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Humanities Exam II

Terms in this set (52)

______ were the upper class in early Rome; _____ were the lower class.
Patricians Plebeians
The power of the consuls in Rome was checked by the _____.
Senate
The concept of humanitas, which the Romans borrowed from Greece, emphasized _______ in education.
critical thinking
The Punic Wars were fought against ______.
Carthage
The Romans admired the culture of ______ but had contempt for the citizens' squabbling, commerce, and perceived weakness.
Greece
Who were coloni?
Tenant farmers who replaced most agricultural slave labor
Tiberius Gracchus pressed for land-reform legislation as a way to ______.
Redistribute wealth
After the Twelve Tables were published, it became more difficult for _______.
Patricians to exploit the plebians
Because the Romans did not destroy the Latin cities after defeating them in 338 BCE, ______.
most of the cities remained loyal allies
How did the civil war following Julius Caesar's death finally end?
In battle between Octavian and Mark Antony
After overthrowing their king, the Roman elite established their state as a ______.
Republic
For 200 years, through the Struggle of the Orders, plebians slowly acquired rights that had previously been the sole province of _____.
Patricians
_____ defeated Rome in battle multiple times but lost his war when Carthage was attacked in his absence.
Hannibal
Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a private political alliance known as the First ______.
triumvirate
Gaius Octavius, who adopted the name C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, is referred to by modern scholars as Octavian, and eventually would be known as _____>
Augustus
Octavian became the undisputed ruler of Rome following the Battle of ______.
Actium
According to Cicero, laws should be ______.
Universal
_______ was a cruel and vicious emperor whose bizarre actions made many suspect he was insane.
Caligula
"Circuses" were named for their ________.
circular layout
Manichaeans, whose faith combined elements of Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Judaism, believed the world to be ______.
in perpetual war between good and evil
Faith, fundamental to Christian belief, and reason, the foundation of classical education, were reconciled in the wrightings of _____.
Augustine
_______, the great 18th century scholar of Roman history, suggested that instead of asking why Rome fell, "we should rather be surprised that it had subsisted so long."
Edward Gibbon
Constantinople was easily defensible, because of its location ______.
on a peninsula
The debate that resulted in the Nicene Creed is proof that, although the Christian emperors hoped to unite the empire behind a single religion, there were ________.
Divisions within Christian worship
According to Tacitus, why did Nero, in 64 CE, kill a number of Christians in particularly horrific ways?
to satisfy his own perverse desires
_____ believed in a world of divine and natural law, and his writings were read well into the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
Cicero
Although he was arguably reflecting the society around him, ______ was exiled for writing that was considered out of step with Augustan ideals of morality.
Ovid
Although Latin was the language of the Roman Empire, eastern provinces continued to use ______.
Greek
Diocletian divided the empire into four parts, led by a quartet known as the ______.
Tetrarchy
Born in Africa, _______ was one of the great early theologians, known for his books Confessions and City of God.
Augustine
Which emperor first divided the Roman Empire into east and west?
Diocletian
The word "Muslim" is Arabic for _____.
submissive
The key disputes between the eastern and western Christian churches concerned _____.
the nature of Christ
The Merovingian Dynasty was founded by the warrior chieftain _____.
Clovis
The Frankish kings who defeated the Lombards gave the pope the lands surrounding Rome, to be known as ______.
the Papal States
Land nobility retained vassals to populate their armies by supplying them with ______.
Land
In the early Middle Ages, the three-field system was used, combining crop rotation and the use of _____.
fallow fields
Benedict wrote a plan that dictated every activity a monk should undertake each day. This discipline and organization _____.
brought the Benedictines economic and political power
Charlemagne developed the intellectual center of Aachen to patronize scholars and promote classical and Christian education. One result of his efforts was _____.
Carolingian minuscule (a style of handwriting)
Without a strong central government, freeman would entrust themselves to local magnates, offering to contribute to local fighting units in return for protection. This service was known as _____.
Vassalage
_____, with his wife Theodora at his side, expanded the Byzantine Empire and ruled it with a strong hand.
Justinian
The end of the Byzantine Empire came with the conquest of ______ in 1453 by the Ottoman Turks.
Constantinople
One of the requirements of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca to visit the ______, a black meteorite that was worshiped by pagans and incorporated into Islamic practice.
Kaba (mispelled but close enough)
_____ is defined as the opposition to the use of images in Christian worship.
Iconoclasm
A medieval lord expected service from his vassals and granted them _____ so that they could provide those services.
benefices
(Roman) Pragmatism without a strict moral code leads to?
Machiavellianism
Who defeated Hannibal at Zama?
Scipio (Africanus)
Which Punic War had Hannibal cross the Alps to attack Rome?
Second
Ovid wrote a love story between a _____ and _____. This is thought to be an accurate description of the Roman idea of love.
Daphne Apollo
Herod should be known as the great _____.
Builder
He was known to kill his family members out of fear of losing his kingship?
Herod
He sided with the Romans in the Jewish revolt and became king?
Herod
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