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FDNS 3100 Old Exam 3

Terms in this set (65)

1. Endocrine cells secrete products into the _______ and exocrine cell secrete products into the _______.
A. GI tract, blood stream
B. Blood stream, GI tract
C. GI tract, GI tract
D. Blood stream, blood stream
B. Blood stream, GI tract
2. Which of the following is not a component of pancreatic secretions?
A. Sodium bicarbonate
B. Amylase
C. Proteases
D. Glucagon
E. Lipases
D. Glucagon
3. Choose the correct statement concerning glucose transport from the choices below.
A. Red blood cells transport glucose into the cells via the GLUT 4 glucose transporter.
B. The expression of the gene for GLUT 2 (SLC2A2) in the pancreatic β cell is regulated by blood glucose.
C. GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 are high affinity glucose transporters responsible for intestinal glucose transport.
D. All of the above
E. B and C
B. The expression of the gene for GLUT 2 (SLC2A2) in the pancreatic β cell is regulated by blood glucose.
4. Which of the following statements is true concerning the Glucose-Alanine Cycle?
A. The Glucose-Alanine Cycle occurs during periods of fasting.
B. The main amino acid secreted by the skeletal muscle during fasting is alanine.
C. Alanine secreted by the skeletal muscle is taken up by the liver, undergoes deamination, and enters the gluconeogenesis pathway.
D. All of the above
E. A and C
D. All of the above
5. Of the four types of cells in the pancreas, the most common type of cell that synthesizes and secretes insulin is:
A. Alpha cells
B. Beta cells
C. Delta cells
D. Cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide
B. Beta cells
6. In the synthesis of insulin, preproinsulin is converted to proinsulin when _______ is/are generated and then proinsulin is converted to insulin when ________ is/are cleaved.
A. Disulfide bonds, the C peptide
B. The C peptide, disulfide bonds
C. The signal peptide, the C peptide
D. The C peptide, the signal peptide
A. Disulfide bonds, the C peptide
7. Why is measuring the amount of C peptide useful for looking at carbohydrate metabolism?
A. It can be used to determine whether changes in circulating insulin concentrations are due to changes in insulin secretion or in insulin clearance
B. It gives an indication to the amount of glucagon available in the blood
C. It can be used to determine the extent to which carbohydrates have been stored
D. It gives an indication of the amount of ATP available in cells
A. It can be used to determine whether changes in circulating insulin concentrations are due to changes in insulin secretion or in insulin clearance
