovarian burnout, only a few primordial follicles remain, and estrogen levels fall below critical value

causes of infertility

anovulation ( don't produce and egg)
hypothyroidism
endometriosis ( outside of uterin cavatiy)
salpingitits ( inflammatory scar)
abnormal cervix

during ____ progesterone has primed the uterus/endometrium (secretory phase)

during implantation _____ secrete proteolytic enzymes and nutrients are released

during implantation throphoblast proliferate and form the

what steroid hormone drirves the luteal phase

during implantation progesterone stimulate endometrial stromal cells to transform to

Decidua ( which has nutrients for the developing placenta)

the placenta starts to provide nutrients about day

what are the major functions of the placenta

diffusion of oxygen and nutrients in
diffusion of excretory/waste products out

what is the partial pressure of O2 in maternal blood of the placenta

what is the partial pressure of O2 of fetal blood after oxygenation

____ hemoglobin increases oxygen carrying capacity 20-50% even at low o2 tension

hemoglobin concentration of fetal blood is ____% greater than maternal

_____ is the energy substrate for developing fetus

glucose (later in pregnancy fetus can use as much glucose as mom )

_____ facilitate the diffusion of glucose in favor of the fetus

during pregnancy ____secretion is required to maintain pregnancy

HCG secretion is from

syncytial trophoblast

____ is present 8-10 days aftet ovulation shortly after implantation
maxiumim secretion is ____-__weeks into pregnancy

HCG increases ___ and ___ secretion by the corpus luteum

estrogen
progesterone

HCG stimulates _____ to make estrogen, secretion after implantation

what are the functions of estrogen during pregnancy

enlargement of uterus
breast enlargement
enlargement of external genitalia
relax pelvic ligaments

______ is secreted from placenta during pregnancy

________ during pregnancy causes development of decidua (nutritional cells in early phase of implantation/ pregnancy

___ during pregnancy decreases uterine contractility, and contributes to development of morula to blastocyst

____ during pregnancy help to prepare the breast for lactation

Human chorionic somatomammotropin aka:

human placental lactogen (protein)

secretion of human chorionic somatomammotropin begins about week __ and is secreted in proportion to weight of the placenta

possible effects of human chorionic somatomammotropin

partial breast impact and can produce lactation
weak GH action
decreased insulin sensitivity and utilization by mother so more for fetus

how much weight does them other usually gain during pregnancy

Hypertension + edema + proteinuria

parturition (uterus becomes excitable)

______ from mom and baby secreted from post pituitary and adrenal gland

_____ can occur for first 10 days after delivery

vaginal discharge (lochia)

4 hormones are present in lactation

GH
INsulin
Adrenal glucocorticoids
prolactin

_____ promotes milk secretion and is supported by HCS

prolactin is secreted by the

anterior pituitary

__________ from the hypothalamus is released when not breast feeding

prolactin inhibitory hormone

Prolactin suppresses ___

what is the substance secreted from the breast the few days before and after delivery

colostrum (no fat )

does the placenta or fetus grow more rapidly for the first 2-3 weeks

at what age does the liver start producing RBC in the fetus

after the third month RBC are produced in

during the second trimester the kidneys start to produce

Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration (0-2)

impaired initiation of first breath due to

anesthesia
intracranial hemorrhage
severe hypoxia (cord compression, premature placental separation, excessive uterine contraction)

Alveoli are kept open by

what is surfactant secreted by

type 2 pneumocytes

which systms are bypassed by intrauterine circulation

Liver
Pulmonary

The ____ bypasses the liver (closes 1-3 hours after birth)

what does the ductus venosus become

ligamentum venosum

portal venous pressure increases to cause flow of blood into ___

may see a ___-___% weight decrease the first 2-3 days after birth

oxygenate blood get to the fetus via the

the_______ shunts blood from the right ventricle to the left ventricle

the foramen ovale closes at birth and becomes

_______ bypasses the lungs and shunts blood directly to the right ventricle (deoxygenated blood from head and upper extremities)

ductus arteriosis

the ductus arteriosis closes at birth and becomes

ligamentum arteriosum

after delivery all blood goes through the lungs and _______ decreases

pulmonary vascuclar resistance

systemic vascular resistance doubles, aortic pressure increases, and left sided heart pressures increase to

close foramen ovale

Infant metabolic need is 2x that of an adult, they need:

calcium and vit D (breast milk for bone mineralization)
Iron (anemia if maternal supply is insufficient)
Vit C (formation of cartilage

Maternal diabetes causes

Large babies due to high insulin levels (type 2)
small babies and high mortality rates (type 1)

Premarturity of baby results in

immature organ systems
instability of homeostatic mechanisms
(effects respiratory and GI)

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