Combo with "ansc 3060 exam 2" and 5 others

sino-atrial node (SA node)-located in right atrium -coordinated beating of heart originates -stimulates the AV node that creates a brief pause -"pacemaker"blood flowright atrium > right ventricle > lung > left atrium > left ventricle > aorta/bodyarrythmias-common problem in heart disease -minor and unimportant or severe and life threatening -tachycardia -bradycardia -heart block -atrial fibrillation -ventricular fibrillationtachycardia-when the heart beats too fast -heart does not spend enough time in diastole -chambers do not fill up enough w blood -heart does not pump out an adequate amount of blood for the needs of the cellsbradycardia-heart rate too low, collapsing and fainting -blood pressure decreases and it does not generate enough flow of blood to the cells -one of the first signs of this syncopeheart block-when the electrical impulse has difficulty passing through the AV nodeatrial fibrillation-atria contract in an irregular way and blood does not flow out of them effectivelyventricular fibrillation-ventricles contract in an irregular and ineffective way -quickly leads to death unless correctedpericardium-thin layer of tissue that surrounds the heart -occasionally fluid can build up in between this and the heartchordae tendinae-relaxed when blood enters from the atrium -keeps the mitral valve closedcardiovascular disease-can occur due to abnormalities within the heart -obstruction at any valve -insufficiency of any valve -failure of the atria to receive blood -failure of the atria to push blood -failure of the ventricles to receive or expel blood -failure of the arterial tree to maintain pressureheart disease-heart has some type of abnormality -if minor, heart is able to deliver adequate perfusion to the cells and there is no problemheart failure-heart does not maintain an adequate perfusion for normal cell contain -relatively inactive pets can stave off the effects longer than active pets -may occur in conditions where the heart is producing a normal cardiac output but the metabolic needs of the tissues are increased -most cases are a result of a markedly weakened left ventricle or right ventricle or bothcongestive heart failure-occurs when left ventricular pressure at end diastole is elevated -results in elevated pulmonary venous pressures and pulmonary edema -occurs when the volume of blood presented to the heart is in excess of the heart's capacity to move it along -fluid builds up behind the heartcauses of heart disease-bacteria, viruses -hypo/hyperthyroidism -valve disease -drugs -trauma -parasites -lung disease -metabolic disease -geneticsdiagnosing cardiac disease-signalment, history -physical exam -diagnostic tests: EKG, US, radiographs, MRIauscultation-properly fitted stethoscope -quiet room and properly restrained patient are essential -perform with the animal in a standing position -dogs have a normal arrhythmia called a sinus arrhythmianormal heart ratesdog: 60-160 bpm cat:140-220 bpm4 main areas of cardiac auscultationmitral valve, aortic valve, pulmonic valve, tricuspid valvemitral valve-left atrioventricular valve -left 5th intercostal space around the costal-chondral junction -usually in the standing animal, the area opposite to the point of the elbowaortic valve-left 4th intercostal space dorsal to the MV (usually the level of the point of the shoulder)pulmonic valveleft 3rd intercostal space at the sternal border (usually at the axilla)tricuspid valve-right atrioventricular valve -right 3rd to 4th intercostal space at the costal chondral junctionmurmurs-an abnormal extra sound -shooshing or whooshing sound -are graded: 1=barely audible, 6=so loud you can feel it with your handcauses of a heart murmur-"turbulent blood flow" -narrowing or other cases of more rapid flow disrupts this flow -turbulent rapids in a river emit sounds louder than the calmer sections of river -valve malfunctions -a hole in the heart between two chambers or two arteries that are not normally connected -a narrowing (stenosis) within a chamber or vessel through which the blood has to squeeze through -the blood is too thin (anemia)valve malfunctions-it doesn't open or close properly -can disturb blood flowing through it enough to create turbulence -the most common murmurs in dogs are associated with leaky mitral valvesbenign murmurs-innocent or physiological -often seen in puppies -usually soft and can be intermittentsymptoms of cardiac disease-lethargy -poor appetite -coughing -passing out -weakness -heart murmur -diffcult breathing -acites -pale or bluish colored gums -tachycardiaechocardiogram-imaging the heat with an ultrasound -can visualize contractility, valves, measure heart size, chamber size, wall thickness -doppler view gives real time blood flow through heart -detection of adult wormsACE inhibitors-angiotensin converting enzymes -increases survival time in dogs with CHF -lower the blood pressure and decrease salt and water retention -decreases fluid buildup in the lungs, thorax, and abdomen, and makes it easier for a weakened heart to pumpdiuretics-the mainstay of treatment for CHF -used in conjunction with ACE inhibitors -lasix causes more sodium to be excreted from the body -sodium pulls water with it so urination and increases and fluid level of water in bloodstream decreases -decreases blood pressure in the capillariesdigitalis-used in the later stages of CHF when lasix and ACE inhibitors have lost their effectiveness -increases cardiac contractility by increasing the amount of calcium in the heart cells -also decreases the heart rate -has the potential to causes toxicityvetmedin-helps to increase contractility and dilate blood vessels -not for use in cats -only for dogs w clinical evidence of heart failure due to atrioventricular valvular insufficiency or dilated cardiomyopathyAV valve disease-the most common cause of heart disease and CHF in the dog -as dogs age valves thicken and become deformed, leak, and chordinae tendinae may rupture -abnormally regurgitated blood created back pressure in the left atrium and lungs as blood has a more difficult time entering the left ventriclediagnosing AV valve disease-smaller breeds, older dogs -exercise intolerance, weakness, passing out, cough, shortness of breath, lethargy -murmur with an arrhythmia -blood tests -radiographs: left atrium is enlarged -echocardiogram -EKGtreatment of AV valve disease-aimed at slowing the progression of the disease -ace inhibitors -minimizing sodium in the diet -bronchodilatorscardiomyopathy-the actual heart muscle (myocardium) becomes weak -unable to contract with sufficient force -dilate, hypertrophic, restrictivedilated cardiomyopathyheart muscle is weak and flabby, can't contract with enough forcehypertrophic cardiomyopathy-heart muscle has become so thickened the left ventricle chamber is too small to allow an adequate amount of blood in -prevalent in catsrestrictive (intermediate) cardiomyopathy-cats have scar tissue instead of normal myocardium -characteristics of bothdiagnosis of cardiomyopathy-large breed dogs, esp. doberman pinschers -middle aged dogs -sudden death can occur before symptoms -cats are asymptomatic and present as sudden death -symptoms of CHFsaddle thrombus-symptom of cardiomyopathy -where the abdominal aorta branches into each of the arteries that supplies the rear legs with blood -blood clot arises from the pooling of blood hat occurs in the left atriumaortic stenosis-large breed dogs -abnormal tissue near the aortic valve obstructs the flow of blood out of the left ventricle -can eventually lead to CHF and ventricular arrhythmias -turbulent blood flow in the aortic outflow tractpulmonic stenosis-abnormal tissue near the pulmonic valve obstructs the flow of blood out of the right ventricle -can lead to an enlarged right heart and regurgitation of blood through the tricuspid valve and not the right atrium -many dogs have no initial symptomsventricular septal defect-an abnormal opening between the ventricles -allows blood to flow directly from the left ventricle to the right ventricle -in dogs and cats -severity depends on where the opening is locatedpatent ductus arteriosis-in utero -the mother supplies the dog with its oxygen by bypassing the lungs of the pup -when the pip is born this direct communication between these vessels closes -occurs when the communication between the descending aorta and the pulmonary artery fails to close after birthdiagnosis of PDA-a characteristic murmur can be heard in patients -sounds like a washing machine -treated with surgical ligationcardiac emergency-present with extreme difficulty breathing -patients need to be handled very carefully since they are drowning in their own fluids and unable to get air -100% oxygen -nitroglycerin to dilate the blood vessels and decrease the after loadheartworm-driofilaria immitis -a fairly large worm (up to 14 inches long) -adulthood: lives inn the heart and pulmonary arteries of an infected dogtransmission of heartworms-mosquito bites -readily pick up larval from infected dogs and carry them to new dogs -mosquito bites dog and transmits larvae -larvae grow and migrate over a period of several months -adult male and female worms live in th heart, lungs and associated vessels -produce offspring that are released into bloodstream -adult worm lifespan 5-7 yearsL1/microfilariaedevelop in the mosquito into L3 in 13-30 daysL3the infective stage -deposited into host by mosquito -reside in subq. tissues and molt into L4 in 3-12 daysL4mature adults within 45-70occult infectons-have no circulating microfilariae -all female infection -host immune defenses -dog current on preventativesclinical signs of heartworms-heart enlargement and CHF -inflammatory response in lower portions of the lungs -caval syndrome -cough, abnormal lung sounds, ascitesstage I heartworm disease-lowest risk -young healthy dogs with minimal disease evident on X-rays and all other tests are normalstage II heartworm disease-moderately affected dogs -some coughing, some difficulty breathing, changes are seen on X-rays, and blood work may reveal kidney and/or liver damagestage III heartworm disease-severely affected dogs -weight loss, coughing, difficulty breathing, more damage visible on x-rays -blood tests show kidney and/or liver damagestage IV heartworm disease-vena cava syndrome or caval syndrome -dog is collapsing in shock, all of the other abnormalities are more intense and dog is dyingtesting and diagnosis of heartworms-history and clinical signs -PE and radiographs -serologic testing (antibody and antigen) -microfilarial detection -ultrasound -necropsyantigen test-has 3 possible spots that will turn blue upon addition of blood, plasma, or serum to the "well" to the right -performed six months after treatment and then annuallytreatment for heartworm disease-depends upon the classification -should be started on an ivermectin-based monthly oral preventative -helps kill of the immature larvae and microfilaria -adulticide therapy: given as a deep IM injection in the lumbar muscles -one injection should be administered to kill the most sensitive adult wormselimination of microfilariae-most effective drugs are the macrolytic lactone anthelmintics -can administer orally following adulticide therapypreventives-AHS recommends year round prevention to increase compliance and help in prevention/ treatment of intestinal parasites -kill L3 and L4 stages -ivermectin, milbemycin, selamecti, moxidectincaval syndrome (vena cava syndrome)-one of the most severe signs of heartworm -large number of adult worms in heart -almost complete blockage of all blood flow -fainting and collapse -accompanied by severe shock, red blood cell destruction and often death within 1-2 -veterinarians can surgically remove the worms from the heart through the jugular veinprimary post adulticide complication-development of pulmonary thromboembolism -lesions in cappillaries and lungs and dead heartworms obstruct blood flow through pulmonary arteries -dogs can have fever, cough and sudden death -exercise restriction is critical during treatmenttransmission of roundworm (ascarid)-transplacental, transmammary, egg ingestion via environment or transport hostclinical signs of roundworm-young primarily and rarely a health problem -stillbirths/neonatall death may occur -malnutrition, impaired growth, emanation -potbellied, rough hair coat, poor muscle development -maybe vomiting and diarrheadiagnosis and treatment of roundworms and hookwormseggs in feces and/or adult worms in vomit -numerous anthelmintics and sanitationhookworms-ancylostoma caninum/tubaeforme -eggs are oblong and thin shelled -eggs hatch in environment -3rd stage larvae is infected -dogs can consume orally -small intestineroundworms(ascarid)-toxocara canis (in dogs) -2nd stage is infective -in the small intestine -don't ahtch in environmentwhipworm-trichuris vulpis -in large intestine in the cecum -eggs laid in the cecum and pass out in the feces -football shaped eggs -don't hatch in environmenttransmission of hookworm-transmammary -larvae ingestion or skin penetration via environmentclinical signs of hookworms-primarily in puppies -anemia due to blood feeding -chronic diarrhea with blood -heavy infection may dietransmission of whipworm-direct via infective egg ingestion -little or no immunity = adult infections commonclinical signs of whipworm-anemia due to blood feeding -diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, dehydrationdiagnosis and treatment of whipworms-eggs in feces but may be few and missed -various anthelmintics, rapid reinfection common, sanitationtapeworms-small intestine -break off in segments and pass out in feces -fleas, rabbits, or rodents -scolex (head) and strobila (body) made up of proglottidsclinical signs of tapeworms-rarely cause health problems -heavy infection may see dull coat and anorexiadiagnosis and treatments of tapeworms-gravid proglottids and/or eggs in feces -various anthelmintics and control fleas and rodentsCoccidia/Cystoisospora-has to sporulate -oocysts develop into infective stage in soil and feces -single cell microscopic protozoan -puppies and highly contagious -strong immunity with ageclinical signs of coccidia-sever diarrhea -dehydration -weight loss -anemiadiagnosis and treatment of coccidia-signs and/or oocysts in feces -some drugs, symptomatic therapy and sanitationtoxoplasma gandii-cat is the only host of this parasite -only shed oocysts in feces for about 2 weeks -clinical signs of toxoplasma-usually asymptomatic -fever, anorexia, lethargy, ocular/nervousdiagnosis and treatment of toxoplasma-serology and oocysts in feces -usually no treatment need, immune system handles it 0some antibiotics and anti-protozoal drugs with long period of treatmentgiardia-disrupt function of small intestine -infective cysts -single cell flagellar protozoan -most common source of infection from water sources frequented by wildlifeclinical signs of giardia-mild enteritis and chronic intermittent diarrhea -more severe in puppiesdiagnosis and treatment of giardia-infective forms (cysts) in feces -some drugs, symptomatic therapy and avoid contaminated waterlungworms in dogs (filaroides)-auto infection and L1 in feces/sputum -transmission to pups: consuming fecal larvae, mom saliva when licking -presence of L1 in feces; coiled, notched tail, no spine -discovered on necropsyclinical signs and treatment of lungworms in dogs and cats-usually asymptomatic -occasional cough/dyspnea -many anthelmintics effective; endoscopic removal of obstructing noduleslungworms in cats-L1 passed in feces -intermediate host: sail -consume birds or rodents -from lymphatic/ blood to lungsheartworm in cats-cats less easily infected -low adult worm burden -lifespan of adults 2-3 years -microfilaremia are rare -L3-L4-larval development-adult3 stages of disease in feline heartworms-1.juvenile worms (L5) in caudal pulmonary arteries -2.death of adult worms -3.chronic respiratory diseasefeline heartworms stage 