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AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY DEVELOPMENT

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (42)

Development
A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
Gross domestic product (GDP)
The value of total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year).
Gross nationally income (GNI)
Calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country, as a more accurate way of measuring a country's wealth in the context of a global economy.
Per capita
An approximation of the value of goods produced per person in the country, equal to the country's GDP divided by the total number of people in the country. Used as economic factor in HDI.
Job sector: primary
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry. Very prominent in LDC's
Job sector: Secondary
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry. Very prominent in LDC's
Job sector: Tertiary
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry. Very prominent in LDC's
Job sector: Quarternary
The quaternary sector of the economy consists of intellectual activities. Activities associated with this sector include government, culture, libraries, scientific research, education, and information technology.
Job sector: Quinary
includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy. This sector would include the top executives or officials in such fields as government, science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media.
Production indicator: productivity
The quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input, can be measured in terms of value added per worker.
Production indicator: Value added
This gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy. Is usually 30 times greater in MDC's than LDC's.
Income inequality
Refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population.
Consumer Goods
Household products, clothing, and other goods people buy to use for themselves
Raw materials
The availability of raw materials and energy resources measures a countries developmental POTENTIAL, as countries without a large amount of this(Japan, S.Korea, and Switzerland) are still successful.
Formal economy
The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product; as opposed to an informal economy
Informal economy
Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy.
Social/Knowledge indicators= S/K
...
S/K: literacy rate
The percentage of a country's people who can read and write. Around 95% in MDC and around 35% in LDC's
S/K: years attended (school life expectancy)
the total number of years of schooling (primary to tertiary) that a child can expect to receive, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular future age is equal to the current enrollment ratio at that age.
S/K: Student- teacher ratio
the number ofstudents who attend a school or university divided by the number of teachers in the institution. For example, a student-teacher ratio of 10:1 indicates that there are 10students for every one teacher.
S/K: Tertiary education
Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage, third level, and post-secondary education, is theeducational level following the completion of a school providing a secondary education.
Health indicator: life expectancy
The average number of years an infant can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical condition
Health indicator: caloric intake
measure of amount of food energy as calories eaten by anyone.
Health indicator: physician's/1000
...
HDI
Human Development Index, Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy
Gender Development index (GDI)
Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes
Gender empowerment index (GEM)
compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
Self sufficiency model
Also called the balanced growth approach, This involves spreading investment throughout all regions within a country equally and then encouraging high tariffs and import duties. Was used by most LDC's, China, and India.
Rostows' s development model
Created by Walter Rostrow—Proposed that countries went through 5 stages of growth between agricultural and service-based economies. Assumed that each country had at least some form of comparative advantage that could be utilized in international trade and thus fund the country's economic development overtime., Stage 1: The Traditional Society. Stage 2: Preconditions for take-off. Stage 3: The Take Off. Stage 4: Drive to maturity. Stage 5: Age of Mass Consumption
World systems theory
Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure (Core, periphery, semi-periphery), proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.
Core
MDC that control global economy. G8 control almost 50% of industries in the world (TNCs)
Semi periphery
Between core and periphery. Characteristics of both. Former countries NITs, BRIC (Brazil, Russia, india, china) and Mexico.
Periphery
LDC characteristics. Low products, cheap labor...etc
Fair trade
trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.
Free trade
international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.
IGOs
An intergovernmental organization (or international governmental organization; IGO) is an organization composed primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member states), or of other intergovernmental organizations. (World trade organization)
NGOs
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business.
TNCs
A company that conducts research, operates favtories, and sells products in many countries, not just where it's headquarters or shareholders are located.

TNCs help provide jobs in LDC countries to promote growth.
G8
Canada, France, Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia, UK, and USA
Microloans
Small loans typically given to women in LDC's to invest in small business that could promote development.
IGO: Structural adjustment loan.
type of loan to developing countries. It is the mechanism by which international financial institutions, such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, impose structural adjustment.
TNC: foreign direct investment (FDI)
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
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