8. Which part of the mitochondria is impermeable to most ions and polar molecules?
A. Outer mitochondrial membrane
B. Inner mitochondrial membrane
C. Mitochondrial matrix
D. A and B
E. B and C
B. Inner mitochondrial membrane
9. Match the correct tissue with the fuels released by that tissue.
A. Brain - alanine
B. Heart - ketone
C. Liver - glucose
D. Kidney - lactate
C. Liver - glucose
10. What is gluconeogenesis?
A. The breakdown of glucose
B. The production of glucose
C. The breakdown of glycogen
D. The production of glycogen
B. The production of glucose
11. In what tissue is the GLUT5 transporter found?
A. Small intestine
B. Brain
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Heart muscle
E. Red blood cells
A. Small intestine
12. Which glucose transporter(s) has/have a high-affinity to transport glucose?
A. GLUT1
B. GLUT2
C. GLUT3
D. GLUT1 and GLUT2
E. GLUT1 and GLUT3
E. GLUT1 and GLUT3
13. What regulates the GLUT2 glucose transporter?
A. Insulin
B. Glucose
C. Insulin and glucose
D. None of the above
B. Glucose
14. Which of the following is/are true about glycolysis?
A. It involves the conversion of glucose to pyruvate
B. It is an aerobic process - it requires oxygen
C. It takes place in the mitochondria
D. All of the above are true
A. It involves the conversion of glucose to pyruvate
15. How much energy is involved in glycolysis?
A. 4 ATP are consumed and 2 ATP are produced so that the net production is 2 ATP
B. 2 ATP are consumed and 4 ATP are produced so that the net production is 2 ATP
C. 2 ATP are consumed and 2 ATP are produced so that the net production is 0 ATP
D. 4 ATP are consumed and 4 ATP are produced so that the net production is 0 ATP
B. 2 ATP are consumed and 4 ATP are produced so that the net production is 2 ATP
16. This enzyme has a high affinity for glucose and is saturated at physiological concentrations of glucose.
A. Glucokinase
B. Hexokinase
B. Hexokinase
17. In which step of glycolysis is NADH produced?
A. Fructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1,6-diphosphate
B. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
C. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate → 1,3-diphosphoglycerate
D. 1,3-diphosphoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate
C. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate → 1,3-diphosphoglycerate
18. In skeletal muscle, fructose is phosphorylated by fructokinase to fructose 1-phosphate, which is converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and enters glycolysis.
A. True
B. False
B. False
19. Choose the INCORRECT statement.
A. Fructose is metabolized in the liver by essentially entering glycolysis following conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
B. Fructokinase phosphorylates fructose to fructose 1-phosphate.
C. Fructose metabolism is tightly regulated by the activity of phosphofructokinase.
D. All of the statements above are incorrect.
E. All of the statements above are correct.
C. Fructose metabolism is tightly regulated by the activity of phosphofructokinase.
20. The last step of glycolysis, the conversion of PEP to pyruvate, is inhibited by:
A. ATP
B. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
C. Glucose
D. Enolase
A. ATP
21. A mutase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing which step of glycolysis?
A. Glucose → glucose-6-phosphate
B. Fructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
C. 3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate
D. 2-phosphoglycerate → phosphoenolpyruvate
C. 3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate
22. The breakdown of glycogen is called:
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Glycogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
23. There are ____ irreversible reactions in glycolysis, requiring ____ irreversible reactions in gluconeogenesis.
A. 3,3
B. 3, 4
C. 4,3
D. 4,4
B. 3, 4
24. In which type of diabetes are people insulin resistant?
A. Type 1
B. Type 2
B. Type 2
25. In the Cori Cycle, which of the following is/are true?
A. Glucose is converted to 2 lactate in muscle cells under anaerobic respiration
B. Lactate is transported from muscle cells to liver cells where is it converted to glucose
C. The portion of the cycle that occurs in muscle cells requires 2 ATP while the portion that occurs in the liver requires 6 ATP
D. A and B
E. All of the above are true
E. All of the above are true
26. The Cori Cycle and the glucose-alanine cycle both involve the cycling of nutrients between skeletal muscle and the liver.