1-juvenile worms arrive in caudal pulmonary arteries -acute inflammatory response -28% cats asymptomaticfeline heartworms stage 2-death of adult worms -acute respiratory signs to sudden death -potential chronic respiratory disease if survivesfeline heartworms stage 3-chronic respiratory disease -not always -hyperplasia of alveolar cells -bronchiolar and alveolar lesionsclinical signs of feline heartworms-acute or chronic -unspecific (weight loss, anorexia) -respiratory: coughing -vomiting (25-30%) -heart murmur -caval syndrome -neurological signs -sudden deathdiagnosis of feline heartworms-clinical signs in an endemic region -heartworm testing -radiographs -echocardiography -necropsyantigen testing-female worms only -may be negative if male only or very few worms -positive result is diagnostic -detects infection at 7-8 monthsantibody testing-L4, young adults, adults -reveals exposure -as early as 2 months post-infection -false negative: test sensitivity to different larval stages -positive: indicates exposureheartworm testing-antigen, antibody and microfilariaechest radiographs-diagnosis and monitoring of heartworms -enlarged and tortuous pulmonary arteries -focal or diffuse pulmonary changes -45% of antibody positive cats have no changesdigestive system-begins with oral cavity and ends with rectum -esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum and large intestinemucosa-innermost layer -3 sublayers: epithelial cell lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosasubmucosa-loose connective tissue -supporting layer, contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nervesmuscularis-functional muscle layer involved in the movement of ingest through GI tract -peristalsisadventitia/serosa-outer layer containing major vessels and nerves -the portion exposed to the abdominal cavity is lined by epithelial cells -mesotheliumcauses of GI motility problems-result directly from an insult to the digestive system; producing maldigestion and malabsorption that results in abnormal motility -a mechanical obstruction or a paralysis of the built-in motility apparatus -occur in response to non-gastrointestinal diseasesvomiting-forceful ejection of stomach and small intestine contents: gastritis -drooling/hypersalivation -nervous and musculoskeletal systems and GI track work togethercauses of vomiting-dietary indiscretion, abrupt change in diet or obstruction -primary GI disease -pancreatic disease -renal/hepatic failure -bloat; parasites; infection; chronic diseasetreatment of vomiting-identify and eliminate cause -acute: withhold food and water for approx. 24 hours; slowly reintroduce water first, then diet in small amounts -chronic: correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalance; suppress vomiting reflex (antiemetics)acute vomiting-less than a few days and not associated with other abnormalities -treat symptomaticallychronic vomiting-other adverse signs like weakness, lethargy, anorexia, dehydration, etc. and increased frequencydiarrhea-the frequency and excessive passage of watery feces -intestinal bacterial flora complex -causes: bacteria, viruses, intestinal parasites, changes in food, toxins, garbage -an affect small or large intestine or bothsymptoms and diagnosis of diarrhea-small intestine: volume and frequency increased, no mucous -large intestine: volume normal to decreased, mucous and blood, -depression, lethargy, dehydration -PE, history, abdominal radiographs, biopsy, endoscopytreatment of diarrhea-depends on causes -if acute and pet is normal, may withhold food for a day or two -treat symptoms -antibiotics if infectious -treat parasites -remove foreign body -dietary managementconstipation-common in cats -difficulty passing stool -healthy cats have 1-2 bowel movements a day -may confuse with urinary blockage, anal gland problemsclincal signs of constipation-no signs early -painful defecation -licking rear, frequent trips to the litter box -eventually anorexia, unkempt, abdominal pain, vomitingcauses of constipation-diet, environment, painful defecation, obstructions, medications, obesitytreatment of constipation-correct dehydration and any electrolyte imbalance -induced defecation: enemas and glycerin infused into the colon -dietary management: high fiber dietmegacolon-dilatation of large intestine, colon -chronic constipation and obstipation can result in this -congenital forms present at birth -primarily in cats -fecal matter comes remains in the colon where it becomes dried and harder -enlarged, impacted colon loses most of its muscular abilitytreatment of megacolon-conservative: stool softeners, cleansing enemas, manual removal of stool, dietary modification -surgery: removal of colon, the end of the small intestine is connected to the rectumanorexia-absence of an appetite for food -associated with systemic conditions caused by many different mechanisms -signs dependent on underlying causepseudoanorexiamay show interest in food but not eat due to head or neck trauma/pain, dental problems foreign bodycauses of anorexia-psychologic: unpalatable diets, stress -neurologic: spinal pain, peripheral nerve pain -nonneurologic pain: abdominal, thoracic pain -infectious disease -respiratory disease -cardiac failure -endocrine diseasediagnosis of anorexia-PE, oral exam, abdominal xray, thoracic radiographs, fecal examtreatment of anorexia-treat underlying causes -appetite stimulating drugs -encourage eating by offering a variety of foods -fluid and nutritional support -feeding tubescanine parvovirus-stable in environment -pups -transmitted by direct contact or fecal/ contaminated fomites -virus shed in feces 3weeks post infection -virus attacks lymphatic system after ingestion and enters blood stream -attacks rapidly dividing cells; bone marrow and crypt epithelium of intestine -race between the pups immune system and the virus's ability to produce septicemia and dehydration -virus can survive in the environment for 5 months or longerclinical signs of parvo-collapse and necrosis of intestinal villi and hemorrhagic diarrhea -villi protrude into lumen; increase surface area for nutrient absorption -normal enteric bacteria enter the mucosa -fever, lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea -intestines literally slough-resident bacteria lost and severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalancessepticemia-main cause of death from parvo -bacterial toxins released into bloodstream bc of compromised intestinal liningtreatment of parvo-need immediate veterinary care -IV fluids -plasma, electrolytes -antibiotics -anti emetics: withhold food, water -ISOLATEPrevention of parvo-vaccinate -poor nutrition and intestinal parasites can increases susceptibility -diluted bleach as a disinfectanthemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE)-toy and miniature breeds -young adults -acute onset of blood diarrhea -caused by bacterial overgrowthclinical signs of HGE-sudden onset of blood diarrhea -vomiting -usually no fever -anorexia, depressiontreatment of HGE-IV fluids -food and water withheld -antibiotics, anti-diarrheal, anti-emeticgastric volvulus and dilation (GDV)-acute and life-threatning -stomach bloats and twist upon itself -large, mixed breed dogs -gas/fermentation, fluid or both accumulate in the stomach causing bloat and usually a clockwise rotation of 360 degrees -mother of all emergencies -gastric outflow obstruction; prevents belching, tissue death, spleenic congestionclinical signs of GDV-restlessness, anxiousness -hypersalivation and retching -frequent attempts to vomit -abdominal distension -weak, collapse, comatose depending on degree of shocktreatment of GDV-multiple IV lines -stomach tubes -surgery: reposition the stomach and spleen; removing damaged stomach and spelling tissue; permanently fixing the stomach to the abdominal wall -IV catheterbelt loop gastropexy-a tongue of tissue is created in the stomach wall -a belt loop is created in the body wall -sutured together to stayprevention of