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Praxis English to Speakers of Other Languages 0361

Terms in this set (79)

Phonology
Theory that every native speaker retains the sound structure of that language and is more concerned with the sounds than with the physical process of creating the sounds.
narrow transcriptions
Transcriptions that are used to distinguish between languages, accents, and individual speakers.
Underhill
Developed a phonemic chart to illustrate how the 44 English phonemes are related to each other.
Phonemes , pitch, and stress
Affect the meaning of communication.
Phonology
Analyzes the sound structure of the language.
phonemes
The smallest unit of sound that affects meaning.
The difference in sound creates different words.
( p it and b it ) rhyming words
Sounds and letters in Enlgish language
44 speech sounds
26 letters
Why is English not considered a phonetic language?
There is not a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds.
Pitch
Determines the context or meaning.
Determines question or statement.
Stress
Can modify the meaning of words or sentences.
Different stresses on the syllable can actually modify the word's meaning.
Phonographemics
Study of letters and letter combinations. While some phonetic rules apply, English has many exceptions.
Homonyms
Same spelling, same pronunciation, but have different meanings. (can: to be able to, can: a container )
homographs
Same spelling, different meaning.
( stalk -part of a plant / stalk - to follow)
homophones
Same pronunciation, different meaning and spelling.'
(would / wood)
heteronyms
Same spelling, different pronunciation and meaning.
( Polish / polish )
GA
General American English
Typical English pronunciation in the U.S.
(Midwest Region)
Assimilation (Phonology)
Phoneme spoken differently when it is near another phoneme.
(and is usually spoken as /n/ in rapid casual speech.
Diphthong (Phonology)
Begins with one vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable.
( /oi/ in boil )
Elision (Phonology)
Omission of a sound between two words.
John and Peter "are going" to the store. The verb are is elided to a mere schwa.
Affricative , affricate (Phonology)
Complex speech sound.
Initial sounds of ch ild, and j oy.
Fricatives ( Phonology)
Consonant characterized by frictional passage of the expired breath through a narrowing at some point inthe vocal tract. ( v, s, z are some examples)
Plosives (Phonology)
The sounds p, t, k, b, d ,and g.
( uh sound letters )
Reduction (Phonology)
Shortening of pronunciation of words.
wanna, gimme, or lemme
Laterals (Phonology)
L- like consonants sound.
Linking Sounds (Phonology)
Sounds that are joined together.
turn off = turn off
so I = soWi
do all = doWall
Articulation phonetics
investigates the ways in which sounds are made
Acoustic phonetics
speech as it is heard or it's waveform
Experimental phonetics
manipulation of waveform and tests to identify which aspects of sound are necessary for understanding
Roeder (Phonetic environment on pronunciation)
Said that there is more to being able to reproduce sounds than our linguistic apparatus.
Hard to reproduce sounds not in our native language.
( rolled /r/ )
Morpheme
The smallest unit of language system that has meaning.
They are the root word, prefix, and suffix.
They cannot be broken down into smaller units.
root word
base word
where the actual meaning is determined
prefix
syllable in front of the root word
alters meaning
suffix
added at the end of the word
alters tense or meaning
Morphology
The process of how the words of a language are formed to create meaningful messages.
2 classes of words
grammatical words
lexical words
grammtical words
rarely borrowed from other languages
( of, the, and )
lexical words
content words that name objects, concepts, etc.
Morphemic Analysis
The process of breaking a word down into its component parts to determine its meaning.
Learning common roots, prefixes, and suffixes will help EL students how?
It will help them to decode unfamiliar words.
All infections are what?
suffixes and occur at the very end of the word
S-V-O
English is a subject-verb-object language.
countable noun
describe countable objects
twelve chairs, an apple
uncountable noun
describe things that cannot be counted
liberty, coffee, politics
adjectives
modifies a noun or pronoun
what kind? how many? which?
adverb
modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
how? when? where? how often? to what extent?
preposition
shows relationship between noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence
interjection
word that shows surprise or stong feelings
Help! Oh no,
coordinating conjunctions
and, but, or, nor
connects
parallel structure
to ride, to sing, and to dance
SAME STRUCTURE
subordinating conjunctions
time: after, before, when, as, as soon as, since, until
cause and effect: because, now that, since
contrast: although, even though, though
condition: if only, unless, whether or not, in that case
declarative sentence
makes a statement
interrogative sentence
asks a question
imperative sentence
gives a command
exclamatory sentence
expresses a sense of urgency
Test of a complete sentence
Does it contain a subject and predicate and express a complete idea?
independent clause
can stand alone or be joined to other clauses
dependent clause
contains at least one subject and one verb, but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
phrase
group of words without a subject and predicate and cannot stand alone
Prepositional: in the room
Participial: walking down the street
Infinitive: to run
Chomsky
proposed transformational grammar
Sentence transformation transforms sentences
Semantics
branch of linguistics concerned with
MEANING
The "literal" meaning of a sentence is determined by:
the grammatical and lexical components and is unaffected by the context or what the speaker "meant" to say.
Presupposition
Speech that is not spoken, but UNDERSTOOD by the speaker.
Implications
Concerns implications the listener can make without actually being told. Includes presuppositions.
I tried to send an email to the director. (Implies that for some reason I was unsuccessful.
Prosodic features
Stress and tone to convey meaning.
Speech acts
Utterances whose purpose is to get people to do things.
CONTRACTUAL SPEECH ACTS: promising, betting, agreeing on a plan, describing
idioms
figurative and lot literal
All spoken languages have phonemes:
vowels and consonants
The way a speaker uses pitch can:
convey different meanings of the same word.
English is not a tone language but sentence meaning may be determined by:
pitch
Sociolinguistics
The study of how SOCIAL conditions influence the use of language. The relationship between language and the social elements.
Pragmatics
study of how situations dictate language choice, body language, and degree of intimacy.
( at a bar)
non verbal pragmatic conventions
gestures
(appropriate distance, nodding)
World English
Popular in 1960s.
Refers to English, which dominates many aspects of political and economic progress of the world.
Braj Kachru's three circles of World English
Inner circle: traditional English speaking countries, United Kingdom, US, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, and Canada
Outer circle: ex-colonist and close tied countries,
India, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, and African
Expanding circle: all other countries where English is learned for technology, travel, work, etc.,
South America, China, Spain
Dialect Variation
regional speech
Communicative competence
Dell Hymes, 1970's.
English language learners are expected to know grammar and the rules for its socially appropriate circumstances.
receptive skills
listening and reading
productive skills
speaking and writing
Proposed two areas of proficiency skills
Viewing and visually representing
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