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Unit 12 Bacteria and Virus

Terms in this set (78)

what are pathogens?
organism that causes disease
what are the types of pathogens?
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, athletes foot, yeast infection
what are some examples of pathogens?
plasmodium, malaria, hiv, aids, hpv, genital warts, cervical cancer, dermatophytes, athlete's foot, salmonella, food poisoning
how do pathogens spread?
coughing, sneezing, and physical contact, exchange of body fluids, contaminated water or food, animal vectors
what are emerging diseases?
formerly unknown or newly evolved diseases
what are some examples of emerging diseases?
aids in the 1980's, west nile virus, swine flu, drug-resistant tb, ebola
how do bacterial diseases cause disease?
destroy living cells, directly infect cells, can indirectly trigger an immune response that damages cells, release toxins
what are some other examples of bacterial diseases?
tb, tetanus, lyme disease, strep throat
how can you control bacterial infections?
wash surfaces/hands washes away bacteria, use chemicals like disinfectants, properly store our good in a refrigerator, cook food full to kill bacteria, heat sterilization, antibiotics, vaccines
how do viral diseases cause disease?
attack and destroy specific types of cells, can change patterns of growth and development of cells which leads to cancer
what are some examples of viral disease?
common cold, influence (flu), aids, chicken pox, hepatitis b, hpv
how do you control viral disease?
vaccines, good hygiene, avoid contact with sick individuals, antibiotics do not work against viruses, few antiviral drugs
what is the official name of the smallest and simplest cells?
prokaryotes
what is the modern version of prokaryotes?
bacteria
are bacteria single cell or multi cellular organisms?
single celled
how does bacteria reproduce?
using binary fission, asexual reproduction
what are two classification kingdoms for prokaryotes?
archaea and bacteria
what do chromosomes look like in bacteria?
circular
what do bacteria use to move?
flagella
what do bacteria have surrounding their cell membrane?
cell wall (capsule)
what are the three different shapes of bacteria?
spirilla, cocci, and bacilli
what are two things that typical viruses are made of?
proteins and nucleic acids
what part of the virus binds the receptor proteins on a cell?
capsid (receptor cite)
are viruses general or highly specific to the cell that they can infect?
highly specific
what is the main way that viruses replicate?
infect host cell (lysogenic cycle)
what two types of nucleic acids can viruses have?
DNA and RNA
what type of virus invades bacteria?
bacteriaphages
what is the membrane called that surrounds a capsid?
envelope
what is archaebacteria?
ancient bacteria, live in extreme conditions
what is eubacteria?
found everywhere, most bacteria
what is a chromosome?
single DNA molecule
what is a plasma membrane?
regulates what goes in and out of the cell
what is a cell wall?
rigid, gives cell its shape, protects cell
what is a capsule?
surrounds the cell wall, extra protection for cell
what is a flagella?
the source of movement
what is the coccus shape?
round
what is the bacillus shape?
rod
what is the spirillum?
spiral
how does bacteria grow?
asexually through binary fission, every 20 minutes
how do bacteria evolve?
through mutation and conjugation
what is mutation?
random changes in dna
what is conjugation?
bacterial cells exchange genetic information with one another
what are endospores?
hard outer covering, resistant to drying out (survives high heat, boiling)
what is the importance of bacteria in the ecosystem?
decomposers, producers, fix nitrogen (make nitrogen in the atmosphere available to plants in the soil)
what is the importance of bacteria in the economy?
yogurt, water filters, medicines,
what is the importance of bacteria in human physiology?
digestion, good bacteria keep bad out
what is hiv?
human immunodeficiency virus, hosts cells are helper t cells, impaired immune response, mutations are frequent
how is hiv transmitted?
through body fluids, transfusions, shared needles, sexual contact, mother to baby, fetal transmission, breast milk
what is aids?
acquired immune deficiency syndrome, infectious and fatal disease caused by hiv, low count of helper t cells in their blood, has 1 or more opportunistic disease or cancers
what is an opportunistic disease?
infections and cancers that take advantage of a depressed immune system, doesn't usually effect healthy people
what are the treatments for hiv/aids?
no cure, no vaccine, antiviral drug slows down viral replication, may be possible to live full live with hiv
what are allergies and asthma?
body misidentifies harmless invaders like pet dander and pollen as harmful
what are autoimmune diseases?
body identifies its own cells as a foreign object and attacks, causes swelling, pain, even tissue/organ death
what is humoral immunity?
depends on antibodies circulating blood and lymph
what is cell-mediated immunity?
protects against own cells that become infected
what is immunity?
the immune systems ability to quickly recognize and response to the specific pathogen if they encounter it again
what are vaccines?
cause you to produce memory cells, leading to immunity, stimulates adaptive immune response
what is active immunity?
get from having infection or vaccine>makes memory T and B cells
what is passive immunity?
receive antibodies from another source (mother to child)
what are the 3 lines of defense?
non-specific external barriers, nonspecific immune response, specific immune response
what is the 1st line of defense?
keeps invaders out (skin, secretions, mucus, digestive tract, tears, urination, diarrhea, vomiting)
what is the 2nd line of defense?
targets anything foreign in body, involves three major responses
what are the three major responses of the 2nd line of defense?
white blood cells (leukocytes) like army standing guard to destroy invaders or own cells that have been invaded, inflammatory response, fever)
what are the types of leukocyteS?
phagocytes and natural killer cells
what is a phagocyte?
destroy foreign invadors
what are macrophage and dendritic cells?
engulf invaders and display pieces of dead pathogen on membrane
what are neutrophils?
engulf invading microbes, then self-destruct
what are natural killer cells?
destroy own cells that have become cancerous or have been invaded by virus
what does an inflammatory response cause?
mast cells (type of connect tissue that releases histamine)
what is interferon?
proteins which"interfere" with viral reproduction (fever stimulates infected cells to produce this)
what is the 3rd line of defense?
identifies and attacks specific pathogens
how does the 3rd line of defense work?
system encounters foreign antigen, creates antibody, cause allergies and autoimmune disease if mislabeled
what is an antibody?
a type of protein that will bind to piece of new object and will neutralize it, destroy it, tell macrophages to engulf it, and trigger inflammatory reponse
what are lymphocytes?
white blood cells that recognize specific pathogens
what are B cells?
discover antigens in body fluids , multiply and become plasma cells that produce antibodies
what are Helper T cells?
send chemical message alerting other lymphocytes to invade
what are Cytotoxic T cells?
destroy infected host cells
diseases that are able to spread from person to person
transmission
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