GDV-limit exercise after meals -smaller, more frequent meals -monitor excessive water consumptiongastric outflow obstruction-neoplasia -foreign bodies -polyps -ulcers -gastric mucosal hypertrophyintestinal obstruction-partial or complete -foreign bodies -intussusception -gastric dilatation-volvulus -neoplasia -is an emergencyforeign body obstruction-can be found in esophagus, stomach, small intestine -failure of aboral movement -simple mechanical/ strangulatingclinical signs of foreign body-vomiting -depression -abdominal pain -+/- palpate mass in abdomen -fevertreatment of foreign body-surgical removal -enterotomy: intestinal resection and anastomosis(sewing ends back together) -gastrotomy -fluids, antibiotics, dietary management until fully recoveredintussusception-increased motility in a segment of intestine which is adjacent to a segment that has lack of motility -the hyper motile segment telescopes into the segment with lack of motilityinflammatory bowel disease (IFD)-a group of chronic GI disorders -more common i cats -classified by the types of cells -cells involved in inflammation and immune response infiltrate the lining of the GI tract -vomiting, watery diarrhea -biopsylymphocytic-plasmacytic enteroclitis-most common form of IBD incats -lymphocytes and plasma cells are the primary types of inflammatory cells present in the musocsafunctions of the cardiovascular system-heart and blood vessels -distribution -helps cells rid themselves of waste products -aids in temp regulationcardiovascular system distributes these-oxygen -nutrition -essential fluids -hormones -enzymescardiac muscle has these channels-K, Na, Cawhen sodium and calcium are pumped out of the heart cell, this is pumped inpotassiumthis creates a + charge outside of the heart cell, which makes it polarizedmore Na and K on the outside of the heart cell than insidewhen the heart cell is depolarizedK rushes into the cellevery time the reversal of polarized/depolarized occurs, it generates this which races through the heartspark of electricitythis causes heart cells to contract and the heart to beatelectrical spark4 sets of valves of the heartatria, ventricles, AV valves, semilunar valvescomponents of the systemic circulatory systemarteries and arteriolescomponents of the pulmonary circulatory systemveins and venulesthese return blood to the heartvenules and veinsthese hold 70% of the blood volumeveinsthis increases blood return to the heartcontraction of the smooth muscle in the venous circulationreduces the return of blood flow to the heartvenodilationthese carry deoxygenated bloodpulmonary arteriesthese carry oxygenated bloodpulmonary veinsthese respond to hypoxia with contractionpulmonary arteriesthese respond to hypoxia with vasodilationsystemic arteries-located in the RV -coordinated beating of the heart originates -fires spontaneouslySA nodethis stimulates the AV nodeSA nodepacemaker of the heartSA nodedepolarizes at a faster rate than any other group of cells in the heart -imposes that faster rate on the heart as a wholeSA nodeif the SA node stops beating, then this becomes the pacemakerAV nodeblood flowRa, RV, lungs, LA, LV, aorta/bodycommon problem in heart disease -alteration in heart ratearrhythmiaselevated/fast heart beat -heart doesnt spend enough time in diastole -chambers dont fill up enough with blood -myocardium not adequately perfused either -not receiving enough O2tachycardiaheart doesnt pump out an adequate amount of blood for the needs of the cellstachycardiablood pressure dec and doesnt generate enough flow of blood to the cellsbradycardiaone of the first signs of bradycardiasyncopewhen the electrical impulse has difficulty passing through the AV nodeheart blockatria contract in an irregular way and blood doesnt flow out of them effectivelyatrial fibrillationventricles contract in an irregular and ineffective way -quickly leads to death unless correctedventricular fibrillationthin layer of tissue that surrounds the heartpericardiumthese are relaxed when blood enters from the atriumchordae tendinaewhen this contracts it exerts great pressure to get the blood through the aorta and to the rest of the bodyLVthis keeps the mitral valve closedchordae tendinaemost commonly affected in valvular diseasemitral valvenormally functioning heart needs to be working in this conditionoptimumthese things need to work in unison for the heart-heart valves must function properly to propel blood -blood vessels need to supply heart with O2, nutrients -electrical conduction system -heart chambers and muscles must be proper sizethis is the heart musclemyocardiumdisease/malfunction can occur due to these abnormalities within the heart-obstruction of valve -insufficiency of valve -failure of atria to receive blood -failure of atria to push blood -failure of ventricles to receive/expel blood -failure of arterial tree to maintain pressure-heart has some type of abnormalityheart diseaseheart doesnt maintain an adequate perfusion for normal cell functionheart failuremay occur in conditions where the heart is producing a normal cardiac output, but metabolic needs of the tissues are incheart failurethese may cause heart failurehyperthyroidism or anemiamost cases of this are a result of markedly weakened LV or RV or bothheart failureoccurs when left ventricular pressure at end diastole is elevated -results in elevated pulmonary pressures and pulmonary edemacongestive heart failureoccurs when the volume of blood presented to the heart is in excess of the heart's capacity to move it alongcongestive heart failurecongestive heart failure on the left side of the heart-blood cant move forward -pulmonary venous congestion, pulmonary edema -can lead to pleural effusion and abdominal effusioncongestive heart failure on the right side of the heartcongestion occurs behind the right heart -causing pleural effusion and/or ascitesnot all cases of heart failure have thiscongestive heart failurecauses of heart disease-bacteria, viruses -hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism -valve disease -drugs -trauma -parasites -lung disease -metabolic disease -geneticsdiagnosing cardiac disease-signalment, history -physical exam -diagnostic testsnormal heart rate of dog normal heart rate of cat60-120 140-2204 main areas of cardiac auscultation-mitral valve -aortic valve -pulmonic valve -tricuspid valve-left atrioventricular valve -left 5th intercostal space around costal-chondral junction -in standing animal area opposite to point of elbowmitral valveleft 4th intercostal space dorsal to MV -usually level of point of shoulderaortic valveleft 3rd intercostal space at sternal border -usually at axillapulmonic valveright atrioventricular valve -right 3rd-4th intercostal space at the costal chondral junctiontricuspid valvenormal arrhythmia in dogssinus arrhythmiain a normal heart, rhythmic lug-dub heard as these open and closetricuspid and mitral valvesabnormal extra sound -shooshing or whooshin soundmurmurrange of murmurs1-6these cause heart murmurs-turbulent blood flow -narrowing-stenosis -valve malfunctions -hole in the heart -anemiamost common murmurs in dogs associated with thisleaky mitral valve-no apparent heart disease that explains this murmur -often seen in puppies -can occur in cats of any age -usually soft and can be intermittentbenign murmursymptoms of cardiac disease-lethargy -anorexia -coughing -syncope -weakness -dyspnea -ascites -cyanosis -tachycardia-very useful in diagnosing cardiac disease -monitors the hearts electrical activity -finds abnormalities in heart that sound normal on PEelectrocardiogramsvisualize the aorta along with an artery, bronchus, and vein to the cranial lung loberadiographsair bronchograms show thistissue around airways have been thickened bc inflammationthis can be one of the first signs of cardiac diseasecough-imaging the heart with an ultrasound -can visualize contractility, valves, measure heart size, chamber size, wall thicknessechocardiogrammedical treatment of cardiac disease