A. True
B. False
A. True
27. Phosphofructokinase activity is stimulated by
A. ATP
B. AMP
C. Citrate
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
B. AMP
28. Which of the following is NOT a product of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction?
A. Acetyl CoA
B. NADH
C. CO2
D. Pyruvate
D. Pyruvate
29. Which of the following is NOT a correct segment of the Citric Acid Cycle?
A. Citrate → isocitrate → alpha-ketoglutarate
B. Malate → succinate → fumarate
C. Succinyl-CoA → succinate → fumarate
D. Fumarate → malate → oxaloacetate
B. Malate → succinate → fumarate
30. For each molecule of acetyl CoA entering the Citric Acid Cycle, how many molecules of ATP can be produced?
A. 3
B. 8
C. 12
D. 32
C. 12
31. Which transporter(s) is/are found in the brain?
A. GLUT1
B. GLUT2
C. GLUT3
D. GLUT1 and GLUT2
E. GLUT1 and GLUT3
E. GLUT1 and GLUT3
32. The aspartate-glutamate carrier is responsible for transporting oxaloacetate from the matrix to the cytosol.
A. True
B. False
B. False
33. What supplies an amino radical to convert oxaloacetate to aspartate?
A. Glutamate
B. Glutamine
C. Asparagine
D. All of the above can supply an amino radical
A. Glutamate
34. Which complexes in the electron transport chain facilitate the flow of protons to the intermembrane space?
A. Complex I, II and III
B. Complex II, III and IV
C. Complex I, III and IV
D. Complex I, II and IV
E. Complex I, II, III and IV
C. Complex I, III and IV
35. One molecule of glucose can be completely metabolized to produce how many molecules of ATP?
A. 8
B. 24
C. 38
D. 42
C. 38
36. Which of the following increases glycogen phosphorylase activity?
A. AMP
B. ATP
C. Glucose 6-phosphate
D. Glucose 1-phosphate
A. AMP
37. Which enzyme involved in glycogenesis/glycogenolysis is regulated by insulin?
A. cAMP-dependent protein kinase
B. Glycogen synthase kinase
C. Phosphorylase kinase
D. None of the above
B. Glycogen synthase kinase
38. What is the most active form of the enzyme required for the breakdown of glycogen?
A. Phosphorylase kinase
B. Phosphorylase kinase bound to calcium
C. Phosphorylase kinase bound to calcium and phosphate
D. All of the above are equally active
C. Phosphorylase kinase bound to calcium and phosphate
39. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis is induced by what change in the insulin:glucagon ratio?
A. An increase
B. A decrease
C. No change
A. An increase
40. Which glycogen storage disease is associated with a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase?
A. Von Gierke's disease
B. Hers disease
C. Cori disease
D. McArdle's disease
A. Von Gierke's disease
41. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for diabetes?
A. Body mass index >15
B. Family history of diabetes
C. Hypertension
D. Racial or ethnic group
A. Body mass index >15
42. Which of the following has NOT been found to lead to the initiation of insulin resistance?
A. A deficiency of GLUT 2
B. Ectopic fat deposition
C. Reduced activity of glucokinase
D. Increased activity of glucose 6-phosphate
E. All of the above
E. All of the above
43. The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the hexosamine pathway is inhibited under what conditions?
A. Excess glucose
B. Excess fructose
C. Presence of reactive oxygen species
D. All of the above
C. Presence of reactive oxygen species
44. Which of the following is NOT an effect of insulin on lipid metabolism?
A. Inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue
B. Stimulates fatty acid synthesis in liver and adipose tissue
C. Increases cholesterol synthesis in the liver
D. Increases fatty acid oxidation in the liver
D. Increases fatty acid oxidation in the liver
45. Which of the following is true in terms of recent evidence related to insulin resistance?
A. Adipose is the first tissue to become insulin resistant
B. Liver is the first tissue to become insulin resistant
C. Muscle is the first tissue to become insulin resistant
D. All tissues become insulin resistant at the same time
B. Liver is the first tissue to become insulin resistant
46. Which of the following statements is true concerning the hexosamine pathway?
A. The end product of the hexosamine pathway, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, is the substrate for all glycosylation pathways.
B. Increased fatty acid oxidation because of diabetes inhibits glycolysis, causing fructose 6-phosphate to accumulate and overflow into the hexosamine pathway.
C. An increase in hyperglycemia-induced reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria inhibits glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in the partial blocking of glycolysis and the activation of the hexosamine pathway
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
D. All of the above
47. Protons flow through every complex in the electron transport chain but this one.
A. Complex III- Cytochrome C Reductase
B. Complex I - NADH-Q Reductase
C. Complex IV - Cytochrome oxidase
D. Complex II - Succinate-Q Reductase
D. Complex II - Succinate-Q Reductase
48. The conversion of these citric acid cycle substrates to products results in the formation of reducing equivalents in the form of NADH.
A. succinyl CoA → succinate
B. isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate
C. malate → oxaloacetate
D. All of the above
E. B and C
E. B and C
49. Which of the following is true about chemiosmotic theory?
A. It is the proton-motive force generated from the proton concentration difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane in the electron transport chain
B. It is the conservation of ATP generated during glycolysis in the cytosol that is used in the citric acid cycle
C. It is the flow of simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose, across cell membranes via facilitated diffusion
D. It is the accumulation of electrons in the outer mitochondrial membrane, which is used to generate ATP during the electron transport chain
A. It is the proton-motive force generated from the proton concentration difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane in the electron transport chain
50. Oxaloacetate readily crosses the inner mitochondrial membrane.
A. True
B. False
B. False
51. In the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred from NADH to a flavin coenzyme to coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) within this complex.