aimed at controlling these-pulmonary congestion and edema -cardiac arrhythmias -reduced cardiac output -excessive vasoconstrictiongoal of therapy to treat cardiac diseaseto improve the quality of life of pets while minimizing the side effects of the drugs usedthese all need to be monitored when treating cardiac diseaseblood panels, radiographs, ECGs, blood pressurecommon cardiac disease in dogsDMVD, DCMheart disease activates this which causes fluid retention, vasoconstriction, myocardial and vascular remodelingRAAS-inc survival time in dogs with CHF -lower blood pressure and dec salt and water retention -dec fluid build-up in lungs, thorax, and abdomen, and makes it easier for weakened heart to pumpACE-angiotensin converting enzymes-inhibitors-mainstay of treatment for CHF -lasix and spironolactonediureticscauses more Na to be excreted from the body -dec level of water in bloodstream -dec blood pressure in capillarieslasixthis is an aldosterone antagonistspironolactone-used in later stages of CHF when lasix and ACE inhibitors have lost their effect -inc cardiac contractility by inc the amount of Ca in heart cells -dec heart rate -potential to cause toxicitydigitalis-helps to inc contractility and dilate blood vessels -not for use in cats -only for use in dogs with clinical evidence of heart failure due to atrioventricular valvular insufficiency or dilated cardiomyopathyvetmedinmost common cause of heart disease and congestive heart failure in the dogAV valve diseaseas dogs age, these form on the edge of the valves -valves thicken and become deformed -valves leak -chordinae tendinae may rupturenodulesin AV valve disease, this creates back pressure in the LA and lungs as blood has a more difficult time entering the LVregurgitates bloodthis leads to pulmonary edemapulmonary hypertensionsymptoms of AV valve diseaseexercise intolerance, weakness, syncope, cough, shortness of breath, lethargyin a physical exam, this is a clue of AV valve diseasemurmur with an arrhythmiain a radiograph of AV valve disease, this is enlargedLAmedical therapy of AV valve disease-ace inhibitors -less Na -lasix -bronchodilatorschronic AV valve disease can mimic thisinfectious endocarditisthis happens when the actual heart muscle becomes weak -unable to contract with sufficient force -poor prognosiscardiomyopathy3 types of cardiomyopathy-dilated DCM -hypertrophic HCM -restrictivecardiomyopathy where heart muscle is weak and flabby, cant contract with enough forcedilated DCMcardiomyopathy where heart muscle has become so thickened the LV chamber is too small to allow an adequate amount of blood in -prevalent in catshypertrophic HCMcardiomyopathy where cats have scar tissue instead of normal myocardiumrestrictivecauses of cardiomyopathyviruses, bacteria, toxins, but usually unknowncardiomyopathy is especially prevalent in this breedDoberman pinscherscardiomyopathy in dogs-symptoms of CHF -sudden death can occur before any symptomscardiomyopathy in cats-symptoms similar to dogs but large number of cats are asymptomatic and present as sudden death -saddle thrombuswhere the abdominal aorta branches into each of the arteries that supplies the rear legs with blood -blood clot arises from pooling of blood that occurs in LA secondary to hypertrophy of LVsaddle thrombus-affects large breeds -abnormal tissue near the aortic valve obstructs the flow of blood out of the LV -can eventually lead to CHF and ventricular arrhythmiaaortic stenosis-turbulent blood flow in the aortic outflow tract -degree of turbulence depends on severity of obstruction -compensatory LV hypertrophy will developaortic stenosisabnormal tissue near the pulmonic valve obstructs the flow of blood out of the RV -can lead to enlarged right heart and regurgitation of blood through the tricuspid valve and into RApulmonic stenosis-many dogs have no initial symptoms -rads and echos show right ventricular enlargementpulmonic stenosisabnormal opening between ventricles -allows blood to flow directly from LV to RV -occurs in dogs and cats -severity depends on openingventricular septal defectthis occurs when communication between the descending aorta and pulmonary artery fails to close after birthpatent ductus arteriosis-mother supplies dog with its O2 by bypassing the lungs of the pup -when pup is born direct communication between these vessels closespatent ductus arteriosispatent ductus arteriosis overloads this side of the heart leading to CHFleftcharacteristic murmur can be heard in patients with this -continuous or machinery murmurPDAPDA is treated with thissurgical ligationsudden and transient loss of consciousness due to temp loss of cerebral perfusionsyncope-this is given to patients with cardiac emergency to dilate the blood vessels and dec the afterload -this is given to reduce pumonary edema -this is given to slow heart rate-nitroglycerin -lasix -digoxinheartworm scientific nameDirofilaria immitistransmission of heart wormsmosquitoshighest incidence of canine heartwormalong gulf coast, Atlantic and Miss rivermosquitos become infected when they feed on an infected dog and consume blood containing thisL1/microfilariaeL1 develops into L3 in this many days13-30infective stage of heartwormsL3mosquito bites host and deposits these to form heartwormsL3L3 becomes L4 in this amount of time3-12 daysL4 are mature adults within this amount of time45-70 daysmature worms deposit L1 within this amount of time after infection6-7 monthslifespan of D. immitis5-7 yearstransmission of heartworms-mosquito carrying infective larvae bite dog and transmit larvae -larvae grow and migrate over a period of several months -adult male and female worms live in the heart and lungs and associated vessels -produce offspring that are released into bloodstreamoccult infections have ____ circulating microfilariaenooccult infection-all female infection -host immune defenses -dog current on preventativesseverity of heart worm disease depends on-worm burden -age of infection -activity level of dogworms first infect this until the worm burden gets highercaudal pulmonary arteryworms enter this causing heart enlargement and CHFright chambers of heartworms in caudal vena cava--collapse and deathcaval syndromeclinical signs of early infection of heartwormsno abnormal clinical signs observedclinical signs of mild disease of heartwormscoughclinical signs of moderate disease of heartwormscough, exercise intolerance, abnormal lung soundsclinical signs of severe disease of heartwormscough, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, abnormal lung sounds, hepatomegaly, syncope, ascites, abnormal heart sounds, deathstage I heartworm diseaseyoung healthy dogs with minimal heartworm disease evident on X-rays and all other tests normalstage II heartworm diseasesome coughing, some difficulty breathing, changes are seen on X-rays, and blood work may reveal kidneys and/or liver damagestage III heartworm diseaseweight loss, coughing, difficulty breathing, more damage visible on x-rays, and blood tests show kidney and/or liver damagestage IV heartworm diseasedog is collapsing in shock, all of the abnormalities are more intense and dog is dyinghistory and clinical signs of heartworm diseasedog can appear normal or have right-sided heart failure signsPE and rediographs of heartworm diseaserads show tortuous, thick pulmonary vessels, right-sided heart enlargement, inflammation of lung tissueserologic testingantibody and antigen testspreventatives for heartwormsmacrolytic lactonesthese are most common symptoms of heartworm diseasecough and exercise intolerancetreatment for heartworm disease depends onclassificationdogs that are + should be started on thisivermectin-based once monthy orallyadministered for one month after diagnosis for the treatment of Wolbachiadoxycylineonly drug approved by the FDA for removal of adult worms in dogsadulticide therapy-melasomineadulticide therapy is given as a deep IM injection in these muscleslumbarprimary complications post adulticide-pulmonary thromboembolism -lesions in capillaries and lungs and dead heartworms obstruct blood flow through pulmonary arteries -high worm burdenthis is critical during treatment of heartwormsexercise restrictionthese may be administered prior to adulticide treatment in class 2-3 patients during treatmentcorticosteroidsmost effective drugs in treatment of heartwormsmacrolytic lactone anthelminticspreventatives kill these stages of heartwormsL3 and L4one of the most severe signs of heartwormcaval syndrome/ vena cava syndromeveterinarians can surgically remove the worms from the heart through this veinjugularlifespan of adult heartworms in cats2-3 years3 stages of heart worm disease in cats-juvenile worms in caudal pulmonary arteries -death of adult worms -chronic resp diseasejuvenile worms arrive in caudal pulmonary arteries this long after infection3-4 monthsacute inflammation response of heartworms in cats-heartworm associated resp disease -hypertrophy of small pulmonary arteries, changes in bronchioles and alveoli% of cats that are asymptomatic to heartworm disease28Hw antigen testing in catslow worm numbers, male only infectionshw testing not recommended for catsmicrofilariaethis combo of tests is recommended for cats hw testing bc both L5 larvae and adult worms are capable of causing clinical disease in catsAg + Abthese changes in cats are characteristic of HWDvascularroundworm-ascarid -Toxocaratransmission of Toxocara-transplacental -transmammary -egg ingestion via environment -transport hostdiagnosis of Toxocaraeggs in feces and/or adult worms in vomittreatment of Toxocaranumerous anthelmintics and sanitationhookwormAncylostoma caninumtransmission of hookworms-transmammary -larvae ingestion or skin penetrationdogs > 3 months old have this against wormspartial immunityclinical signs of hookworms-anemia due to blood feeding -chronic diarrhea with blood -heavy infection may diediagnosis of hookwormseggs and/or adult in fecestreatment of hookwormsvarious anthelmintics and sanitationadult cats acquire this for hookwormsimmunitywhipwormTrichuris vulpistransmission of whipworm-direct via infective egg ingestion -little or no immunityclinical signs of whipworm-anemia -diarrhea, weight loss, vomiting, dehydrationdiagnosis of whipwormeggs in feces -clinical signs and history of infectiontreatment of whipworm-various anthelmintics -rapid reinfection common -sanitationbody parts of the tapeworm-scolex -strobila -proglottidsclinical signs of tapeworm-rarely cause health probs -heavy infection may see dull coat and anorexiadiagnosis of tapewormsgravid proglottids and/or eggs in fecestreatment of tapewormsvarious anthelmintics and control fleas and rodentssigle cell microscopic protozoan -puppies are highly contagiousIsosporaclinical signs of isosporasevere diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, anemia -may see upper resp with cough and nasal dischargediagnosis of isosporasigns and/or oocysts in fecestreatment of isosporasome drugs, symptomatic therapy, sanitationclinical signs of toxoplasmausually asymptomatic -fever, anorexia, lethargy, ocular/nervesdiagnosis of toxoplasma-serology -oocysts in fecestreatment of toxoplasma-usually none needed -some antibiotics and anti-protozoal drugs with long period of treatmentsingle cell microscopic flagellar protozoan -most common source of infection from water sources frequented by wildlifeGiardia canisclinical signs of Giardia canis-mild enteritis and chronic intermittent diarrhea -more severe in puppiesdiagnosis of Giardia canisinfective forms, cysts, in fecestreatment of Giardia canissome drugs, symptomatic therapy, avoid contaminated watertransmission of lungwormsauto infection and L1 in feces/sputum -consuming fecal larvae -bitch saliva when lickingclinical signs of lungwormusually asymptomatic -occasional coughing/dyspneadiagnosis of lungwormspresence of L1 in feces/sputum -necropsytreatment of lungworms-anthelmintics effective -endoscopic removal of obstructing nodules -usually not necessarycanine lungwormfilaroidesfeline lungwormaelurostrongylusclinical signs of feline lungwormusually mild-cough/dyspneadiagnosis of feline lungwormpresence of L1 in feces -necropsytreatment of feline lungworms-fenbendazole -ivermectinlife cycle of fluke worms-eggs in feces -miracidium -snail -crawfish/crab -hostclinical signs of fluke wormno obviousdiagnosis of fluke worm-typical fluke egg in feces -treatment not necessaryTachycardiaDefinition -rapid heart rate, too rapid Heart does not spend enough time in diastole chambers do not fill up enough with blood heart does not pump out an adequate amount of blood for the needs of the cells Myocardium not adequately perfused eitherBradycardiaDefinition -slower than normal heart rate blood pressure decreases and it does not generate enough flow of blood to the cells One of the first signs of this is syncope-passing out/faintingheart blockwhen the electrical impulse has difficulty passing through the AV nodeatrial fibrillationAtria contract in an irregular way and blood does not flow out of them effectivelyventricular fibrillationVentricles contract in an irregular and ineffective way quickly leads to death unless corrected (a heart attack in people, need a defribillator)pericardiumthin layer of tissue surrounding the heartnormal dog heart rate60-160 bpmnormal cat heart rate140-220 bpm4 main areas of auscultationmitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonic valvemitral valve(left atrioventricular valve) left 5th intercostal space around the costal-chondral junction Usually in the standing animal, the area opposite to the point of the elbowaortic valveleft 4th intercostal space dorsal to the MV (usually the level of the point of the shoulder)pulmonic valveleft 3rd intercostal space at the sternal border(Usually at the axilla)tricuspid valveright atrioventricular valve) right 3rd to 4th intercostal space at the costal chondral junction.Causes of Murmursvalve malfunctions, hole in the heart, blood too thin, narrowing of path of bloodthe most common cause of heart disease and congestive heart failure (CHF) in the dogAV valve disease3 types of cardiomyopathydilated-dogs hypertrophic restrictive (intermediate)Normal Tear Production15-25 mm/min- dogs 7-12 mm/min-catschordae tendinaekeeps mitral valve closed when left ventricle contractsCHFoccurs when left ventricular pressure at end diastole is elevated or when the amount of blood received by the heart is in excess of the heart's capacity to move alongCHF results in:left side: pulmonary venous congestion, pulmonary edema, pleural and abdominal effusion right side: congestion, effusion, ascitessinus arrhythmiaabnormal normality in dogs -sppeds up on inhalation, slows down on exhalationMost common cause of heart murmurs in dogs:leaky mitral valvemainstay of CHF treatmentdiureticsAV valve diseasethickening of AV valves, or nodules formed, creating leaky valves....chordinae tendinae may rupturedilated cardiomyopathyheart muscle is weak and flabby, can't contract with enough forcehypertrophic cardiomyopathyheart muscle has become so thickened the left ventricle chamber is too small to allow an adequate amount of blood in prevalent in catsrestrictive cardiomyopathycats have scar tissue instead of normal myocardium..has symptoms of other two kindsaortic stenosisabnormal tissue near the aortic valve obstructs blood flow out of the left ventriclepulmonic stenosisabnormal tissue near the pulmonic valve obstructs blood flow out of right ventricleventricular septum defectabnormal opening between ventriclesPatent Ductus Arteriosiswhen the aorta and pulmonary artery are still connected, causing left sided CHFWhat has a characteristic swooshing noisePDAKennel Cough Infectious Agents• Parainfluenza virus• Canine adenovirus type 2• Canine distemper virus• Canine herpes virusInfectious Agents of URDFeline Herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)rhinotracheitis • Feline Calicivirus (FCV)normal intra-ocular pressure10-20mmHgnuclear sclerosisnatural