A. Complex III- Cytochrome C Reductase
B. Complex I - NADH-Q Reductase
C. Complex IV - Cytochrome oxidase
D. Complex II - Succinate-Q Reductase
B. Complex I - NADH-Q Reductase
52. Which of the following reactions in the citric acid cycle results in the formation of the reduced riboflavin coenzyme?
A. succinate → fumarate
B. succinyl CoA → succinate
C. fumerate → malate
D. citrate → isocitrate
E. pyruvate → oxaloacetate
A. succinate → fumarate
53. Which of the following statements is true concerning glycogenesis and glycogenolysis?
A. Insulin dephosphorylates glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase, thus promotes glycogen synthesis.
B. Glucagon and epinephrine cause the phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase, activating the enzyme and stimulating glycogenolysis.
C. In muscle, phosphorylase kinase is only fully active when phosphorylated and binding calcium.
D. All of the above
E. A and C
D. All of the above
54. Which of the following statements is true concerning pyruvate dehydrogenase?
A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA with the generation of NADH.
B. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is located in the outer membrane of the mitochondria.
C. Phosphorylation of one of the subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase results in its activation.
D. Acetyl CoA feeds back on the enzyme, promoting phosphorylation and increasing its activation.
E. NADH stimulates the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase.
A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative carboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA with the generation of NADH.
55. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT concerning the Cori Cycle.
A. The Cori Cycle occurs during aerobic conditions.
B. The Cori Cycle connects the liver with the energy needs of skeletal muscle.
C. Skeletal muscle gluconeogenesis provides the energy needs of the muscle during anaerobic conditions.
D. Lactate produced by the muscle is secreted into the blood, taken up by the liver, and used to produce glucose.
E. A and C
E. A and C
56. The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to ribulose 5-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway is reversible, and will generate glycolytic intermediates.
A. True
B. False
B. False
57. Which of the following molecules are transported in the opposite direction by the same carrier in the malate-aspartate shuttle?
A. oxaloacetate/aspartate
B. NAD/α-ketoglutarate
C. aspartate/α-ketoglutarate
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
E. None of the above
58. For each molecule of acetyl CoA entering the Citric Acid Cycle, how many molecules of NADH can be produced?
A. 3
B. 8
C. 12
D. 32
A. 3
59. Which of the following occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. A and B
E. A, B and C
C. Electron transport chain
60. Which of the following statements is true concerning diabetes?
A. Glycogen phosphorylase is activated in individuals with Type I diabetes
B. Adipose tissue becomes insulin resistant before skeletal muscle and liver in individuals with Type II diabetes.
C. Oxaloacetate levels are low in individuals with Type II diabetes.
D. All of the above
E. A and B
A. Glycogen phosphorylase is activated in individuals with Type I diabetes
61. Adipose cells increase in size with insulin resistance.
A. True
B. False
A. True
62. This general type of enzyme is associated with the production of reducing equivalents in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle/TCA cycle (NADH) and the pentose phosphate pathway (NADPH).
A. Carboxylase
B. Isomerase
C. Kinase
D. Phosphatase
E. Dehydrogenase
E. Dehydrogenase
63. Which of the following statements is true concerning the pentose phosphate pathway?
A. The oxidative phase of the pathway produces glycolytic intermediates.
B. NADPH synthesis occurs as ribulose 5-phosphate is metabolized through the non-oxidative phase.
C. Because of the reversible reactions in the non-oxidative phase, nucleotide degradation can contribute to glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
D. A and B
E. B and C
C. Because of the reversible reactions in the non-oxidative phase, nucleotide degradation can contribute to glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
64. Glucose 6-phosphate does not inhibit the activity of this enzyme.
A. Glucokinase
B. Hexokinase
A. Glucokinase
65. The tissue(s) that is able to use glutamine and glucose for energy is(are) _____.
A. skeletal muscle
B. small intestine
C. kidney
D. All of the above
E. B and C
E. B and C
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