hardening of lens in geriatric animals-doesnt affect visionmost common cause of metabolic cataractsdiabetes mellitusphacofragmentationbreaking up a cataract by ultrasound, then aspirated from the eyePRAProgressive Retinal Atrophy: -retina slowly degenerates with timeToxacararoundworms (ascarids)Ancylostoma caninumhookwormstrichuris vulpiswhipwormdipylidium caninumtapewormisosporaprotozoan, sever diarhhea, usually in puppiestoxoplasmausually no treatment neededgiardia canismost common source of infection: water in wildlife,filaroidescanine lungwormsaelurostrongylesfeline lungwormsparagonimusfluke worm, treatment not neededneovascularizationwhen blood vessels heal a deep ulcer in the eyeindolent ulcerswont heal because of unhealthy epithelium tissue--must be removed in order to healdesemetocoele ulcerulcer that haspenetrated through the cornea completely except for the last thin membranekeratoconjuctivitis sicca (KCS)lack of watery portion in tearsnictitans gland prolapsewhen the third eyelid swells "cherry eye"entropianwhen the eyelid rolls underblepharoplastysurgery to fix entropian-remove a small piece of skin to tighten the eyelidglaucomadrainage in the eye is blocked, pressure risescycloablation surgeryhelps to fix glaucomauveitisin cats, inflammation of the uveal tract, breakdown of the "blood barrier"two forms of PRA-dysplasia -degenerationWhat are some common respiratory diseases?-Bordetella bronchiseptica -Pneumonia -collapse trachea -feline astma -feline respiratory disease complexcoughsa common problem in dogs; less frequent in catsWhat is a cough caused by?irritation of the throat, airways or the lungscauses of coughinginfectious agents anotomical heart disease heartworms asthma lung cancerWhat does anatomical mean?tracheal collapseWhat breeds are mostly affected by trachea collapse?toy breedsTracheobronchitiskennel coughWhat causes kennel cough?infectious agents that irritate the lining of the trachea and upper bronchiWhat are some members of the "kennel cough" complex?parainfluenza virus canine adenovirus type 2 canine distemper virus canine herpes virus canine reovirus (type 1,2 and 3)What do the less severe virus allow?they allow the bordetella bronchiseptica bacteriaWhat is the mucociliary escalator damaged by?shipping stress, crowding stress heavy dust exposure cigarette smoke exposure infectious agents cold temp poor ventilationWhat do the bordetella bronchisptica organisms do?they are able to bind directly into cilia - unable to move within 3 hours of contactWhat do the bordetella bronchiseptica organisms do to the respiratory system?secrete substance that disable the immune cells of upper the upper reap systemWhat is Tracheobronchitis?an infectious bacteria and or virus shed in respiratory secretionsWhat are the most common way of transmitting tracheobronchitis?confined environments (ex. kennels, groomer, dog shows, shelters)Is Tracheobronchitis contagious?HIGHLY CONTAGIOUSHow can tracheobronchitis be transmitted?infected dogs expired air fomites direct contactHow do organisms infect the animals system?organisms attach trachea and upper airwaywhat environment does tracheobronchitis prefer?a warm, moist environmentWhat is tracheobronchitis similar to in humans?the common coldWhat is the incubation period for tracheobronchitis?2-14 dayswhat are some clinical signs for kennel cough?3-7 post exposure : dog develops a dry, hacking coughWhat are the animals TPR?usually no fever, BAR, good appetitediagnosis for kennel cough?history, clinical signs, PCR-availableWhat is the treatment for kennel cough?cough suppressants +/- anitibioticsWhat are some ways to prevent kennel cough?6 month bordetella shot vaccinate prior to exposure SANITATION!What is Pneumonia"inflammation" of the lungsWhat are some inflammatory responses to an irritant ?bacteria,yeast,virus,inhaled f.b.,aspir.pneumonia most causes are infectionsWhat are some inflammatory causes?increase mucous and secretion of airway fluid -dyspnea and coughWho are more prone to get pneumonia?dogs are more likely than cats. Immunosuppresed animals; like puppies or geriatricsWhat are the types of pneumonia?fungal, viral, parasitic, bacterial, and allergicfungal pneumonia(looks like cancer) coccidioidomycosis immitis, Cryptococcus neformans, difficult to treatviral pneumoniacanine distemper virus infection or complicated feline upper respiratory infectionparasitic pneumonialungworms or migration of other wormsbacterial pneumoniasecondary to severe kennel cough or can be aspiration as from megaesophagusallergic pneumoniainfiltration of lung by inflammatory cell (no infection)What are the most common bacterial agents in canine pneumonia in dogs?bordetella bronchiseptica streptococcus zooepidemicuswhat are the most common bacterial agents in feline pneumonia in cats?bordetella bronchiseptica pasturella moraxellaWho are more prone to bacterial pneumonia?dogs or cats?dogsWhat are some risk factors for bacterial pneumonia?pre-existing viral infection (ex. kennel cough), difficulty swallowing, metabolic disorders(rare), and regurgitationSymptoms of bacterial pneumoniamoist or productive cough, rapid respiratory rate, nasal discharge, loud breathing noises, malaise/ depression, loss of appetite, weight lossHow do you diagnose bacterial pneumonia?History, PE, increase bronchial sounds, moist crackles in lung fields CBC and blood chemical profile, urinalysis chest radiographs tracheal wash and broncoscopyWhat does a "stable" patient present with?stable, cough, patient can often be treated at homeWhat does a "unstable" patient present with?poor appetite, inactive, in need of hospitalizationWhat does a "critical"...Dirofilaria immitisWhat is a heart worm?up to 14 inches longHow big is a heart worm?heart and pulmonary arteryWhere does a heart worm live?mosquitosHow are heart worms transmitted?250,000According to CAPC, nearly ______ dogs are treated for heart worms each year in the US.70___ % of coyotes are heart worm positive.L1 microfilariaeMosquitoes become infected when they feed on an infected dog and consume blood containing ______13-30L1 develop in the mosquito into L3 in ____ days.3L__ is the infective stagesubcutaneous tissuesL3 reside in ______ and molt into L4 in 13-12 days.45-70L4 mature to adults within _____ days.pulmonary vesselsImmature adults migrate to _____ by 70-90 days post infection.6-7Mature worms mate then deposit L1 within _____ months post infection.5-7Dirofilaria immitis may live ____ years.1-250There are _____ heart worms in an infected dog.occult infectionsno circulating microfilariae, heartworm positive. immune response destroys them within the lung. frequently associated with severe signs of disease.microfilaremiaThe presence of microfilariae in a host, esp. in the circulatory system; common in dogs, not catsCongestive heart failureWorms enter the right chambers of the hear, causing hear enlargement and _____.caval syndromeobstruction of blood flow from the vena cava caused by heavy heartworm infestationStage 1young healthy dogs with minimal heartworm disease evident on X-rays and all other tests are normalStage 2some coughing, some difficulty breathing, changes are seen on X-rays, and blood work may reveal kidney/liver damageStage 3weight loss, coughing, difficulty breathing, more damage visible on x-rays, blood test show kidney/liver damageStage 4vena cave syndrome; dog is collapsing in shock, difficulty breathing, coughing, extreme weight loss, x-ray proof, liver/kidney damage, dog is dyingserologic testingperformed to identify pathogens by detecting antibodies to the organism.necropsyAutopsy; a postmortem examination of the organs and tissues of a body to determine the cause of death or pathological conditionadult female formsin house antigen test can only identify what?10Approximately ___% of dogs are antigen positive 5 months post infection.7AHS suggest testing __ months post mosquito bitejaundiceyellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the bloodcachexiaa condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseasesivermectintreatment includes starting animal on _______-based preventativedoxyclineis administered for one month after diagnosis for the treatment of Wolbachia, a parasite that lives in the heartwormsimmiticideAdulticide therapy used in dogs to treat heart worms; IM injection once, then again a month later twice (24 hrs apart)pulmonary thromboembolismblockage of main artery of lungshemoptysisCoughing up bloodcorticosteriodsAnti-inflammatory; may be administered prior to adulticide treatment in class 2-3 patientsivertmectinheartgard, iverhartmilbemycininterceptor, sentinelselamectinrevolutionmoxidectinadvantage multi, ProHeartcardiovascular systemconsists of the heart and the blood vesselselectrical impulsesThe heartbeat is triggered by ___________ that travel down a special pathway through the heart.potassiumWhen sodium and calcium are pumped out of the heart, ________ is pumped in.polarizedThe heart becomes _________ when there are many more sodium and calcium ions outside of the heart cell than inside.depolarizedThe heart becomes ________ after sodium and calcium ions have rushed back into the cell.Sino-atrial node (SA node)located in the right atrium; the "pacemaker"AV nodeIf the SA node stops beating, the ____ becomes the pacemaker.arrhythmiasabnormalities of the heart rate, regularity or site of heartbeat formationtachycardiarapid heart rate; ventricles do not have enough time to fill so the heart is not able to pump out enough bloodbradycardiaslower heart rate; blood pressure decreases and does not generate enough flow of blood to cellssyncopefainting; loss of consciousness due to the temporary loss of cerebral perfusion.heart blockwhen the electrical impulse has difficulty passing through the AV nodeatrial fibrillationatria contract in an irregular way and blood does not flow out of them effectivelyventricular fibrillationventricles contract in an irregular and ineffective way; quickly leads to death (heart attack)pericardiuma thin layer of tissue that surrounds the heartchordae tendinaeconnect papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve or mitral valve; relax when blood enters from the atriummyocardiumthe heart musclepulmonary arterycarry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungspulmonary veincarry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left ventriclearteriescarry oxygenated blood from the heart through the bodyveinscarry deoxygenated through the body to the heart70Veins hold __% of the blood volume.heart failurea syndrome in which severe dysfunction results in failure of the cardiovascular systemheart diseaseany abnormality of the heartcongestive heart failureoccurs when the heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should so it can't keep upleft-sided congestive heart failurebackup of pressure in the vessels (pulmonary vein) delivering blood to the left ventricle; can cause pleural effusionright-sided congestive heart failureincreased pressure in the vessels (posterior and anterior vena) delivering blood to the right ventricle and the body's veins and capillaries; can cause abnormal effusionmurmurvibrations that can be heard coming from the heart or major blood vessels and generally are the result of turbulent blood flow or vibrations of heart structures such as part of a valve60-160 beats/minutenormal heart rate of dog140-220 beats/minutenormal heart rate for catsausculationterm for listening to internal body sounds using a stethoscopemitral valveA valve in the heart that guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle; prevents the blood in the ventricle from returning to the atrium. Alternative name is bicuspid valve.aortic valvea semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aortapulmonic valveright semilunar valve separating the right ventricle and pulmonary arterytricuspid valveA valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium of the heart into the right ventricle and that resembles the mitral valve in structure but consists of three triangular membranous flaps.sinus arrhythmiaA sinus rhythm in which the rate varies with respiration, causing an irregular rhythm; normal in dogslub-dubheard as the tricuspid and mitral valves open and closegrade 1 murmurmurmur barely audible with stethoscopegrade 6 murmurmurmur so loud that you can feel it with you hand on the chestleaky mitral valvesmost common murmurs in dogs are associated with __________.stenosisAbnormal narrowing of chamber or vessel causing a murmuranemiaA decrease in erythrocytes or hemoglobin (thin); causing murmurbenign murmuran innocent murmur often seen in puppies; are usually softsymptoms of cardiac diseaselethargy, anorexia, coughing, syncope, weakness, heart murmur, difficulty breathing, ascites, cyanosis, tachycardia, bradycardiaascitesAbnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomencyanosisA bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membraneselectrocardiograms (EKG/ECG)A recording of the electrical activity of the cardiac conduction systemradiographA type of diagnostic imaging that uses short wave length electromagnetic vibrations and works best on dense structures such as bonebronchogramsx-ray or CT scan shows air-filled airways against a surrounding consolidated parenchymaechocardiogramuse of sound waves to produce images of the heart; can visualize contractility, valves, measure heart size, chamber size, wall thickness, and dopplerRenin angiotensinaldosterone systemresponsible for fluid retention, vasoconstriction, myocardial and vascular remodeling as a result of heart diseaseACE inhibitorslower the blood pressure and decrease salt and water retention making it easier for weakened heart to pump, reduce mitral regurgitationdiureticsused in conjunction with ACE inhibitors; increase urine output by decreasing the blood pressure in capillaries so less fluid leaks out into lungs and abdomendigitalisincrease cardiac contractility by increasing the amount of calcium in the heart cells; decreases heart ratevetmedinhelps to increase contractility and dilate blood vessels, decreasing resistance to blood flowAtroventricular valve diseasethe most common cause of heart disease and congestive heart failure in dogs; mainly in mitral valves; due to high pressure gradient; valves become deformed and allow backflow of blood into atriumendocarditisinflammation of the inner lining of the heart, caused by bacteriacardiomyopathyAny disease or weakening of heart muscle (myocardium) that diminishes cardiac functiondilated cardiomyopathyan acquired disease that cause the progressive loss of the heart muscle's ability to contract; 2nd most common heart disorder; large breeds, males, middle agedhypertrophic cardiomyopathyconditions in which the walls of the left ventricle thicken and become stiff as a result of a heart muscle disorder; decreases blood flow; common in catsrestrictive (intermediate) cardiomyopathyscar tissue takes over myocardium; in catssaddle thrombusthrombosis in the hind limbs; especially in cats; blood clot ariseaortic stenosisCalcification of aortic valve cusps restricts forward flow of blood during systole; LV hypertrophy develops; large breedspulmonic stenosisCalcification of pulmonic valve restricts forward flow of blood to lungs; can lead to regurgitation of blood through tricuspid valve; can insert balloon catheterventricular septal defectAbnormal opening of the wall between the ventricles; allows blood to flow directly from the left ventricle to the right ventriclepatent ductus arteriosisoccurs when the communication between the descending aorta and the pulmonary artery fails to close after birth; abnormal blood flow overloads the left side of the heart, leading to CHF; treat with surgical ligationpulmonary edemaAccumulation of fluid in the lungs.nitroglycerinA drug that helps to dilate the coronary vessels that supply the heart muscle with blood; apply to ears

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